FUTURISM

Victorian Library
• Movement in 20th Century, art that represented the
revolutionary effort of young Italian • Concrete, steel and glass
• Concrete, steel and glass • Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.
• Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.
• an architects. Royale Mint Hotel
• The architecture of reinforced concrete iron and • Concrete & glass materials.
glass.
• Advocators: Gibson More,John Waye & Rob Dale.
• Calculation of audacity and simplicity
Marinetti was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and was educated there and in
• Capable of expressing “tangible miracles.” Paris, Padua, and Genoa, receiving a law degree from the
• Inspired by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. University of Genoa in 1899.
“Manifeste du Futurisme” (Manifesto of Futurism, 1909)
• Examples:
The Grand Hunt

Carolina Gallery The Grand Hunt (early 4th century), a detail of

which is shown here, is a large floor mosaic
• Palette of gleaming white ceramic tile found in the villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily.
• Glass columns The mosaics, covering a total of 651 sq m
(7,000 sq ft), depict various scenes from life in
• Curtain walls the late Roman Empire. This mosaic is an
• Exposed reinforced concrete example of opus vermiculatum, in which
particularly small tesserae are used.
• Advocators: Jerry Wahl, Barry Irvings & Mac
Leweys

United Airlines Terminal

• Colored ceramic coating
• Frit - used on to surface of skylight glazing to create
glass that decorative diffuse daylight to reduce glare.
• Advocators: Donald Koster and Peter Mcquillin.

FUNCTIONALISM & DE STIJL

• Cubist style developed in Germany and Austria (1900s). Doesburg, Theo van (1883-1931), Dutch painter, who was a leading
advocate of Neo-Plasticism, a movement created by Piet
Mondrian in the Netherlands. He was one of the founders (1917)
DE STIJL of De Stijl magazine, which promoted the Neo-Plasticist ideals of
• “ the style” radical simplification based on the use of straight lines, right
• Founded in 1917 angles, and flat planes. Through speeches and articles, Doesburg
• Believed in the application of GEOMETRIC ABSTRACTIONS spread Neo-Plastic ideas to the Bauhaus school, where they
influenced the course of mid-20th-century architecture.
• Pure color and form

Piet Mondrain
• Born in Amersfoort, the Netherlands, on March 7, 1872
• Earliest to exploit the potential of Geometric Abstraction Images. Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas (1888-1964), Dutch architect and furniture
designer, whose work is among the best associated with the movement
called de Stijl

Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue

(c. 1939-1942) by Piet Mondrian is based on Red-Blue Chair by Rietveld
the artist's precept that painting should Dutch architect and designer
consist only of flat planes and straight lines, Gerrit Rietveld was part of the
and be limited to primary colours, with black, movement known as de Stijl.
white, and grey. This formed the basis of Rietveld’s red-blue chair,
Neo-Plasticism, a style of geometrical designed in 1918, combines
abstraction created by Mondrian. primary colours with geometric
shapes.

Oud, Jacobus Johannes Pieter (1890-1963), Dutch architect, who

was one of the early practitioners of the International Style in Europe.
Advocating simplicity, purity, and rationality, he produced sober designs
characterized by flat horizontal facades, wraparound corners, and crisply
right-angled outlines. As city architect of Rotterdam from 1918 to 1927,
he designed large workers' housing projects in reinforced concrete.
 FUNCTIONALISM
FUNCTIONALISM CHARACTERISTICS:
• “ Form follows function” • Devoid of ornamentation
- Deals with the development of plan arrangement to its form • Symmetrical/Assymetrical plans
composition.
• Overlapping & intersecting 2-dimensional planes that enclose 3-
dimensional space.
The Bauhaus, built in 1925 following • Pure color like white & grey of exterior walls.
the plans of Walter Gropius, housed
• Distribution of wall to window space is approximately equal.
the college of architecture where
such painters as Gropius himself,
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Paul Klee
and Wassily Kandinsky taught. The
college, deemed to be decadent by
the Nazis, was closed in 1933 and
most of its painters and architects
went into exile.

Bauhaus Museum, Berlin

Walter Gropius brought an analytical and intellectual approach to architecture, not only
in large-scale public buildings such as the Bauhaus Museum in Berlin, shown here, but
also in housing schemes for the working-class sector of society. He believed that the
use of materials (glass, steel, and concrete) should be logical and that the design of a
building should be closely allied to its function.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE
• Tremaine House, Santa Barbara

Clean lines, produced by the integrated

use of concrete and large expanses of
glass, give Tremaine House an elegant
simplicity, while the overhanging roof and
patio create a link between the building
and its natural surroundings. Designed in
1947-1948, it is one of several houses that
Richard Neutra built in the United States.
It is an outstanding example of the
International Style, which Neutra
introduced to the US.
UTILITARIANISM-CONSTRUCTIVISM
UTILITARIANISM CONSTRUCTIVISM
• Sought for solutions for alternative cheap forms of construction in • Non-representational style of art w/c uses modern industrial
timber, brick & metal. materials: plastic & glass.
• Initiated by British (pre-fab. Architecture) • Ideal abstract art movement arose in Europe & Russia (1913-
• A design of something Auspicious. 1920)
Other definitions: • Based on the idea: Art is an absolute entity, whose origin lie in
• Refers to low-cost housing the mind & whose forms are unrelated to objects of visible world.
• Pre-Fabricated unit • Concept of art: includes painting & sculpture.

EXAMPLE: Malevich Kasimir

Nakagin Capsule • Russian painter
• Ginza Tokyo • Key figure in the development of abstract art.
• Nakagin Capsule Tower Building • Earliest work shows the influence of Neo-Impressionism and
Fauvism, and later of Cubism, distinguished by a great clarity of
- Made of capsule Blocks line.
- Like toy brick stacked together Examples:
- Contains living units w/ bed, T&B etc. Woman in a basket
- One man unit Gabo, Naum (1890-
(1890-1977),
• American sculptor of Russian birth
• One of the leading practitioners of 20th-century Constructivism.
Born in Briansk
Example:
Serpuchov Radio Station

Model for Column

This Constructivist piece by Naum Gabo is a model for a larger sculpture, called Column, which he
completed in 1923. Abstract and geometric forms, and the use of transparent glass and plastic, were
central to Constructivist sculpture. The model is part of the collection of the Tate Gallery, London.

NEO-
NEO-EXPRESSIONISM
• Out view in w/c the major activities or environmental factor was
employed in the structure in a non-intellectual manner.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Continuity of forms rather than proportionality and geometric
terms/means.
• Tendency to avoid rectangular forms.
• Tends to individual sensibility.
SYMBOLISM
- has to be explained and understand by the expectator from his
knowledge of the cultural context.
EXPRESSIONISM
- the architect tries to covey his message to non-intellectual level.
EXAMPLES:

• Ingal’s Hockey Rink (Yale University)

• T.W.A. Terminal at Kenndy, N.Y.

• Dulles International Airport, Washignton D.C.

- Eero Saarinen
Marcel Breuer PHILOSOPHIES:
• Italian architect
• Member of Bauhaus • “ Nature & architecture are two different things.”
• Popularized the Tubular steel cantilever chair. • “ A building has a straight geometrical lines even when these
lines are free, it must always be evident that they have been
Side Chair by Marcel Breuer studied, and that they nit spring up spontaneously.”
The cantilevered chair, resting on two front
legs that extend backwards, was developed
mainly by Marcel Breuer c. 1928. The metal-
bending techniques developed at the Bauhaus
in Germany facilitated the design, a prime
example of Functionalism. This side chair is
made of aluminium and painted wood.

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868-1928), -

- Scottish architect and designer, whose chaste, functional style
exerted a strong influence on 20th-century architecture and
interior design.

Table by Charles Rennie

Mackintosh
The simple lines and geometrical
character of this table, which Charles
Rennie Mackintosh designed in 1918,
are typical of his designs for
furniture. It is made of stained pine
with mother-of-pearl inlay.

Wagner, Otto (1841-1918)

- Austrian architect, leader of the Viennese architectural revival of
the late 19th century.

Karlsplatz Station by Wagner

Karlsplatz station, built in Vienna, Austria in 1898, illustrates architect Otto Wagner’s early use of
wrought iron and ceramic as decorative elements. His later work was more austere and evolved
through his followers into the International Style.
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969), PHILOSOPHIES:
- German-American architect, the leading and most influential • “ Less is more”
exponent of the glass and steel architecture of the 20th-
century International Style.
- Skin and bone construction.

Seagram Building, New York

Mies van der Rohe designed several high-
rise buildings in the United States, after
his arrival there in 1937. The Seagram
Building, in New York, which he designed
with Philip Cortelyou and which was
completed in 1958, is conceived as a steel
framework with a glass, bronze, and
marble exterior. Ostensibly a severely
practical building, it is nevertheless
elegant and precise. It is a prime example
of the International Style, of which Mies
was the acknowledged leader.

Johnson, Philip C(ortelyou) (1906-

(1906- ) Skyscraper, New York
• American architect, born in Cleveland, Ohio, and educated at Like other buildings designed by the American
Harvard University in the classics and later in architecture architect Philip Johnson, the AT&T building
(1984), above, strongly influenced the rise of
• The architect who equated with an exhibition of modern Post-Modern architecture. Key elements include
architecture (1932) such devices as stylistic allusion, achieved by the
use of Renaissance detail and the Neo-Classical
• Invented the „International Style‟
broken pediment that tops the building.
• Father figure of „Post Modernism.‟
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
• Volume rather than mass.
• Regularity rather than axial symmetry
• Prescribing arbitrarily applied decorations.
WORKS:
• Glass hose, Connecticut
• Seagram Building, N.Y. (w/Mies Van Der Rohe) BOOKS:
• Theatre of the Dance, Lincoln Center • Modern Architects N.Y.
• Williams Proctor Museum, N.Y. • International Style, N.Y., 1932
• Art Gallery for the University of Nebraska • Machine Art, 1943
• Mies Van Der Rohe N.Y., 1947
• Ammon Corter Museum, Texas
• Philip Johnson: Writings, 1978
• AT&T Building N.Y.
• Selected Writings Tokyo, 1975
Le Corbusier -
• professional name of Charles Édouard Jeanneret (1887-1965),
Swiss-French architect, painter, and writer, who had a major
effect on the development of modern architecture.
PHILOSOPHY:
• “ The house is a machine to live in.”
WORKS:
• Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva (1927-
(1927-1928)
• The Swiss Building at the Cité
Cité Universitaire, Paris (1931-
(1931-
1932);
• Unité
Unité d'Habitation (1946-
(1946-1952)
- an apartment house in Marseille, France;
• Notre Dame du Haut (1950-
(1950-1955)
- a pilgrimage church in Ronchamp, France
• (1952-1956) Chand garh, India
High Court Buildings (1952-

Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp

Le Corbusier designed the pilgrimage church
of Notre Dame du Haut in 1950. This building,
one of the most unusual churches in France,
is a synthesis of architecture and sculpture.
The frame of the structure is steel and metal
mesh, over which concrete was sprayed.

Kahn, Louis I(sadore) (1901-1974),

• American architect and teacher, whose original, powerful designs
in brick and concrete won him a prominent place in 20th-century
architecture.
• Highly ordered sequence of space & noble structural systems.

PHILOSOPHY:

“ Searching for a materials want to be.”

WORKS:
• Yale Art Gallery w/ Douglas Orr
• Alfred Newton Richard’s Medical Center
 Perret, Auguste (1874-1954) • French Legation, Istanbul
• French architect, one of the most important pioneers of the • Theatre Des Champs, Lysees
modern French style.
- redesigning, original by Van del Velde
• Advocator of reinforced concrete architecture.
• Notre Dame Church, Paris
THEORIES:
• Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva
• “ The truth is indispensable in architecture & every architecture
architecture • Eiffel Monument, Paris
lie courrupts.”
• Palace of the Soviets, Moscow
• “ Any project is bad if it is more difficult or more complicated to
construct the necessary.”
WORKS:
• The Temple Tower 1889, Exposition Universale in Paris
• The Apartment Building Rue Franklin

Perret’s Rue Franklin Building

In the early 1900s, French architect
Auguste Perret pioneered the use of
reinforced concrete as a building
material; his apartment building in the
Rue Franklin was the first residence
built of concrete in France. Perret was
responsible for much of the rebuilding
of Paris after World War II.

Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867-

(1867-1959)
• American architect, who was a pioneer of the modern style. He
is considered one of the greatest figures in 20th-century
architecture.

Hills/DeCaro House, Chicago

Frank Lloyd Wright, a pioneer of modern architecture, lived and worked in the Chicago area during the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. He designed many single-family houses, known as prairie houses. The Hills/DeCaro house in Oak
Park, west of Chicago, is one of more than 20 houses Wright designed while living in the town between 1890 and
Fallingwater, Pennsylvania 1910.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed Fallingwater, in Bear Run, for the Kaufmann family in 1937. This view
shows the section of the house that extends over a natural waterfall, a device according with Wright’s
belief that a building’s form should be determined by its environment. Contrasts in the textures and
colours of natural stone, concrete, and painted metal on the building’s exterior are characteristic of
Wright’s innovative style.
Guggenheim Museum, New York
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,
commissioned as a gallery of modern art
and built 1956-1959, is one of Frank Lloyd
Wright’s most important buildings. The
spiralling structure on the right is a grand
exhibition hall illuminated by a large
skylight; it has no separate floor levels,
the spiral ramp within creating a
continuous space. A new section (left) was
added in 1992.
Saarinen, Eero (1910-1961),
BOOKS:
• Finnish-American architect and designer, son of Eliel Saarinen
• Eero Saarinen in His Work”, New Haven Connecticut;
and one of the leading architects of the mid-20th century.
1968
PHILOSOPHIES:
• “ Function influences but does not dictate form.”
• “Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function.”
• “Architecture is not just to fulfill man’s belief in the nobility
nobility of his
exsistence on earth.”
WORKS:
• Saint Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
• The General Motors Technical Center, Warren
Michigan:1948-
Michigan:1948-1956
• Air Force Acadaemy
• U.S. Embassy in London
• The Chapel & Kresge Auditorium, Massachussetts Gateway Arch, St Louis
Institute of Technology
Simple, elegant, and imposing, Gateway Arch, designed by Eero Saarinen, dominates the skyline
• T.W.A. Terminal, Kennedy Terminal, N.Y. of the city of St Louis, Missouri. The arch, made of stainless steel and rising to a height of 192 m
- In a for m of bird about to fly. (630 ft), is topped by an observation deck. It was built to commemorate the role of St Louis as
gateway to the American West.
• T.J. Watson Research Center, York Town, N.Y.
• The Chapel of Concordia Senior College.
• Gateway Arch, St. Louis

Saarinen, (Gottlieb) Eliel (1873-1950)

Helsinki Central Railway Station
• Finnish-American architect, who strongly influenced modern
Finnish-American architect Eliel Saarinen used his trademark,
architecture. bold lines and shapes, to create the Helsinki Central
• Popular w/ railway station designs especially in Europe. Railway Station in Helsinki, Finland. It was constructed
between 1904 and 1914.
• 2nd place in the Chicago Tribune Tower

PHILOSOPHY:
• “ Beauty grows from the necessity not from repetition of
formulas.”

WORKS:
• Cranbook School, Michigan
• Christ Church, Minneapolis
• Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland
• National Museum Finland
Saarinen’s Giant Statues
BOOKS:
These bold statues flank the entrance to Finnish-
• Munksnas-Naga, 1915 American architect Eliel Saarinen’s Helsinki
• The City: Its growth, its decay, its future, N.Y., 1943 Central Railway Station in Finland, completed in
1914. Saarinen focused on clean lines and
• Search for Form: A fundamental Approach to Art proportional masses combined with bold shapes
• The Cranbook Development, Michigan, 1931 and a sensitive use of materials. He was the
father of Eero Saarinen, another influential
architect of the mid-20th century.
Nervi,
Nervi, Pier Luigi (1891-1979) BOOKS:
• Italian architect and engineer, whose technical innovations, • Concrete & Structural Form, London: 1955
particularly in the use of reinforced concrete, made possible • Structure, New York: 1956
aesthetically pleasing solutions to difficult structural problems.
• Discovered “ferro-cemento”
- consist of layers of fine steel mesh sprayed w/ cement mortar &
it could be used either for shell construction or for heavier units
w/ reinforcing rods inserted between the layers of mortar & mesh.
WORKS:
• Municipal Stadium Florence
• Fiat Factory, Turin
• Italian Embassy, Brazilia
• Papal Audience Hall, Vatican City Nervi Station, Italy
Italian architect Pier Nervi created designs with great visual appeal. He used
• Australian Embassy, Paris
reinforced concrete to create large interior spaces, such as in the Nervi Station
in Italy.

Venturi, Robert Charles (1925- ) BOOKS:

• Complexity & Contradiction in Architecture N.Y. 1966
• American architect and teacher, one of the most
• Learning from Las Vegas, Massachusset 1972 & 1977
influential architectural theorists of the late 20th
century.
PHILOSOPHIES:
• “ We promote an architecture responsive to the
complexities and contradictions of the modern
experience. The particularities of context, the
varieties of the user’s taste; Culture & the
symbolic & decorative dictates of the program.”
• “ Less is Bore”
• “More is More”
• “ Modern movement was almost right” Vanna Venturi House
American architect Robert Venturi designed the Vanna Venturi House (1959-1963), located in
WORKS: Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, for his mother. Venturi’s architectural theories for this and other
buildings he designed in the 1960s led to the development of postmodernism in architecture
• Walker & Dunlop Office Building during the 1970s. His theories advocate the use of historical allusion and symbolism, rejecting
the perceived sterility of orthodox modern buildings. His architectural firm designed many of
• Transportation Square, Washington the most influential buildings of the 1970s and 1980s.

• Master Plan & Uraban Design of California

City
• Convention Center, Conversion plan Canada
• West Mount Airy Clustered Housing Plan
• Philadelphia
Kenz Tange (1913- )
Kenz ACHIEVEMENTS:
• Japanese architect, the most prominent modern architect of the • Winning on the International Planning Competition of Skopje,
country. In his designs for public buildings, has reconciled 20th- Yugoslavia
century Western styles and materials with traditional Japanese
• Appointed Master planner of the International Exhibition of 1970,
forms.
Osaka
• Furyu
– Anti realist attitude, anti action element in the Japanese
life.
PHILOSOPHIES:
• “ Modern Architecture need not be Western.”
• “ The city must be subjected to growth, decay and renewal.”

Peace Museum, Hiroshima

The Peace Museum, designed by Tange
Kenzo, stands on the site of the epicentre of
the atomic explosion that destroyed
Hiroshima in 1945. Tange has designed
many public buildings in Japan, often, as
here, using prestressed concrete rather than
large expanses of glass and steel, which are
unsuitable in a country vulnerable to
earthquakes. "

Inside a Pyramid
The burial chambers inside the Egyptian pyramids held the sarcophagus of the pharaoh and the rich grave goods with which he was provided for the afterlife. These chambers
were located at the end of long corridors that could be sealed, or constructed in such a way as to confuse grave robbers. This cross-section of the Great Pyramid at Giza shows
the internal arrangement of passageways and burial chambers.

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE -

Step Pyramid, Saqqara

The step pyramid of King Zoser, 3rd dynasty,
Egypt, was built about 2737-2717 BC at Saqqara,
necropolis of the capital, Memphis. It was
designed by Imhotep, the first known Egyptian
architect, who was later deified by the Egyptians.
The pyramid, built of local limestone and rising to
a height of 61 m (200 ft), was the first
monumental royal tomb and is one of the oldest
stone structures in Egypt.

Great Temple of Abydos

Built on the banks of the River
Nile, the city of Abydos was the
burial place of most Egyptian
kings from 3100 to 2755 BC.
Shown here is the Great
Temple of Abydos, constructed
during the reign of Seti I, from
1291 to 1279 BC.

Pyramid of Khafre, Giza

The pyramids at Giza in Egypt are among the
most famous pieces of architecture in the Great Sphinx, Giza
world. The Pyramid of Khafre, which rises to a Sculpture of Khafre
The Great Sphinx at Giza was built on the orders of the
height of about 136 m (446 ft), was built as This sculpture depicts an idealized
pharaoh Khafre in the 3rd millennium BC. In ancient
the final resting place of the pharaoh Khafre representation of Khafre, the fourth
Egypt, the sphinx was the symbol of royal power, and
in about 2530 BC. Remains of the original Egyptian king of the 4th dynasty. Khafre
this statue was probably intended to be a portrait of
limestone casing are visible at the top of the was king from about 2603 BC. to 2578
Khafre. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is seen to the right
pyramid. BC. and built the second of the three
of the Sphinx, and the Pyramid of Khafre to the left.
pyramids at Giza.
 CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

Tiger Hill Pagoda, China

A pagoda is a tower usually found in
Buddhist temple enclosures in East and
South-East Asia, and typically having
several storeys each with an elaborate
roof or balcony. It is derived from the
stupa and functions as a shrine,
memorial, and tomb. Tiger Hill Pagoda,
in Suzhou, dates from the 10th century
and stands 47.5 m (155 ft) high.

Altar of Heaven, Beijing

The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of
Heaven, or “Tian Tan,” built during the Ming
dynasty in Beijing, China. It is located in Tian
Tan Park in the Old City section of Beijing. The
15th-century structure, with its red walls and
gold detailing, is typical of the architecture of
the Ming dynasty.

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Minaret of the Great Mosque at Samarra

This spiral minaret, where the muezzin once
called the faithful to prayer, is the only surviving
feature of the Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq. At
the time of its construction (848-852), the Great
Mosque at Samarra was the largest Islamic
mosque in the world. .
Chartres Cathedral (ABOVE)
Chartres Cathedral, in northern France, is one of the most celebrated Gothic cathedrals in
the world. It is particularly notable for its sculptural decoration and stained-glass windows.
The cathedral was begun in 1194 and completed about 60 years later.
Patio of the Myrtles, Granada (RIGHT)
The Alhambra complex, in the southern
Spanish city of Granada, is the most famous
example of Moorish architecture in Spain. In
the foreground can be seen the Arrayanes
patio, with the two myrtle hedges flanking
the pool. Reflections of the pillars of the
room known as the Barca and the
monumental tower of Comares can be seen
in the pool’s waters.

Canterbury Cathedra(LEFT)
Canterbury Cathedral, one of the most illustrious examples of Gothic architecture in Britain, holding the shrine of St Thomas à Becket, is
also the administrative centre of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is Primate of All England, and effectively the
foremost prelate of the Anglican Communion. The ecclesiastical structure of the Church of England, combined with its broadly Protestant
theology, is one of its most distinctive characteristics.