COSC125 – Data Communication and Networking
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY-CAVITE CITY CAMPUS
Data Communication – is the process of transferring digital information between two or more points or devices
via transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Four Fundamental Characteristics of Data Communication System:
1. Delivery - the system must deliver the data to the correct destination. Data must be received by the
intended device or user and only by that device or user.
2. Accuracy – the system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission and
left uncorrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness – the system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. In the case
of video, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order they are
produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.
4. Jitter – refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or
video packets.
Computer Network – is an interconnected set of independent computers.
Communication System – are electronic systems that transmit data over communications lines from one location
to another.
Computer Communication – is the process of sharing data, programs and information between two or more
computers.
Connectivity – is a concept related to using computer network to link people and resources.
APPLICATIONS THAT DEPEND ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1. Electronic Mail (E-mail) – provides a fast efficient alternative to traditional mail by sending and receiving
electronic document.
2. Instant Messaging (IM) – supports “live” electronic communication between two or more buddies.
3. Internet Telephone – provides a very low-cost alternative to long distance telephone calls using electronic
voice delivery.
4. Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) – buying and selling goods electronically.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1. Sending and Receiving Devices – these are often a computer or specified communication device. They
originate (send) as well as accept (receive) messages in the form of data, information and or instruction.
2. Communication Channel – this is the actual connecting or transmission medium that carries the message.
This medium can be a physical wire or it can be wireless.
3. Connection Devices – these devices act as an interface between the sending and receiving devices and
the communication channel. They convert outgoing messages into packets that can travel across the
communication channel. They also reverse the process for incoming message.
4. Data Transmission Specification – these are rules and procedures that coordinate the sending and
receiving devices by precisely defining how the message will be sent.
Gerald R. Abutin
COSC125 – Data Communication and Networking
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY-CAVITE CITY CAMPUS
Packets
Message Modem Modem Message
e e
Sending Receiving
[Link]
(Data Transmission Specification)
DATA REPRESENTATION
1. Text – it is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or 1s). Different set patterns have been
designed to represent text symbols. Each set is called code, and the process of representing symbols is
called coding.
2. Numbers – also represented by bit patterns. However, a code such as ASCII is not used to represent
numbers; the number i directly converted to a bnary number to simplify mad thematical operations.
3. Images – also represented by bit patterns. It is composed of a matrix of pixels(picture elements), where
each pixel is a small dot.
4. Audio – refers to the recording or broadcasting a sound or music. Audio is by nature different from text,
numbers or images. It is continuous, not discrete. Even when we use a microphone to change voice or music
to an electric signal, we create a continuous signal.
5. Video – refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie. Video can either produced as a
continuous entity or it can be a combination of images, each a discrete entity, arranged to convey the idea
of motion.
DATA FLOW
Simplex Mode
The communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of the two devices on a link can
transmit; the other can only receive.
Half-Duplex Mode
Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time. When one device is sending, the other
can only receive, and vice versa.
Full-Duplex Mode
Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.
Gerald R. Abutin
COSC125 – Data Communication and Networking
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY-CAVITE CITY CAMPUS
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
These are essential element of every communication system. These channels usually carry the data from
one computer to another.
2 categories of communication channels
1. PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS – use a solid medium to connect sending and receiving devices.
a. Twisted Pair – copper wire, standard voice telephone line
b. Coaxial Cable – solid copper core more than 80 times the capacity of twisted pair
c. Fiber Optic – light carries data, more than 26, 000 times the capacity or twisted pair
2. WIRELESS CONNECTIONS – donot use a solid substance to connect sending and receiving devices.
a. Infrared – infrared light travels ina straight line
b. Broadcast radio – radio waves used by cellular telephones and other web enabled devices. Most of
theses web-enabled devices follow a standard known as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity).
c. Microwave – high frequency radio waves, travels in straight line thorugh the air.
Ex. Bluetooth – short range wireless communication standard that uses microwave to transmit
data over short distances of up approximately 33 feet
d. Satellite – microwave relay station in the sky, used by GPS devices.
INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium)
GPS (Global Positioning System)
CONNECTION DEVICES
MODEM (Modulator-Demodulator)
Allows digital microcomputers to communicate across analog telephone lines.
MODULATION – process of converting from digital to analog.
DEMODULATION – process of converting from analog to digiital.
4 BASIC TYPES OF MODEM
1. External modem – stands apart from the computer and typically is connected by a cable to the computer’s
serial port. Another cable connects the modem to the telephone wall jack.
2. Internal modem – consists of a plug-in circuit board inside the system unit.
3. PC Card modem – is a credit card-size expansion board that i inserted into portable computers.
4. Wireless modem – may be internal, external or PC Card. It does not use cables, it sends receives through
air.
CONNECTION SERVICES
Dial-up Connection – provides standard telephone lines and conventional modems. It is quite slow and many users
find it inadequate to meet their communication needs.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) uses existing telephone lines to provide high speed connections
Cable Modems – use exixsting television cables to provide high-speed connections as fast as T1 or DSL connection,
at a lower cost.
Gerald R. Abutin
COSC125 – Data Communication and Networking
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY-CAVITE CITY CAMPUS
Satellite connection services – use satellite and the air to download (downlink) or send data to users at a rate 7x
faster than dial-up connections.
Cellular services – offer an alternative for mobile devices and laptops. Using 3G cellular networks devices such as
cellphone and appropriate equipped laptop computers can download data from the internet at 400 to 700 kbps.
DATA TRANSMISSION
BANDWIDTH – measurement of width or the capacity of communication channel. Also the measurement of how
information can move across the communication channel.
CATEGORY OF BANDWIDTH
Voiceband (low bandwidth) - for standard telephone communication (56-96 kbps)
Mediumband – used by leased lines usually in company
Broadband – voice and data communication are both used.
Gerald R. Abutin