CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The research on lineament analysis is important in finding out at any point in time in

a given region if the following such as fault and fold are present in any mineral deposit.

Lineaments are visible feature on the earth surface which is a clear definition and

expression of a given geological strata found on the earth surface. Ideally, they

comprises either one or more of a fault hinged on hill (Whiteman,2008). As seen on a

given aeromagnetic maps, given characters with separate mineral deposit are found as

well provide the regional required framework pattern. Exploration of the earth strata

needs an innovative technological advancement to find out the extent to which

magnetic bodies and sediment are analyzed. To locate faults fractures and shear zones,

large scale aeromagnetic survey are implemented. The strata might be viable source of

various deposit of earth minerals (Wright, 2009). The formation of known

hydrocarbons vary from one location to another on the surface of the earth. During the

encrustation of magnetic faults, rock formation is visible. These occurrence of such

anomalies’ beneath the surface of the earth give rise to basement rock formation that

introduce existing intrusion of flow of lava and sills with igneous characteristics

(Gumez 2001). Incorrect measurement might lead to contaminations of iron in regional

hydrocarbon deposit with the sediments available (Ajakaiye,2002). Stratified

Magnetic strata found beneath the earth sedimentary actually came from the ground.

Most magnetic process on sedimentary basins occur in dyke planes which are visible

geological map features. The tectonic characterization concepts and theories give a

concise and clear definition of earth lithosphere. Analysis of Aeromagnetic survey is

carried out with the aid of gyrotron magnetometer, enables the easy assessment of

any part of the earth surface. In this concept of paramagnetic analysis, the aircraft

would navigate in a pattern corresponding to the required line alternating fashion. The

regional solar effects cited theoretically removed from available mineral location and

presence in any given site. Beforehand, data obtained in aeromagnetic analysis shown

comprises various degree of contour but in present time it is depicted as colored

computer printed pictures. Mapping geologic structure, magnetic mineral in or outside

the basement rock proves the important aspect of modern geophysics using airborne

magnetic survey as compared to ground survey for airborne survey permits faster and

cheaper coverage of a large area (Aldana et al., 2014). This work try to analyze

simulated aeromagnetic obtained values in Brass and its associated area with the

intention to determine the given structure of the dsstrata available within the trends.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study is to analyze lineament structure in Brass LGA of Bayelsa

state in various fragment as thus:

 1. detuned the residual catchment.

2. Estimate and analyze depth to magnetic source bodies using OASIS Montaj

software.

3. Ascertain the topographical structural alignment of hybrocarbon presence in

Ologroma Community.

1.3 LOCATION OF STUDY

Brass island is found in Bayelsa state in South-South in Nigeria delta coastal lane. It is

bordered at latitude 30 101 – 60 441 and longitude 80 71- 40 301 E of the equatorial line

of the earth. It is pictorially show in figure 1.1:

Figure 1.1: Geologic Map of Nigeria (Nwajide,2013)
 1.5 THE NEED FOR THE STUDY

 To assist future researchers on how viable and productive a mineral location is.

 To use proven method in exploration of hydrocarbon in the Nigerian oil sector.

1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The structure of mineral deposit in Brass, Bayelsa State has not been fully studied. To

espouse the in-depth information about strata state of mineral deposit , the basic

knowledge about lineament cannot be underestimated as a result of the complexity of

its structural arrangement before exploitation.

The application of vertical deferential of the first strata , vertical deferential of the

second strata, horizontal deferential strata of the first , horizontal deferential strata of

the second horizontal derivative of Brass in Bayelsa state requires the evaluation of

the stratification of tectonic platforms.

 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 PREVIOUS GEOPHYSICAL STUDY ON AEROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS

Raimi et al (2013) proved aeromagnetic analysis of some part of Nigeria as published

by the Geological Survey Institute of Nigeria in1980. The obtained results as published

showed that magnetic lineation of apparent magnetic characterization basically has

direct link with intrusive tectonic alignment as the features are visibly optimized.

According to Grant (2014), the trough of the Benue upper course are filtered by

applying digital intrusion on the maps Aeromagneticaly. It is known that low

frequency plot gives rise to the effect of lithospheric boundary. The mid frequency

location encapsulated the mantle of the crustal plane that is adjoin between Gongola

and Yola valleys. The surface intrusion are closely marked at 12.4km. Olowofela et al

(2012) mentioned that contemporary filtering of data associated with aeromagnetic

shows some notable basement faults, which prior to this time are mapped or unknown.

They have a closer relationship among boundaries in major petrotectonic characteristic

among which are the trough of Benue and Nupe in North Central shield of Nigeria,

bouldering the Niger River. These supposed faults give a definite emplacement of

intrusive encapsulation of each of the visible lithospheric dyke. Ananaba (1991), used
combine remote sensing technique to study the presence of lineament of mineral rocks

s in Omirere area of South –Western part of Nigeria. His study showed two types of

lineament structure which comprises plastic formations and brittle.

Trustwell(2017), reveled aeromagnetic field structure in a graphite region of Nigeria.

He deduced that the most common combination of Euler solution which shows a

magnetic characterization in gorge formation within a confine strata. O’Leary et al

(2016), utilized automated lineament mapping from remotely sensed data in Osun

drainage basin, South Western Nigeria. In view of their results obtained, the lineament

map shows a spatial resolution with granite encapsulation in a clear define geological

zone in Nigeria. This spectral of lineament gives a clear reliability potential.

Oyawoye(2011), opined that the magnetic lineament in most area in northern Nigeria

showed a weal contortion in geological array of the earth stratosphere as arrangement

of mineral within the earth crust form a define and concise arranging of folds and

dykes. The reactivation of different orientation show a similar pattern as in the accident

arrangement.

2.2 GEOLOGIC SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA

Brass Island is located on the Bayelsa State coastline plane of the Niger delta within

the sedimentary basin formed from the early Cretaceous age. This sedimentary basin
are also find in Benin flank to the South-West as well as Benue trough to the Northern

part and Calabar region to the Eastern tectonic elements. A wider variable arrangement

of shale covers a thickness of 12 m and was placed in the activated valley (Mascle,

2009). The unit that represent the litho-stratigraphy shows three main diachronous

layers which include the Agbada, Benin, and Akata formations. The Benin layer is

made up of sands and gravel with little or no clay fragment whereas the Agbada layer

is a mixture of patterned aggregate of sandstone and shale. The Akata layer comprises

of extra shales that are pressured (McCurry,2017).

Fig 2.1: Map of Regional Geology of Niger Delta Showing the Study Area.
2.3 GEOLOGY OF NIGER DELTA BASIN

The Niger Delta part of Nigeria is situated in the great depth of the Guinean gulf. Its

stratifications are regulated by fault zones just like the Charcot and Chain connected

to Atlantic Ocean outlet. It is presently found in South Western end of the major

troughs in Nigeria trough. The Guinean gulf has bordered around the Southern region

while Afikpo syncline in the Northern portion.

The Delta present in Nigeria South-South sedimentary Basin is regionally located at

the central axis of the West Africa defined equator (Telford, 2014).The basin is found

in three formations such as Akata formation, Agbada formation and the formation of

Benin. With visible depositional phases and the stratigraphic successions as shown on

fig 2.2.
Fig 2.2 Nigeria Delta Basin floor simplified formation classification
2.4 MAGNETIC THEORY

2.4.1Magnetic poles:

Figure 2.1 below shows a diagrammatic representation of a bar magnet depicting dual

boundaries such as A and B:

Fig 2.3: A line of force using a magnetic bar (Peterson, 1999)

The poles are depicted using boundaries and it is collectively termed magnetic poles

on A and B boundaries. It permeate on a pieces of iron as made on a piece of paper in

Figure 2.1. It was proven that the iron dust arrange themselves as shown in the figure

above. These lines are collectively called lines of force. Monopoles that is magnet with

single pole do not exist.

2.4.2 Magnetic force

It was asserted by Coulombs that lines of force in a magnet are related to an attractive

force that exist with two opposite charges. He prove mathematically that the two basic

forces exist between two electrically charged bodies as well as magnetic dipoles. His

derivation were based on the popular law of the inverse which was proposed at the

earlier stage of his research that were jointly published Sir Isaac Newton (Rush,2009).

Applying a suitable mathematical model, the sum of forces present in a magnet is:

𝑛𝑔
𝐹 ∑𝑖=1 𝑟𝑔𝑖 𝑘 = 𝐹1 𝐹2 1

𝐹2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 represent the force of attraction of the various charges.

Here, k is the magnetic rotating permeability and r is the distance between the two

poles.

Equation (1) is similar to the expression of gravitational force.

2.4.3 Strength of Field in a Magnetic Flux Arena (H)

The Strength of Field in a Magnetic (𝐹𝑔) is the strength of the pole per access point

by a magnetic monopole (P). Hence the proportionality is define as express in equation

(1).The addition of constraint function to monopole function is expressed as shown:

𝑛𝑔
𝜌(𝐹𝑔𝑖 , 𝜆) = 𝑌𝑇 + 𝜆(𝑃𝑑 − ∑𝑖=1 𝑃𝑔𝑖 ) 2
Where 𝜆 represent the magnetic effect multiplier with respect to equation ().

Then,

𝜕𝜌(𝐹𝑔𝑖 ,𝜆) 𝜕𝐹𝑇

= −𝜆 =0 3
𝜕𝐻𝑔𝑖 𝜕𝐻𝑔𝑖

Simplifying equation (3),

𝜕𝜌(𝑃𝑔𝑖 ,𝜆) 𝑛𝑔
= 𝑃𝑑 − ∑𝑖=1 𝑃𝑔𝑖 = 0 4
𝜕𝜆

From equation (4),

𝜕𝐹𝑇
=𝜆 𝑖 = 1,2,3 … . 𝐹𝑔 5
𝜕𝑃𝑔𝑖

Making equation (2) and (5), we have,

𝑁𝑔
𝜕𝐹𝑇 𝜕 ∑𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 (𝐾𝑔𝑖 )
= = 𝜆 6
𝜕𝑃𝑔𝑖 𝜕𝑃𝑔𝑖

Therefore,
𝑑𝐻1 (𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑖 ) 𝑑𝐻2 (𝐹𝐹𝑔2 ) 𝜕𝐻(𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑛 )
= =⋯ =𝜆 7
𝑑𝐹𝑔𝑖 𝑑𝐹𝑔2 𝑑𝐹𝑔𝑛𝑔

Equation (7) expresses clearly the strength of the magnetic force found at the
catchment lineament that the optimal exploration of hydrocarbon is feasible at the
point where the input-output of the shales volume characterized in all associated study
site in Brass. The optimal values of hydrocarbon presence is equal to the point of same
volume of incremental reserve for all the system feasible site (Attoh,2008). Then, the
incremental values associated with the site modelled as thus:

𝜕𝐹𝑖 (𝐹𝑔𝑖 )
= 2𝑞𝑖 𝐹𝑔𝑖 + 𝑤𝑖 8
𝑑𝐻𝑔𝑖

Putting equation (8) into (11) we have,

2𝑎𝑖 𝐻𝑔𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝜆 9

Where,

𝜆−𝐶𝑖
𝑊𝑔𝑖 = i=1, 2, 3……Ng 10
2𝑊𝑖

Using equation (3) and (13) as follows to obtain 𝐹𝑀 :

𝜆−𝑐𝑖
∑𝑁𝑔
𝑖=1 = 𝐹𝑚 11
2𝑤𝑖

Equation (11) give rise to a resent state of 𝜆 as shown:

𝑐𝑖
𝐹𝑚 +∑𝑛
𝑖=1 2𝑤𝑖
𝜆 = 1 12
∑𝑛
𝑖=12𝑤
𝑖

Putting equation (11) into (12), where F1 = F0 and F2 = F,

The strength of the force present in a magnetic flux generated is in the position of

the proportionate stated with respect to flux line present in the magnetic domiane of
the opposite field level. The S.I. units are define within the electrical field origin

with respect to what Oersted proposed.

2.4.4 Polarization as a Result of Magnetic Moment

Bassey et al (2006) opined that Moment of a Magnetic cluster( M ) that appears in

a pair of poles can be model by defining a pole strength that move within the axis of

rotation as express as in equation (11) above. It also shows the magnetization effect

of the locking intensity that expresses the intensity (I) and the related cross

sectional area (A). The magnetic moments path is actually the line that exist between

the poles as well as the two charged poles.

2.4.5 Magnetic Polarization

Interstitial elements that occur in a given magnetic field could be formed when a

charged alignment of a given dimension is noted within every flux in any define area.

The created alignment pushes the iron particles dust to a declination angle that tend

towards the core strength which generate a loss magnetization when the materials

taken away. This phenomenon is termed a low value of polarization (Bassey,2006).

The proportionality of it strength is based on the peculiarity seen from the outer point

of inherits strength within the magnetic dipole (∅ 𝑇 ) as shown in equation (13) below:
∅ 𝑇 = 𝑤1 ∑𝑁 𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 + 𝑅𝑤2 ∑𝑖=1 𝐺𝑇 13

∅ 𝑇 = 𝑤1 ∑𝑁 2 𝑁 2
𝑖=1(𝑎𝑖 𝐹𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 𝐹𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖 ) + 𝑀𝑤2 ∑𝑖=1(𝑑𝑖 𝐹𝑖 + 𝑒𝑖 𝐹𝑖 + 𝑓𝑖 ) 14

Equation (14) is subject to the following:

 𝑀𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑖 ≤ 𝐹𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑖 = 1,2 … 𝑁) 15

 ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹𝐷 + 𝐹𝐿 16
 𝑀𝐿 = ∑𝑁 𝑁
𝑖=1 ∑𝑗=1 𝐹𝑖 𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝐾𝑗 17
According to Falconer (2008), to find the rate of magnetic dispersion coefficient of
individual dipole at maximum output,

𝑡𝑖 (𝑚𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑦𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑖 = (𝑘𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
(𝑖 = 1,2, … … . . 𝑁) 18
𝐸𝑖
𝑙𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥

2.4.6 Magnetic Average Dipole Susceptance

According to Gunn (1997), the magnetic susceptance can be determine, by applying

the physical properties of a given magnetic material. The magnetic susceptance is

represented with k. the value of k can assume two different status such as positive or

negative. The induced magnetic field is in the same direction as the inducing field ( I)

, while negative sign shows that the induced magnetic field is an opposite direction to

the inducing field.

2.4.7 Magnetic induction

The induction of magnetic poles by a metallic material within the path of a flux and

around their own filled field has a clear indication that the existing attraction is

analyzed using the Odema model as thus (Obaje,2009)):

𝐼𝑖 − 𝑗𝑅𝑖 = 𝐵𝑖 < −𝛿𝑖 (∑𝑁

𝑖=1(𝐷𝑖𝑗 + 𝑗𝐽𝑖𝑗 )𝑆𝑗 ) 19

The total available intrusion of the field within define axis is termed magnetic

induction ( R) and is expressed as:

𝜆(1−∑𝑁
𝑗=1,𝑗≠1 2𝐷𝑖𝑗 𝑁𝑗 )−𝐶𝑖
𝑅𝑔𝑖 = 20
2(𝑆𝑖 +𝜆𝑀𝑖𝑖 )

By putting (19) into (20), we then arrived equation (21) by applying the linearment

propagation system flow. Therefore, the error within the crude reserve is expressed

using the magnetic square error function as thus:

1
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = (ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)2 21
2

75

Therefore, the needed Total Error of the n number of exploration attempt is,

1 2
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 (ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑗 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑗 ) 22
2

Converting equation (22) to a layer of reserve for easy modelling, the input variables
would follow the order to produce total quantity of holding reserve error as shown in
the partial deferential of gradient of total reserve with respect to quantity as follows:

𝜕𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝑄= 23
𝜕𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑟𝑣𝑒

Modifying equation (23),

𝜕𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝜕𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝜕 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜕𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒
= × × 24
𝜕𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝜕𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜕𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝜕𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒

If the partial derivative of Total reserve with respect to one quantity is 1, then,

𝜕𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒
=1 25
𝜕𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

Put equations (20) and (21) into equation (24), the actual reserve as well as the
derivative quantity with respect to the volume of hydrocarbon reserve is thus:
1
𝜕 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝜕 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝜕2(ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛−𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)2
= = 26
𝜕𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝜕𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝜕ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛

Simplify equation (26) further,

𝜕 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 1 𝜕 (ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛−𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒)

= × 2(𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒)2−1 × 27
𝜕𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 2 𝜕𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

= (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 )

𝜕 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑠 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑒)
×
𝜕𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒

= (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒) × (−1) 28

𝜕 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛
= (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒) 29
𝜕𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒

Applying the hydrocarbon reserve function to equation (29),

𝜕ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒
= = ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛(1 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒)3
𝜕𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒

Computing the partial reserve of all the mineral deposit, we can therefore
adjust the quantity in proportion to the reserve rate as thus:
 𝜕𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 − (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × ) 31
𝜕𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

Magnetic induction is simply a degree of an impacted force that a charge encounter as

a result of the momentum associated with its speed in a define direction. This force

exist in a geological lineament in connection with the force.

2.4. Classification of magnetic materials

There are a three categories of magnetic materials as thus:

 Material of Diamagnetic State

Michael Faraday in 1846 found out that the demagnetization theory of a material align

in angle close to dip is a possible affirmation that there was a higher degree of materials

production close to the magnetic moment a material has as an essential property of all

materials similar to electrons in an atomic orbit. Magnetic moment is conspicuously

absent in diamagnetic material because of the filled electron in the outer shell (Kearey

et al 2002).

This cause a distinctive deviation of diamagnetic susceptance to move outside the

magnet moment of alignment. There are numerous example of diamagnetic material

that occur naturally such as quartz, Graphite, marble and so on and so forth.
  Paramagnetic materials

The unaligned electrons define themselves in spatial routine to create a magnetic

field that tend to separate the valence unit in the outer path way within the low

temperature region. In any area were this is not defined, it can be inferred that a

direct electrons are unpaired in the flux field. This reference shell in the outer

electrons can be a generated moment within the influence region of electron

cluster. Therefore, paramagnetic material do not portray these characteristic

(Telford,2014).

 Ferromagnetism

This process creates an unparalleled interaction between stronger metals such

as cobalt, sodium etc. This adjacent electrons tend to create a degenerative

domain which allow a maximum force to reduce the alignment in a lineament

that demonstrate an ungroup atom. There is a larger Magnetic susceptibility

than other of magma related element and associated material.

2.4.9 Remnant Magnetization

In the absence of external field, Magnetic field can occur within rock as a result of

permanently magnetic particles. This is termed remnant permanent reliable

magnetization. Natural magnetization occur in Ferromagnetic index and materials.

Fig. 2.4: Vectored illustration depicting the relationship between charges ( Reijer,

1996).

2.5 Magnetic Field around the Earth

The earth has a vectoral relationship with respect to the magnetic field. Dipolar

attraction has a stronger attraction to the magnetic resources. The epicenter of the

earth filed create a domain that tend to approach the position of the created flux. The

magnitude strength cogenerated is almost equal to 20000RT.

Fig. 2.4: Magnetic Field of Scattered Related Attraction (Reijer, 2013).
The magnetic flux the earth generate are define in three categories:

(a) Main field

It comprises the electrical and magnetic relationship that exist in the earth flux

generating medium. The major field give rise to an induce magnetic field that

would count acts as the inducing magnetic field.

(b) Magnetic field in the external vault

This has a portion of magnetic field generated in a cyclic direction in the

domain where alignment is generated in the earthly core reserve. It is

definitive when the oxbow region is visible in the cadastral level.

(c) Crustal field

This is the maximum alignment that is experience in the crustal plane in

the upper fragment of the earth variation in relationship with the defined

main field. The crustal margin that is seen with this region are known to

cluster around the magnetic avalanche.

2.6 Earth’s Magnetic Field with a Permanent Variation

These rely solely on time variant proportion during diurnal changes that result

from magnetic flux emanating from the inner mantle of the earth structure.

Secular variations that are frequently connected to the earth magnetic field that

has occurred over time. These are commonly frequent in area with strong

magnetic definition as related to the mantle magma that align it flux according to

their availability. Several daily changes that occur when field and flux current in
the ionosphere are align in a tidal proportion. Two kinds of diurnal variation

occur in nature which include quiet and disturbed. Their presence are very vital

in putting together in the geographical ionization in most robust combination.

These turbulence related field are latent in their natural state as most researcher

have proposed. Their disturbed state in a proportion that is mainly adjustable in

the predate core magnetic field are up to 231 qT in size. This as a result push

against the magnetic survey values.

2.7 Susceptibilities of Rocks in a Define Magnetic Alignment

Susceptibility of a magnetic flux is key to mathematical computation of

individual flux. The gravity of their strength become weaker as they converge in

their physical state as show in the table below:

Table 2.1 Magnetic Rocks Degree Values (Grant,2014 ).

Rock Materials The Level Of Magnetic Degree

Dolodrote 20

Abysum 32

Adrofium 21

Gypsia 33

Dolorite 43

Domezerote 12

Fratro 61
 Inadro 44

Amodrote 54

Grobrodro 23

Imaadro 43

Limilitez 13

Formiz 12

Granulote 21

Crestorite 30

Fig. 2.5: Histogram Showing the Various Types of Rock (Telford, 2014)
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 SOURCE AND NATURE OF DATA

Digitized aeromagnetic data with sheet number 324 (Fig. 3.1) and 327 (Fig. 3.2)

gotten in Geosoft grid simulation format from the Geological Survey Agency

(GSAN), Abuja were used. The data with 324 and 327 sheet numbers cover Brass

and Oloibiri area of Bayelsa state, Nigeria, respectively. The distance in each of

the studied linear lineament align themselves in a direction that create a positive

analysis of a define magnetic zone(Ajibade,2000).

3.2 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

Qualitative and quantitative method of data analysis were adopted using Oasis

Montaj, surfer 10 and Arc GIS software. Knitting of the two sheets was

undertaken prior to qualitative and quantitative method of analysis. This

knitting procedural create a neutral approach to analyses a colored map in the

given simulation as shown in figure 3.3.

Fig 3.1 Lineament constituent categorization model 324 covering Brass
Fig. 3.2: Aeromagnetic map 327 found in Oloibiri.
Fig. 3.3: Aeromagnetic cluster analysis of Oloibiri
3.3 ENHANCEMENT AND REDUCTIONS METHODS USED ON THE

BOUGUER DATA SETS

The information that is not required must actually be removed from a given

data set that make a clearer detailed analysis. The dual reform information that

is not needed to be removed from the set of data, reductions of data must

include diurnal analysis and geomagnetic reference international field (IGRF)

Once this correction is done, the simulated sheet then is obtained. The

geological enhancement methods used in an imported data into oasis montaj

software environment. This enable the visual analysis of the results obtained.

3.3.1 SEPARATION OF REGIONAL-RESIDUAL

The various sources of magnetization tend to control the magnetic drag that

attract both the north and South Pole within the magnetic domain. This create a

minimal restriction autonomy. The composition of the involve polyline create a

regional formation wit need for a composite separation of the polyline effecting

of all the region. Polynomial analysis of the set values tally with the ones

recorded. The X and Y channels are the principal channels while the Z channel

represents the field channel upon which regional-residual separation was applied.

As a result, the two aforementioned various form of sources were obtained.

Further analysis showed that both terrains gave an optimal value that were proved

to be related (Costanzo et al,2006).

3.3.2 DERIVATIVE OF FIRST VERTICAL ANOLOGY

As a result of observable less noise impact at the shallow source end, in 2015,

Gunn stated that this filtering action was computed by binary index by

multiplication with spectral amplitude of the source applying the factor of

formation .To model the aeromagnetic lineament level, the apparent region

definition is given as:

𝐿𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖 𝐼𝑖∗ = 𝐽𝑖 + 𝑗𝑃𝑖 32

𝐿𝑖 , 𝐷𝑖 and 𝑃𝑖∗ represent the apparent lineament, absolute presence and conjunctive
composite respectively.

Equation (32) can be rewritten as:

𝐿∗𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖∗ 𝐼𝑖 = 𝐽𝑖 + 𝑗𝑃𝑖 33

Applying the 𝜋 magnetic model of rock material deposited as shown in figure

𝐼𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑖=0 𝐷𝑖𝑗 𝐻𝑗 34

Where 𝐷𝑖𝑗 is the admittance the reserve matrix and it can be expressed in term of
magnectance (R) and geoluctance (K) as follows

𝐷𝑖𝑗 = (𝑅𝑖𝑗 + 𝑗𝐾𝑖𝑗 )𝑉𝑗 35

But,

𝐸𝑖 − 𝑗𝑌𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 < −𝛿𝑖 (∑𝑁

𝑖=1(𝑅𝑖𝑗 + 𝑗𝐾𝑖𝑗 )𝑂𝑗 ) 36

Separating equation (36) into its various components: 𝑊𝑖 and 𝑉𝑖

𝑊𝑖 = |𝑛𝑖 | ∑𝑁
𝑗=1 |𝐷𝑗 | (𝐸𝑖𝑗 cos(𝐹𝑖 − 𝐹) + 𝑅𝑖𝑗 sin(𝐹𝑖 − 𝐹)) 37

𝑉𝑖 = |𝑁𝑖 | ∑𝑁
𝑗=1 |𝐷𝑗 | ( 𝐸𝑖𝑗 sin(𝐹𝑖 − 𝐹𝑗 ) + 𝐵𝑖𝑗 cos(𝐹 − 𝐹𝑗 )) 38
Equation (37) and (38) represent the actual presence of large reserve of mineral
rocks and hydrocarbons at Brass and Oloibiri respectively.

3.3.3 DERIVATIVE OF SECOND VERTICAL ANOLOGY

This apply to the next derivative that occur in the first vertical analogy in the

vertical axis. It looks like the output of the first derivative and it gave an efferent

reliability with a wave of high frequency in a lower optimal terrain in two state

variable.

3.3.4 FIRST COMPONENT OF THE HORIZONTAL DERIVATE

Similar sources of shallow origin was characterized as first horizontal derivate

constituent applied filter. By this application, lateral deviation of interest that

associate to shallow traits are made clear. According to (Cunnete,2006), equation

(32) expresses the expected filtering action.

3.3.5 SECOND HORIZONTAL DERIVAT

Sources connected to least wavelength parts were hinge at the help of high

wavelength constituents as second horizontal derivative with applied

prefabrication. These sources discovered at deep level were found to have

vacillating geometry with respect to sources discovered in available derivate

field maps. Equation (38) expresses the needed filtering action but in this case,

n = 2. Modelling equation (38) further,

𝑀𝑖𝑗 = 𝐸𝑖 − 𝑗𝐵𝑖𝑗 = (𝑎𝑍𝑖 )(𝑌𝑖 )2 39

𝐿∗𝑖𝑗 = 𝑈𝑖 − 𝑗𝑋𝑖𝑗 = (𝑎𝐶𝑖 )∗ 𝐾𝑖 40

Similarly,

𝐾𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾𝐴𝑖 41

𝐴𝑖 = (𝑎𝐺𝐼 − 𝐻)𝑦𝑖𝑗 + (𝐾)𝑦𝛿𝑖 42

In it conversion polar rating, equation (42) becomes:

𝐴𝑖𝑗 − 𝑗𝐻𝑖𝑗 =

𝑎𝐷𝑖 < −𝛿𝑖 ((𝑎𝐹𝑖 < −𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎𝐺𝑗 < −𝑥𝑗 )(𝐽𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾)+ < 𝑥𝑖 (𝑊𝛿𝑖 + 𝑗𝑇𝛿𝑗 )) 43

Separating equation (43) into it derived constituents:

𝑊𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎2 |𝐻𝑖 |2 (𝐽𝑠𝑖 + 𝐾𝑖𝑗 ) − 𝑎|𝑅𝑖 ||𝐴|(𝑁𝑖𝑗 cos(𝑓𝑖 − 𝑓) + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 sin(𝑓𝑖 − 𝑓)) 44
48

𝑍𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎2 |𝐻𝑖 |2 (𝐽𝑠𝑖 + 𝐾𝑖𝑗 ) − 𝑎|𝑅𝑖 ||𝐴|(sin(𝑓𝑖 − 𝑓) + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 cos(𝑓𝑖 − 𝛿𝑓𝑗 )) 45

3.3.6 UPWARD CONTINUATION

Discrimination of the regional causative sources from the residual sources was

observed when downward continuation filter was energized. This filter made

obvious deeply related sources that are located within the basement

pronounce.

Nwajide(2013) showed the model for higher contention of a required potential

field that is hinged on a level needed as:

∑𝑛𝑝,𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 × 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑝,𝑙 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 46

𝑝,𝑙
Therefore, the total deposit of all the hydrocarbon and mineral rocks seek to
reduce the exploration losses in the earth crust

Then,

Total exploration loss = ∑𝑛𝑟,𝑙 (ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 × 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑟 +

𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 (𝑟)
+ 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 + 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑝,𝑙 ×
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡

𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒) + ∑𝑛𝑝(𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑝 × 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑝 ) 47

According to Trustwell(2017), the problem associated to mineral formation

shows a different validity for the area of study as thus:

𝑹𝒐𝒄𝒌𝟏 Deposit:
2
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑅1 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0(2𝐷𝑖 + 5𝑁𝑖 𝐻𝐺𝑖 + 7𝐻𝐺𝑖 ) 48

𝑹𝒐𝒄𝒌𝟐 Deposit:
2
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑅2 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0(5𝐶𝑖 + 6𝐶𝑖 𝑌𝐺𝑖 + 8𝐶𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 ) 49

𝑹𝒐𝒄𝒌𝟑 Deposit:

𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑅3 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0(7𝑆𝑖 + 9𝑆𝑖 𝑀𝐺𝑖 + 10𝐿2𝐺𝑖 ) 50

𝑅1 , 𝑅2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹3 represent the total mineral rock deposit at various study site
respectively.

3.3.7 REDUCTION TO POLE

To modify the needed inordinate values to that obtained at the pole, the

requirement for pole reduction on filtering action tend to filter positions

perspective which are directly above their known sources. The application of
this filter, causes an induce magnetization to occur at the vertically downward

position and thus the polarity effect is reduce

This modify technique in the words of Attoh (2008) could be derived using the

Fourier analysis series with respect to the total field anomaly DT as thus:

𝑊𝑇 = 𝐺1 + 𝐽2 + ⋯ 𝑂𝑅𝐺 51

Where 𝑊𝑇 is the total mineral deposit and 𝐽1 , represent the individual

hydrocarbon source per study area.

Modifying equation (51),

𝑊𝑇 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐺𝑖 (𝐽𝑔𝑖 ) 52

𝐽𝑖 (𝐽𝑔𝑖 ) stands for the reserve quatity of rock deposit in the catchment area.
To obtain a balance reserve as simulated using the available software, equation
(51) and (52) can be simplified together as thus:

∑𝑛𝑔
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑘𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖 53

𝑊𝑘𝑖 is the modify anomaly having the same northern magnetic pole, where

ambient field and induced magnetization are seen to be directed vertically

downward.
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS DISCUSSION

4.1 AEROMAGNETIC DATA PRESENTATION

From the simulated aeromagnetic data, its constituent contour format (Fig 4.1)

was formulated. The result gotten from the qualitative studies that was done and

carried on the regional residual separation are clearly seen in figure 4.2 and 4.3

as presented in the aeromagnetic map. In continuation with respect to the

quantitative analysis so as to prove visible features of the associated subsurface,

first derivative map at the vertical position (Fig. 4.4), second derivative map at

the vertical position (Fig. 4.5), first differentia horizontal map (Fig. 4.6), second

derivative map at the horizontal position map (Fig. 4.7) and upward continuum

map (Fig. 4.8) were generated from the depicted given residual map.

Characteristically, the residual of (Fig 4.9) was fashion into twelve overlapping

spectral layers in which fast Fourier analysis was performed. As a result, the

signatures were divided into their energy and wavenumber components. The

number of energy with respect to wavenumber was computed and then used in

extrapolate wavenumber. From the spectral energy curve shown in figure A,

(Appendix B), the sedimentary depth thicknesses (Table 4.1) were gotten as the

values was divided by two of the differential were evaluated. The variable that
has direct connection with the contour basement in the wet environment that were

obviously narrated as seen clearly from (Fig 4.10) generated.

Fig. 4.1: Data In Contour Areole Formation (nY)

Fig. 4.2: Regional Exploration Data (nG)
Fig. 4.3: Residual Reserve Data (eN)
Fig. 4.4: Hydrocarbon Effect Characteristic Features (nG)
Fig 4.5: Lineament Reserve Portion dQ
Fig 4.7: Magnet Analysis Feature in the Dynamic Zone (sC)
Fig.4.8: Bass and Oloibri Demarcation Zone Features (dM)
Fig. 4.9: Boundary Splitting in the Lithoral Zone in Brass(eH)
Fig. 4.10: Categorization Model Analysis Feature (pG)
Fig.4.11: Open Air Areal View of Brass Study Site (zV)
4.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Found on distinct analysis grid maps are colour variations depicting full and

reduced amplitude anomalies. The entire variation are interrelated with respect to

their simulated colour output. As observed from aeromagnetic data number of

sheets, Brass tend to portray a large pattern of colour variation as seen from the

orthogonal analysis of the coloures pattern zone on the cadastral map as soon as

the green and blue amplitude abnormally becomes the yellow and red colour

sources. Applying similar approach, the difference in colour from Oloibiri

depicted a clear definition. In like manner, colour differences were observed on

the aeromagnetic data running from Oloibiri area that revolve round the

hydrocarbon potential area in the delta as discovered. These colours pattern are

noted around articular tectonic deck in the lower basin as seen from the results

around the northern fragment across the oceanic basin. In the same perspective,

magnetic variant of lower abanum is characterized with various colours that are

visibly seen at both cardinal end of the simulated map. Obaje(2009) opined that

area having various amplitude around the sediments are interrelated to the various

types of igneous formation. Therefore, it can be agitated that the different colur

pattern encounter in the course of the simulation carried out has a magnetic

similarity around the hydrocarbon viable area as earlier stated in relation to

igneous formation. These conclusions were proposed from the zones of igneous

sediments in the Niger delta oceanic basin in Souku catchment area. These the
various magnetic values use negative ratings with high quality index to fragment

the quantity of hydrocarbon reserve.

Found around the Oloibiri lake, is the intensity of the available magnetic

property ranging between -40.7 nT and 24. 4 nT. It was noted that magnetic

variation have a profound maximum range pattern between t -62.4 nT to 36.2

nT. The knitted aeromagnetic data been the composite data was transformed

into its corresponding contour format so that the influence of structural

features within and around the basement could be examined. Various shapes

were assumed by the spaced geometry available in the apparent map that

simulated most of the short wave definitions that were strongly knitted around

the geological contours available. The closely parked contours proposed a

shallow origin of the align space interfaced. The contour shows the elliptical

spatial arrangement in a linear possibility given rise to a define summit in the

oceanic basin basement. These various define argument predict the

magnetization relationship depicted on the concise intrusion map observed

(Ajakaiye et al 2002). Bassey (2006) gave widal clearance variation in

magnetic attraction in the core the earth as a result of the mantle and magma

interaction due to viable oxidation observed. He added that the dyke

replacement is found in the fracture zone of leakage magnetization pricier

analysis. These features shows distinct orientations typify geologic

lineaments. The available lineaments have cardinals aligning toward various

direction such as north ,south, east and west. Positive and negative anomalies

were evident beside the legend of the composite map.

The formation of latent ore values suggest a lower field strength in the region.

The composition of all shallow related map in the simulated region within the

context are made up residual of superposition in the deep layer dyke and

oxbow lake in Brass. Very glaring images seen in the map available to the

researcher gave a gross optimization in consonance wit available date from the

Nigeria geological department that show the value -22.6 nT to 56.6 nT. The

effectiveness of these long wavelength close to the parchment within the

cardinals present a deep origin of why the hydrocarbon reserve are never

rediscovered. The elliptical coloration of the associated contours emanating

from all the cardinals aggregated in the aquifer are visible. This indicates that

the anomalies with values ranging from -16.5 nT to 13.0 nT emanate from

sources that are of shallow origin. The configuration of contours are majorly

elliptical, hence the dominating occurrence of dykes that foster the entrapment

of economic fluids. Prevailing NE-SW tectonic trends symbolize lithology

boundary patterns. Anomalies with positive and negative values are obvious

on the legend beside the residual map. The positive values denote volcanic

rocks while negative values express sedimentary rocks/zones.

Seen on the first vertical differential map are closely positioned

signatures/anomalies that are broadened and relatively irregular. The closeness

of the signatures is indicating that the causative signatures are shallow related

whereas the broad nature implies that the sources are of large extent. The

relatively irregular nature indicates little differential of the basement. The

anomalies however range from - 0.002240 nT to 0.001747 nT. Apparent on

the second vertical derived map are blurred anomalies ranging from 0.000012

nT to 0.000006 nT. The anomalies have NE-SW orientation. The superficial

section of the aquifer are misalign from the position illustrated in the simulated

results. This position are interrelated as seen from the signal map from the

superficial differential horizontal direction of the basement. The orientation

that shows the associated differential of the vertical breakdown of stratification

of the second horizontal collected range from - 0.002397 nT to 0.001993 nT.

Contours/anomalies with short wavelength are plainly observed when the

derivative of the anomalies was taken from the first order to the second order

horizontally. The anomalies having NE-SW orientation have values between

0.07002 nT and 0.45001 nT.

Different qualitative geological maps mentioned shown as far as 101km

contour line as analyzed from the point of intrusion if articulation is

introduced. Nevertheless, the anomalies have NE-SW directional trends.

The fundamental Fourier analysis computed on the four windows aided in

knowing the stratification treading the thickness of Brass and Oloibiri at

various stages. The maximum thickness value of 6.8 is found in eastern

Oloibiri. As a result of the qualitative simulation on the two depth sources

such as Da and Db, continue to be seen in the region. Da values show a

remarkable parameter that has direct connotation with the region found at the

basement associated strata while Db clearly tell the maximum permeability

that connects the define source of intrusion. Da varies from 3km to 6.8 km

whereas Db have values between 1.11 km and 4.2 km.

The map subject to analysis shows how the thickness depth could be increased

from one cardinal point to another. The contours with yellow coloration shows

a define thickness at the eastern cardinal part of Oloibiri that shows how

greater depth prove to be a causative sources.

 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 FINAL ANALYSIS

The various Lineaments that appears at various level that define the

fragmented strata seen from the contour layer cut down to the available dyke.

the combination of NW-SE and d NE-SW domain in reality are a clear

conclusion that show how movement are define across the Niger Delta

offshore area. Two models are associated with depth models such as Da and

Db were noticed to conspicuous at the area. The Da model refers to the

alignment while Db model associate with the origin between distances of 3

km and 6.4 km and 1.25 km to 4.2 km respectively for Da and Db respectively.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The tectonic trends shows some visible features such as show that the area is

characterized with faults, folds, dykes and oceanic fractures zones. These

features foster hydrocarbon migration and entrapment. They explain the

presence of magmatic rifting during Pan African Orogeny. As suggested by

Olowofela(2005), a value of 4.5 km thickness noticed was a clear indication

of hydrocarbon quantity been discovered.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

Close attention should be given to hydrocarbon exploration Oloibiri zone

because of the thick and viable sediments obtained there.

5.4 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDE

This study has proven that, hydrocarbon exploration will be more in quantity at

Oloibiri east if all the needed condition are fulfilled. Using Structural analyses of

the transformed magnetic anomaly data, shows wide disgorge patterns the

basement structural architecture. The magnetic anomaly enhanced data shows the

in-depth structure of magnetic sources.