Chapter 8
Solutions
Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Concentration
• The amount of solute present in a specified
amount of solution.
• Two Methods of Expressing Concentration:
– Percent Concentration
– Molarity
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Percent Concentration
• Three different ways of representing percent
concentration:
– Percent by Mass
– Percent by Volume
– Mass-Volume Percent
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Percent by Mass
mass of solute
Percent by mass = ´ 100
mass of solution
Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Exercise
What is the percent-by-mass concentration of
sucrose in a solution made my dissolving 7.6 g
of sucrose in 83.4 g of water?
Calculate the percent by mass of platinum in a
gold ring that contains 14.00 g of gold and
4.500 g platinum.
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Percent by Volume
volume of solute
Percent by volume = ´ 100
volume of solution
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Percent by Volume
• A 125 ml sample of a mouthwash contains 12 ml of ethyl
alcohol. What is the percent by volume concentration of
ethyl alcohol in the mouthwash?
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Mole Fraction (X)
moles of A
X = total moles of all components
A
• In some applications, one needs the mole fraction of
solvent, not solute—make sure you find the quantity
you need!
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Mole Fraction and Mole Percent
Amount of component i (in moles)
= Total amount of all components (in moles)
+ + + … = 1
1 2 3 n
Mole % i = 100%
i
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Mass-Volume Percent
mass of solute (g)
Mass - volume percent = ´ 100
volume of solution (mL)
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Calculating the Mass-Volume Percent Concentration of
a Solution
A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.0 grams of glucose
in enough water to give 325 ml of solution. What is the
mass-volume percent concentration of glucose in the
solution?
Calculate the weight/volume percent composition of
3.00X102 ml of solution containing 15.0 g glucose.
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Calculate the Weight or Volume of Solute from a
Weight/ Volume Percent
Calculate the number of grams of NaCl in 5.00X102 ml of a
10.0% solution.
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Conversion Factors Obtained From Percent Concentration Units
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Calculating the Mass of Solute Needed to Produce a
Solution of a Given Percent by Mass Concentration
• How many grams of sucrose must be added to 375g of
water to prepare a 2.75% solution of sucrose?
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Calculating the Mass of Solute Needed to Produce a
Solution of a Given Mass-Volume Percent
Concentration
• Normal saline solution that is used to dissolve drugs for
intravenous use is 0.92% NaCl in water. How many
grams of NaCl are required to prepare 35.0 ml of normal
saline solution?
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Molarity
• Moles of solute in a solution divided
by the liters of solution.
moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
liters of solution
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Calculating the Molarity of a Solution
• Determine the molarities of the following solutions.
A. 4.35 moles of KMnO4 are dissolved in enough water to
five 750 ml of solution.
B. 20.0 g of NaOH are dissolved in enough water to give
1.50 L of solution.
C. 2.0 L of solution containing 5.0 mol NaOH.
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Calculating Molarity from Mass
• If 5.00 g glucose are dissolved in 1.00X102 ml of
solution, calculate the molarity of the glucose solution.
Calculating Volume from Molarity
• Calculate the volume of a 0.750M sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
solution containing 0.120 mol of solute.
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Calculating the Amount of Solute Present in a Given
Amount of Solution
1. How many grams of sucrose (table sugar C12H22O11)
are present in 185 ml of a 2.50 M sucrose solution?
Calculating the Amount of Solution Needed to Supply a
Given Amount of Solute
1. A typical dose of iron (II) sulfate (FeSO4) used in the
treatment of iron deficiency anemia is 0.35g. How many
ml of a 0.10 M iron (II) sulfate solution would be needed
to supply this dose?
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Molality (m)
moles of solute
m= kilograms of solvent
Since both moles and mass do not change with
temperature, molality (unlike molarity) is not
temperature-dependent.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Changing Molarity to Molality
If we know the
density of the
solution, we can
calculate the
molality from the
molarity, and vice
versa.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
Converting Molarity to Mole Fraction
Laboratory ammonia is 14.8M NH3 (aq) with a density of
0.8980 g/ml. What is the mole fraction in this solution?
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Section 8.5
Solution Concentration Units
An ethanol-water solution is prepared by dissolving 10.00 mL of
ethanol, C2H5OH (d=0.789 g/ml), in a sufficient volume of water to
produce 100.0 ml of a solution with a density of 0.982 g/ml. What is the
concentration of ethanol in this solution, expressed as
A. volume percent
B. Mass percent
C. Mass/ volume percent
D. Mole Fraction
E. Mole Percent
F. Molarity
G. Molality
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Section 8.6
Dilution
• The process in which more solvent is
added to a solution in order to lower its
concentration.
• Dilution with water does not alter the
numbers of moles of solute present.
• Moles of solute before dilution = moles of
solute after dilution
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Section 8.6
Dilution
Dilution Calculations
Cs ´ Vs = Cd ´ Vd
(s = stock solution)
(d = diluted solution)
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Section 8.6
Dilution
1. Calculate the molarity of a solution made by diluting
0.050L of 0.10 M HCl solution to a volume of 1.0L.
2. A nurse wants to prepare a 1.0% (m/v) silver nitrate
solution from 24 ml of a 3.0% (m/v) stock solution of
silver nitrate. How much water should be added to the
24 ml of stock solution?
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