SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Materi Meaning Example Page

It is the study of the connection 1. People adjust the way they talk to their
between language and society and the social situation, they will speak differently
way people use language in our to child. It depends not only on the
everyday lives and different situation. relationship between people, but also on the
You may interest in, have knowledge peoples’ region, ethnicity, socioeconomic
about the language, regional dialects, status, age, and gender. 1
multilingualism, language policy, or 2. The stereotype that men is nicknames and
non-sexist language. women do not. “Selly, salsa, and Rida meet
for dinner, and they call each other by their
Sociolinguistics true names, but Nico, Sule, Andre call each
other kunyuk, peang, and pea.”
Society a group of people who are Human
draw meaningful boundaries around a
group of speakers for the purposes of
studying their language. 2
Language it used for communication First language (L1), second language (L2),
between speakers and listener, this and another language.
includes spoken, written, and signed
modes of communication.
When two or more people When there are two students from different
communicate with each other by their city in the class, and their first language is
language, we can call the systems different,They talk to each other.
code. And it will make the The firts students is talking by java language,
conversation easier if they have more and another one is talking by lampung
Knowledge of than two languages to do the language. The meaning will be easier to
3
language communication and it called understand if they know the language which
multilingual. used by the speaker, but it will hard to
understand if they don’t know another
language.
To make it easier, they can use Bahasa to do
the conversaion.
The competence and performance Speakers in some areas of the Midwestern
distinction just mentioned is one that United States might utter sentences such as
holds intriguing possibilities for work ‘The car needs washed’ while others would
Competence in linguistics, but it is one that has say ‘The cars needs to be washed’ or ‘The car
and also proved to be quite troublesome, needs washing.’ 4
performance because the performance of different Further, an individual speaker might use all
speakers, and the same speaker in three of these constructions at different
different contexts, can vary quite a times.
lot.
Variants there is more than one way The way you greet your friends, your family,
variation 6
and different structures for your colleagues, your professors
 expressing the same meaning. There and your acquaintances by different verbal
is variation across speakers, that is, exchanges as well as different embodied
reflections of different ways that practices (e.g., air kisses, shaking hands, hug
people speak in different regions or etc.)
social groups, but also variation
within the speech of a single speaker.
No one speaks the same way all the
time, and people constantly exploit
variation within the languages they
speak for a wide variety of purposes.

Identities are not fixed attributes of single white female, 45, architect, nature
people or groups but are dynamically lover.
constructed aspects which emerge
through discourse and social behavior
and also are not preconceived
categorical affiliations such as ‘male’
or ‘female’ but nuanced ways of
being that we construct; while we 7
may indeed reference such
categories, our identities are not
simply a matter of listing
Speaker and demographic identifiers
their group Identity is defined as the linguistic
construction of membership in one or
more social groups or categories’
Solidarity refers to the motivations
which cause individuals to act
together and to feel a common bond
which influences their social actions.
people can unite for all kinds of
9
reasons, some of which they may not
even be able to articulate, and the
consequences may be great or small.
We will also look at some of the
consequences for language behavior.
culture its about the relationship When sundanesse tell to each other and they
between a spesific language and are talking about “Lawang” all of them will
culture in which it is used that know that the meaning of lawang is the door
consists of whatever it is one has to or the way that people used to go outside and
Language and
know or believe in order to operate in come into the house. But some people who 10
culture
a manner acceptable to its members. are not sundanesse know that meaning of
And a person must prossess to get lawang “Crazy”. It has different meaning,
through the task of daily living. because the culture is different.
 is studies which show that the awareness that generic ‘he’ is not inclusive
varieties of language that speakers may increase the power of female speakers,
use reflect such matters as their enabling them to claim inclusion.
regional, social, or ethnic origin and Consequently, language change and a greater
possibly even their gender. awareness of gender equality co-occur, hand
Directions of 10-
language and society may influence in glove as it were.
influence each other. Certain language reforms 11
can also be seen as relying on this
perspective; the reforms are made
because of changes in societal
norms
A relationship between language and To find that X and Y are related is not
social structure without Making necessarily to discover that X causes Y (or Y
claims about causality, and such causes X).
correlational studies have long To find that female speakers use more
Correlations formed a Significant part of standard features than male speakers in a
sociolinguistic work. And it only given community does not prove that being
shows a relationship between two female causes a speaker to speak in a more 14
variables; it does not show ultimate standard manner.
causation.
The approach to sociolinguistics
variationist which focuses on such correlations
sociolinguistics and the quantitative analysis of them.

micro-sociolinguistics how social class, sex, and age.

structure influences the way people
talk and how language varieties and
patterns of use correlate with social
attributes.
Macro-sociolinguistics studies what
societies do with their languages, that
Boundaries is, attitudes and attachments that 15
account for the functional distribution
of speech forms in society, language
shift, maintenance, and replacement,
the delimitation and interaction of
speech communities. Studies that
examine large amounts of language
data to draw broad conclusions about
group relationships
Summary
This chapter provides an introduction to the field of sociolinguistics as well as to some of the major themes that
will recur throughout this textbook. We propose broad definitions for the terms ‘language’ and ‘society,’
introduce the concepts of ‘identities,’ ‘power,’ and ‘solidarity,’ and explore the possible relationships between
language and culture, most notably the Whorfian hypothesis. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of the field
of sociolinguistics, we also address how it fits into various disciplines and how it overlaps with linguistic
anthropology and sociology of language. We note that the field includes work on topics such as critical
sociolinguistics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis. Finally, we turn to concerns in methodology, stressing that
there is no one best method, but that research must be designed to answer specific research questions.
 it used for communication between Chinese, English, Bahasa Indonesia, Korean,
speakers and listener, this includes Canadian, American, sundanesse, javanese,
Languages 2
spoken, written, and signed modes of lampungnese.
communication.
the term used to refer to a particular People’s dialects who lived in city and in village
way of speaking a language which is will be different, because they who lived in illage
associated with a particular region or use the term vernacular to refer to the language
social group; compare with language. person grows up with and uses in everyday life in
It’s almost certainly no more than a ordinary.
local non-prestigious (therefore dialecte in French, like ialekt in German, cannot
Dialects 28
owerless) variety of a ‘real’ language be used in connection with the standard nguage,
that is, no speaker of French considers Standard
French to be a dialect of French, and in German
to tell someone they speak a Dialekt means that
they do not speak Standard German (called
ochdeutsch ‘High German’)
Speaker’s ability in some language. some speakers of (standard) German can
People who understand more than one understand (standard) Dutch, while others may
language will be understand each other, find it incomprehensible.
but if they don’t understand another
Mutual language will have problems to speak
29
intelligibility and understand each other.
Your ability to understand someone
who speaks differently from you may
vary according to your experience with
different ways of speaking.
Sociopolitical identity the defining Although Alsatian, the dialect of German spoken
factor in determining whether two in the Alsace (France), is now in decline, for many
varieties are considered distinct generations the majority of the people in Alsace
languages or dialects of the same spoke their German tongue in the home and
language. local community. However, their loyalty was and
is unquestionably toward France; speaking a
The role of social Germanic dialect did not mean they identified
32
identity with Germany. They look to France not Germany
for national leadership and they use French, not
German, as the language of mobility and higher
education. However, everyday use of Alsatian
has been a strong marker of local identity, and
for a long time was an important part of being
Alsatian in France (Vassberg 1993).
refers to the process by which a Wycliffe’s and Luther’s translations of The Bible
language has been codified in some Into English And German, respectively, Caxton’s
way. That process usually involves the establishment of printing in England, and Dr
development of such things as Johnson’s dictionary of English published in 1755.
33
grammars,spelling books, and Standardization requires that a measure of
Standardization dictionaries, and possibly a literature. agreement be achieved about what is in the
We can often associate specific items or language and what is not.
events with standardization.
The standardization process is
necessarily an ongoing one for living 36
languages and it is also obviously one
 that attempts either to reduce or to
eliminate diversity and variety.
It is not at all easy for us to define Trudgill also points out that the standard is not
Standard English because of a failure to the same as formal language, as the standard can
agree about the norm or norms that also be used colloquially (see below for a
Standard English should apply and it is constantly discussion of formal and informal styles). 36
changing and developing. Usually used in print, normally taught in schools,
learned by non-native speakers, spoken by
educated people, used in news broadcasts.
There is usually little controversy over Some people are also aware that the standard
the fact that they are either regional or variety of any language is actually only the
social varieties of something that is preferred dialect of that language: Parisian
widely acknowledged to be a language. French, Florentine Italian, or the Zanzibar variety
That is, dialects are usually easily related of Swahili in Tanzania.
to the standard variety because of the However, in the modern period, having provided
The standard–
latter’s sociopolitical salience. the base for Standard English, this dialect exerts
dialect hierarchy
a strong influence over all the other dialects of
England so that it is not just first among equals
but rather represents the modern language itself
38
to the extent that the varieties spoken in the
west and North are Generally regarded As its
local variants.
Regional variation in the way a language When people who from one place move to
is spoken is likely to provide one of the another new place, they used their language and
easiest ways of observing variety in if they used another language the dialect will be
Regional
language. There may even be very same as their language region.
variation
distinctive local colorings in the
language which you notice as you move
from one location to another.
Dialect geography is the term used to in seeking to determine features of the dialects
describe attempts made to map the of English and to show their distributions, dialect
distributions of various linguistic geographers try to find answers to questions
features so as to show their such as the following. Is This an r-pronouncing
geographical provenance. area of English, as in words like car and cart, or is
Dialect
it not? What past tense form of drink do 39
geography
speakers prefer? What names do people give to
particular objects in the environment, for
example, elevator or lift, carousel or
roundabout? We Calls such features variables, as
there are variable ways of realizing them.
Not all African’s skin is black. African American Vernacular English (AAVE) grew
in part out of the observation that the speech of
many Black residents of the northern United
African American
States, in New York City, Philadelphia,
Vernacular 46
Washington, DC, Baltimore, Detroit, and Chicago,
English (AAVE)
resembles the speech of Blacks in southern
states in many respects, yet differs from the
speech of Whites in their respective regions.
Summary
What is the relationship between a language and a dialect? This chapter seeks to acknowledge many non-linguists’
perceptions about this issue while presenting the sociolinguists’ stance that particular ways of speaking are considered
distinct languages or subordinated dialects because of sociopolitical ideologies and identities, not because of linguistic
differences between varieties. While a ‘language’ is considered an overarching category containing dialects, it is also
often seen as synonymous with the standard dialect; yet closer examination of the standard reveals that it is a value-
laden abstraction, not an objectively defined linguistic variety. Further, every language has a range of regional dialects,
social dialects, styles, registers, and genres. These Interrelated concepts are discussed and defined with a focus on how
they are part of speakers’ identities and social interactions.
Speech Communities some group of
speech that containd of at least two or
people, but there is really no upper limit
to group membership. The group may
be temporary or quasi-permanent and
the purposes of its members may
change and its members, for individuals
may come and go. People can group
63
together for one or more reasons:
social, religious, political, cultural,
familial, vocational, avocational, and so
on.
Linguistic boundaries the boundaries Indonesia has a lot of language from different
depends on the region, even the region, but it still in one group that is Indonesia
language is different, but it still in one (the country).
group .
Defining Groups
Shared norms the language is used When my mother go o the traditional market to
depends on the place, it will be formal buy vegetable, she ask for the price by saying “
and not formal language, but they agree how much?” the seller in that traditional market
in the use of language elements, understand that my mother ask them about the
because the speakers in such a price. Because the language is agreed.
65
community share some kind of common
feeling about linguistic behavior in that
community, that is, they observe certain
linguistic norms.

Social networks is the connection or if you know some people and you interact with
relationship between individual. them cause of your business or not. You have
friends and they also have another friend, you do
71
your business together to get the goal.
The people you know and interact with also
know and interact with one another.
Summary
In this chapter, we have grappled with how to define the social groups whose language we wish to describe and study in
sociolinguistic research, noting that some of the same difficulties in defining what a language is surface in defining what
a speech community might be. There is a tendency to look beyond the ways that people speak to define what makes
them a community, and to focus on the presence of shared norms. Alternative ways of defining groups, for example, as a
community of practice or a social network, are also presented as less abstract means of determining a social group for
the purpose of research; both depend on linguistic interaction for their definitions. We also revisit the concept of
identities, focusing this time on how identities are linked to social group membership.
 Multilingualism as a SocietalThe students used English in their class to do the
Phenomenon All people in the world conversation with their friends and their teacher,
has kown that there are a lot of and they use their first language or their region
Multilingual
different languages in the world. language such as jaanese, lampungnese, 83
Discourse
sundanese to speak with their parents at home.
And they speak bahasa if they are with their
friends.
multilingualism is common in many ou generally get little credit for speaking Swahili
parts of the world and people in those and, until recently at least, not much more for
parts would view any other situation as speaking Russian, Japanese, Arabic, or Chinese
strange and limiting.
85
Code-switching changing the language If the student speaks english bu he didn’t know
thet they used to make the listener get some vocabulary, he can use another language to
the meaning and it will help the speaker deliver their idea. So another people will
to deliver their idea. understand and get the meaning.
Linguistics landscape there are different Banner of restaurant that used English language
language in another place. in Japan.
86
The restaurant’s name by using Korean in
indonesia.
Language attitudes in multilingual The students who can speak two language
settings the abiity in speak more than (Korean and English) fluently speaks to his
one language fluently. They speak he teacher. The language that he used so fluent as a 88
language depend on the place and who native speaker, and he also can speak his mother
are the hearer. language fluently.
Diglossa the way of using language, it there is a ‘high’ variety (H) of language and a
depends on the place, it can be formal ‘low’ variety (L). Each variety has its own
language and informal language. specialized functions, and eachn is viewed
Language Diglossia is the term used to describe a differently by those who are aware of both.
ideologies situation in which there are two distinct 1. in Arabic-speaking countries, in which the two 90
surrounding codes with clear functional separation; varieties are Classical Arabic (H) and the
multilingualism that is, one code is employed in one set various regional colloquial varieties (L).
of circumstances and the other in an 2. is Standard German (H) and Swiss German (L)
entirely different set. in Switzerland.
Domains is the place of language is 1. The H varieties may be used for delivering
used. sermons and formal lectures, especially in a
parliament or legislative body, for giving
political speeches, for broadcasting the news
on radio and television, and for writing poetry,
fine literature, and editorials in newspapers. In
contrast.
91
2. The L varieties may be used in giving
instructions to workers in low-prestige
occupations or to household servants, in
conversation with familiars, in ‘soap operas’
and popular programs on the radio, in captions
on political cartoons in newspapers, and in
‘folk literature
Mutlingual doscourse there are no (While setting up a chess board):
strict or explicit guidelines for what D: Me faltan mi king y mi queen.
97
language to speak. People must select a ‘I am missing my king and my queen.’
particular code whenever they choose
 to speak, and they may also decide to (As an explanation for his argument with another
switch from that code to another or to student)
mix codes even within sometimes very S: es que kickó, maestra.
short utterances. ‘what happened is that he kicked me, teacher.
Metaphorical and situational code- This is illustrated in a quote attributed to Charles
switching has an affective dimension to V, the Holy Roman Emperor, which indicates
it: the choice of code carries symbolic attitudes about certain languages being holy, the
meaning, that is, the language fits the language of love or male solidarity, or crude or 98
message. bestial: ‘I speak Spanish to God, Italian to
women, French to men, and German to my
horse.
Accommodation and audience design When we speak with another person who is
make an effort to eliminate the trying hard to justify his statement with a strong
difference between yourself and the tone voice. At that time, we try to convey our
other person by changing the tone of ideas in polite language and lower voices, so that 98-
speech more subtly without changing he will get what we mean. Because if both are 99
the goal, so that idea will be conveyed equally strong, then the intent will not be
and the other person will understand conveyed.
what we mean.
Summary
Chapter 4 explores what happens when languages – or more aptly, speakers of languages come into contact. There are
many different paths to multilingualism, and many different ways of using multiple languages. One pattern of language
use we explore is diglossia, in which the two languages differ in terms of their status in society; one is considered more
prestigious and is used in more formal contexts, the other is reserved for more casual events and interactions. In many
multilingual societies, however, code choice is not so clear, and there is multilingual discourse. Often, the attitudes
people have about multilingualism, or about particular languages, influence how the languages are used. We look at
three main theoretical approaches to the study of multilingual discourse – Communication Accommodation Theory, the
Markedness Model, and the study of language choice as part of the social construction of identity. In this final section,
we see how the study of multilingualism and the study of the uses of different dialects of the same language revolve
around the same principles.
the culture is conected to they way in
using language, because the language
must be connected with the culture.
Ethnographic research is generally
Ethnographic carried out through participant
Approaches in observation. Ethnographies are based 227
Sociolinguistics on firsthand observations of behavior in
a group of people in their natural
setting. Investigators report on what
they see and hear as they observe what
is going on around them.
the conclusion of the research is about
Quantitative the number in he past. And it will show
how the result of the research.
228
The conclusion of the research is from
Qualitative the observation. It will explain the result
of the research.
Pragmatics Speech acts satu hal yang dapat ‘I had a busy day today,’ ‘Have you called
dikatakan dengan banyak ucapan your mother?’ and ‘Your dinner’s ready!’
249
adalah dengan membuat proposisi.
 Proposisi dapat berbentuk
pertanyaan atau pernyataan, tetapi
grammatikalnya juga akan berbeda.
ucapan seperti itu bisa dialami atau
dibayangkan, atau proposisi seperti
itu bisa dikatakn benar atau salah.
Proposisi etis adalah proposisi yang
mungkin benar atau salah. Namun,
membangun kebenaran dan
kepalsuan bukanlah tujuan
sebenarnya dari proposisi etis.

A person is not just saying something “I sell the picture expensively”

Performatives
but is actually doing something if certain Means that he or she do in selling the picture
utterance
real-world conditions are met. with high price. She say and do that.
Locutions every uterances or words that Sinta said : “ I am very sad, because my pat is
said by the speaker. lose.”
Illocutionary an idea or meaning that Locution : “ I am very sad, because my pat is
Locution
the speaker delivered to the hearer or lose.”
illocutionary acts 251
the intended purpose of the Illocutionary : sinta so sad because her pat is
perlocution
illocutionary act. lose.
Perlocutions the person who speaker Perlocutions : Sinta
deliver illocutionary.
Implicature
Quantity: If you are assisting me to for example, at a particular stage I need four
mend a car, I expect your contribution screws, I expect you to hand me four, rather than
to be neither more nor less than is two or six.
required.

Quality : I expect your contributions to

be genuine and not spurious. If I need 253
sugar as an ingredient in the cake you
are assisting me to make, I do not
expect you to hand me salt; if I need a
Maxims spoon, I do not expect a trick spoon
made of
rubber.
Elation :I expect a partner’s contribution
to be appropriate to immediate needs
at each stage of the transaction; if I am
mixing ingredients for a cake, I do not
254
expect to be handed a good book, or
even an oven cloth (though this might
be an appropriate contribution at a later
stage).
Manner : I expect a partner to make it
clear what contribution he is making,
and to execute his performance with
reasonable dispatch.