Name: Vanisha N. Cugay Gr.&Sec : 12- St.

Benedict Date: 10/04/18

Exponential vs. Logistic Growth

Exponential growth occurs when resources are not limiting. Logistic growth occurs when
resources become more and more limiting as population size increases. The biggest difference,
however, is that the line in the logistic growth graph changes direction and begins to level off as
it nears the carrying capacity. That means that the main difference between exponential and
logistic growth is that logistic growth takes into account carrying capacity.

Exponential population growth: When resources are unlimited, populations exhibit exponential
growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as
resources become scarce. It levels off when the carrying capacity of the environment is
reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve.

Logistic growth occurs when there are limited resources due to competition; it slows, stops, and
has a period of exponential growth. Exponential growth occurs when there is unlimited
resources due to little competition; individuals produce at a constant rate.
 Density- dependent vs Density- independent

Density dependent factors are those that are responsible for regulating the population in
proportion to its density such as competition, predation, and diseases. It usually operates in a
large population and causes the population either to increase or decrease depending on how it
affects the ecosystem. For example, a huge population can deplete an area’s natural resources
and food supply. This will cause a shortage of these necessary elements making the area unable
to provide for its population and will eventually cause the reduction of the area’s population
due to hunger, thirst, and exposure to the elements when shelter is not available. Density
independent factors, on the other hand, are those that regulate the population without
considering its density such as natural disasters and the weather. It operates in both large and
small populations and is not based on population density. Natural disasters like floods, fires,
storms, droughts, extreme temperatures, and the disturbance and disintegration of the natural
habitat of organisms can cause a decrease in their population no matter how large or small it is.
Bush fires can cause damage to the habitat of several animal species. Some may die directly
due to the fire, but others who will survive it will also die because of food and water
inadequacy as well as the absence of shelter for them. Density independent factors act on their
own and do not change according to its density unlike density dependent factors which vary
according to the population density which depends on its gain rates and loss rates.
 Immigration vs Emigration

Migration is the movement of individuals of a species from one place to another. Emigration is
migration seen as an the exit of individuals from one region (to another where they will settle
permanently or temporarily). ... Therefore, individuals emigrate "from" and immigrate "to".

Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another. Immigrate is to come into another
country to live permanently.

The difference between “immigrate” and “emigrate” is that “immigrating” is the act of entering
a foreign country to live while “emigrating” is the act of leaving a country to live in another.
 Population Size vs Population Density

Population density is the average number of individuals in a population per unit of area or
volume. For example, a population of 100 insects that live in an area of 100 square meters has a
density of 1 insect per square meter.

Population size is the actual number of individuals in a population. Population density is a

Two important measures of a population are population size, the number of individuals, and
population density, the number of individuals per unit area or volume. For example, France has
a population of 60,561,200, and an area of 551,695 square kilometres, so its population density
is about 109.8 persons per square kilometre.
 Survivorship Patterns

There are three types of survivorship curves. Type I curves depict individuals that have a high
probability of surviving to adulthood. Type II curves depict individuals whose chance of survival
is independent of age. Type III curves depict individuals that mostly die in the early stages of
their life. Type I or convex curves are characterized by high age-specific survival probability in
early and middle life, followed by a rapid decline in survival in later life. They are typical of
species that produce few offspring but care for them well, including humans and many other
large mammals.

Type II or diagonal curves are an intermediate between Types I and III, where roughly constant
mortality rate/survival probability is experienced regardless of age. Some birds and some
lizards follow this pattern

Type III or concave curves have the greatest mortality (lowest age-specific survival) early in life,
with relatively low rates of death (high probability of survival) for those surviving this
bottleneck. This type of curve is characteristic of species that produce a large number of
offspring (see r/K selection theory). This includes most marine invertebrates. For example,
oysters produce millions of eggs, but most larvae die from predation or other causes; those that
survive long enough to produce a hard shell live relatively long.
 Age Structure Pyramids

This characteristic is as simple as it sounds: it's a summary of the number of individuals of each
age in the population. Age structure is useful in understanding and predicting population
growth. An understanding of population age structure is critically important to industries that
harvest living organisms. There are three types of population pyramids: expansive, constrictive,
and stationary. They are the following;

Expansive population pyramids are used to describe populations that are young and growing.
They are often characterized by their typical ‘pyramid’ shape, which has a broad base and
narrow top. Expansive population pyramids show a larger percentage of the population in the
younger age cohorts, usually with each age cohort smaller in size than the one below it. These
types of populations are typically representative of developing nations, whose populations
often have high fertility rates and lower than average life expectancies.
Constrictive population pyramids are used to
describe populations that are elderly and
shrinking. Constrictive pyramids can often look
like beehives and typically have an inverted
shape with the graph tapering in at the
bottom. Constrictive pyramids have smaller
percentages of people in the younger age
cohorts and are typically characteristic of
countries with higher levels of social and
economic development, where access to
quality education and health care is available
to a large portion of the population.

Stationary, or near stationary, population