SOCIAL STUDIES
Class IX
Editors
Sri C.N. Subramanyam, Prof. S. Padmaja, [Link] Geography,
Eklavya, M.P. Osmania University, Hyderabad.
Prof. G. Omkarnath, [Link] Economics, Dr. [Link], Senior Fellow,
University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad. ICSSR, New Delhi.
Prof. [Link], Dept. of History, Sri Arvind Sardana, Director,
Osmania University, Hyderabad. Eklavya, M.P.
Dr. K. Narayana Reddy, Asst. Prof. Dr. C.S. Bala Chandran,
[Link] Geography, O.U, Hyderabad. Cultural Geographer, Bangalore.
Dr. M.V. Srinivasan, Asst. Prof. Prof. [Link] Babu, Dept. of History,
DESS, NCERT, New Delhi. Kakatiya University, Warangal.
Sri K. Suresh, Sri A. Satyanarayana Reddy, Director,
Manchi Pustakam, Hyderabad. S.C.E.R.T. , A.P., Hyderabad.
Sri Alex. [Link], Dr. Sukanya Bose, Consultant,
Eklavya, M.P. NIPFP, New Delhi.
Dr. N. Chandrayudu, [Link].
Dept. of Geography, [Link], Tirupati.
Textbook Development Committee
Sri A. Satyanarayana Reddy, Director, Sri B. Sudhakar, Director,
S.C.E.R.T. , A.P., Hyderabad. A.P. Govt. Textbook Press, Hyderabad.
Dr. N. Upendar Reddy,
Professor & Head C&T Dept., S.C.E.R.T., A.P., Hyderabad.
Published by the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
Respect the Law Grow by Education
Get the Rights Behave Humbly
i Free distribution by A.P. Government
© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
New Edition
First Published 2013
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means without the prior permission in writing of the
publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of
binding or cover other than that in which it is published
and without a similar condition including this condition
being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the Director
of School Education, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
We have used some photographs which are under
creative common licence. They are acknowledged
at later (page viii).
This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. S.S. Maplitho,
Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
ii
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