Security System

SUBMITTED BY

Anas Mazhar 2015-GCUF-76630

Sajid Noor 2015-GCUF-76687
[Link] 2015-GCUF-76470

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE
(BSCS)

Department of Computer Science

GCUF, Sahiwal Campus

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CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

We certify that the contents and form of Project and Project report submitted by

Anas Registration No: 2015-GCUF-76630 and Sajid Noor Registration No: 2015-GCUF-76687 and
[Link] Registration No: 2015-GCUF-76470 has been found satisfactory and in accordance with
the prescribed format. We recommend it to be processed for the evaluation by the External
Examiner for the award of degree.

Signature of Supervisor ………………….

Name: ……………………………………..
Designation with Stamp……………………….

Co-Supervisor (if any)

Signature ………………………………….
Name: ……………………………………..
Designation with Stamp……………………….

Member of Supervisory Committee

Signature ………………………………….
Name: ……………………………………..
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Member of Supervisory Committee

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Chairperson
Signature with Stamp……………………………

Dean / Academic Coordinator

Signature with Stamp……………………………

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Anas Mazhar [Link] and Sajid Noor bearing registration no 2015-
GCUF-76630 2015-GCUF-76470 and 2015-GCUF-76687 has successfully completed the final
project named as: “Security System” at the Department of Computer Science, Government
College University Faisalabad, Sahiwal Campus to fulfill the partial requirement of the degree of
BS(CS).
Supervisor
AFAQ SHAHID Signature: ________________________

Project Coordinater Head of Department

DECLARATION

The work reported in this thesis was carried out by me under the supervision of Sir Afaq Shahid
Gill Department of Computer Sciences GC University, Faisalabad, Sahiwal Campus, Pakistan.
I hereby declare that the title of Project Security System and the contents of thesis are the
product of my own research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the
references, standard mathematical or genetic models /equations /formulas /protocols etc). I
further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other degree /diploma.
The University may take action if the information provided is found inaccurate at any stage.

Students Name & Signature

Anas Mazhar Sajid Noor [Link]

2015-GCUF-76630 2015-GCUF-76687 2015-GCUF-76470

____________ ______________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank the management of GCUF Sahiwal Campus, our faculty and the staff of the Computer
Sciences Department, for motivating us to think beyond books and imbibing in us the attitude and
aptitude to implement what we have studied so far to make us aware with some of the real world
challenges. We would like to convey our heartfelt gratitude to our project guide “Sir Afaq Shahid“
for inspiring us to take up this project. His valuable guidance and timely support, without which, we
would have never been able to complete the project, cannot be forgotten.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude for the faculty members of Computer Sciences
Department of GCUF and thank them for their cooperation and timely assistance. Finally, we would
like to thank our parents for their moral support.

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Summery
Security System
The aim of this project is to provide a solution for teachers students and also for parents because
this project will help to release the tension of parents to get rid of worry about their child whether
he/she enter the university or not .This project will tell the exact time of both the student and
teacher when they enter or leave the class .We have developed the website where all the data is
saved for both the teachers and parents so when they want to check the attendance they just open
the website and check the history .
Fingerprints are one of the main forms in biometric field which used to identify the individual
and their uniqueness. Fingerprint authentication is one of popular authentication systems in the
world. Due to their consistency and uniqueness it is used widely. There are several sources
available for the collection and their established use. In the past, magnetic card attendance
system was widely used. But, this system has lot of bugs in it. The card may be lost or damaged.
This fingerprint attendance system is highly secure and cannot be forged easily. In recent time,
there has been high level of impersonation experienced on a daily basis in both private and
public sectors, the ghost worker syndrome which has become a menace across all tiers of
government, employers concerns over the levels of employee absence in their workforce and the
difficulty in managing student attendance during lecture periods. Fingerprints are a form of
biometric identification which is unique and does not change in one’s entire lifetime. This paper
presents the attendance management system using fingerprint technology in a university
environment. It consists of two processes namely; enrolment and authentication.
During enrolment, the fingerprint of the user is captured and its unique features extracted and
stored in a database along with the users identity as a template for the subject. The unique
features called minutiae points were extracted using the Crossing Number (CN) method which
extracts the ridge endings and bifurcations from the skeleton image by examining the local
neighborhoods of each ridge pixel using a 3 x 3 window. During authentication, the fingerprint
of the user is captured again and the extracted features compared with the template in the
database to determine a match before attendance is made.
The most common means of tracking student attendance in the classroom is by enforcing the
students to manually sign the attendance sheet, which is normally passed around the classroom

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while the lecturer is conducting the lecture. There are numerous disadvantages of using such
system. The attendance sheet is passed around the class; some students may accidentally or
purposely sign another student's name. Another issue of having the attendance record in a
hardcopy form is that a lecturer may lose the attendance sheet. As a consequence of that, lecturer
can no longer trace the students overall attendance record throughout the particular semester.
Currently, the magnetic card attendance system is widely used. This pattern is flexible and
practical. But it has also some disadvantages. For example, the card is easy to lost and damage.
And most of all, parents are not aware if their children are absent from the class. Aiming at the
disadvantages of traditional attendance system, a design method of wireless fingerprint
attendance system based on GSM technology is proposed. In this system students report their
attendance via biometric system and parents can receive SMS notification of attendance . The
fingerprint has a lot of advantages, such as unique, permanent, good anti-fake and easy to use. So
it is recognized increasingly by people . Figure ure 1 shows the general architecture of a
biometric system . Biometrics systems work by recording and comparing biometric
characteristics. When an individual first uses a biometric system, their identifying features are
enrolled as a reference for future comparison. This reference may be stored in a central database
or on a card (or both) depending on the needs of the application.
When biometric recognition is required, the individual’s biometric characteristics are recorded
again. This time however, the identifying features are compared by the system with the stored
reference to determine if there is a close match.

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Table of content

Contents
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Clear statement of problem.................................................................................................................... 11
Proposed solution ................................................................................................................................... 11
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Motivation and Need .............................................................................................................................. 15
Scope of Project ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Relevance of course ................................................................................................................................ 16
Introduction to Computer and Programming (ICP) ................................................................................ 16
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 17
RELATED WORK ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Student Attendance System ................................................................................................................... 18
Fingerprint Biometric Authentication for Enhancing Staff Attendance System ......................................... 19
Biometrics Authentication Using Raspberry Pi ........................................................................................... 19
Design of RFID Based Student Attendance System with Notification to Parents Using GSM .................... 20
SMART CARD ATTENDANCE REGISTER ....................................................................................................... 20
Smart card attendance system ................................................................................................................... 20
Embedded Computer-Based Lecture Attendance Based Lecture Attendance .......................................... 21
Sensors-enabled Smart Attendance Systems Using NFC and RFID Technologies ...................................... 21
Chapter 3..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Hardware Component ............................................................................................................................ 22
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Microcontroller ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Arduino Due ................................................................................................................................................ 24
Arduino Mega ............................................................................................................................................. 25
Arduino Leonardo ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Microprocessor ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Automotive Sensors .................................................................................................................................... 27
Air flow meter ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Air–fuel ratio meter .................................................................................................................................... 27
Blind spot monitor ...................................................................................................................................... 28

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Crankshaft position sensor ......................................................................................................................... 28

Wheel speed sensor .................................................................................................................................... 28
Brake fluid pressure sensor ........................................................................................................................ 29
Chemical...................................................................................................................................................... 29
Breathalyzer ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Carbon dioxide sensor ................................................................................................................................ 30
Carbon monoxide detector ......................................................................................................................... 30
Catalytic bead sensor .............................................................................................................................. 31
Chemical field-effect transistor .............................................................................................................. 32
Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio ................................................................................... 32
Current sensor ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Electron multiplier ............................................................................................................................ 33
Environment, weather, moisture, humidity ............................................................................................... 34
Actinometer ............................................................................................................................................ 34
Actinometers are instruments used to measure the heating power of radiation. They are used
in meteorology to measure solar radiation as pyranometers, pyrheliometers and net radiometers. .. 34
Air pollution sensor ................................................................................................................................. 35
Electrochemical gas sensor ..................................................................................................................... 35
Auxanometer ..................................................................................................................................... 35
Capacitive displacement sensor ....................................................................................................... 36
Flex sensor ......................................................................................................................................... 37
Gravimeter......................................................................................................................................... 37
Gyroscopic sensor ............................................................................................................................. 38

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Figure of content

Figure 1 30
Figure 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 9 ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 10 ....................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 11 ....................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 12 ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 13 ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 15 ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 17 ....................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 21 ....................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 22 ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 23 ....................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 24 ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 25 ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 26 ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 27 ....................................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 28 ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 29 ....................................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 30 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 31 ....................................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 32 ....................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 33 ....................................................................................................................................... 53

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
In this chapter we will discuss about the introduction of this system, problem statement,
objectives, proposed solution, scope, and motivation of this proposed solution, relevance to
courses and tools and techniques which are used to implement this system. It will give complete
introduction from every aspect regarding project.
Clear statement of problem
In under developed countries the security of children is always being a big concern for parents,
whenever we leave our home for university we look a deep feel of wariness on face of our
parents. This is the main cause that motivated us to develop such a system using which we can
reduce the worriedness on our parents face and also give ease to our teachers in routine
attendance system.
Proposed solution
We are intended to develop a system using which a user will come and will identify itself using
thumb impression or swapping card then the system will be triggered and it will check database
for relevant data and will fetch details through which firstly only added persons will be allowed
then a message to open gate will be passed to controller and then using GSM module a message
will be sent on the authorized cell phone of parents in case of the student that the student has
entered the university gate or left depending on situation if he is entering or leaving.
Introduction
The human body has the privilege of having features that are unique and exclusive to each
individual. This exclusivity and unique characteristic has led to the field of biometrics and its
application in ensuring security in various fields with various embedded controllers and
embedded computers. Biometrics have gained popularity and has proved itself to be a reliable
mode of ensuring privacy, maintaining security and identifying individuals. It has wide
acceptance throughout the globe and now is being used at places like airports, hospitals, schools,
colleges, corporate offices etc.
Biometrics is the study of identifying a person by their physical traits that are inherent and
unique to only the person concerned. Biometric identification include fingerprint verification,

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palm geometry, face recognition, iris recognition, etc. The above mentioned techniques work
with different levels of functionality and accuracy.
Accuracy and reliability are the two most important parameters when it comes to biometric
applications and that too with advanced embedded computers. Fingerprint verification is one of
the oldest known biometric techniques known but still is the most widely used because of its
simplicity and good levels of accuracy. It’s a well-known fact that every human being is born
with a different pattern on the fingers and this feature is exploited to identify and differentiate
between two different persons that is what the factor which helped to initiate the model.
In an educational system, the teachers call out the name of each and every student and mark the
attendance. This causes time wastage during lecture time. This becomes more and more
important where number of students in a class is very large. Managing the attendance data is also
very difficult such a large group. The other way is that the teacher must pass the attendance sheet
around the class for the students to sign. These methods have a major drawback because the
students tend to answer or sign for their friends. In educational institutions, attendance and
academic success are directly related. Therefore, to have a proper attendance management
system is important. In developing countries, most of the educational institutions and
government organizations still use paper-based attendance method to keep and save the
attendance. Most employers value work attendance for their ethics.
Biometrics is the emerging technology used for automatic identification of a person based on
biological characters such as fingerprint, iris, facial recognition, etc. The fingerprint verification
system is commonly used biometric technique. Fingerprint based technique use
computer to store and verify fingerprints.
In many institutions, and academic organizations, attendance is a very important criteria which is
used for various purposes. These purposes include record keeping, assessment of students, and
promotion of optimal and consistent
Attendance in class. In developing countries, a minimum percentage of class attendance is
required in most institutions and this policy has not been adhered to, because of the various
challenges the present method of taking attendance presents. This traditional method involves the
use of sheets of paper or books in taking student attendance. This method could easily allow for
impersonation and the attendance sheet could be stolen or lost. Taking of attendance is time
consuming and it is difficult to ascertain the number of students that have made the minimum

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percentage and thus eligible for exam. Thus, there is a need for a system that would eliminate all
of these trouble spots.
An automatic attendance management system using biometrics would provide the needed
solution. An attendance management system is a software developed for daily student attendance
in schools and institutions. It facilitates access to the attendance of a particular student in a
particular class. This system will also help in generating reports and evaluating the attendance
eligibility of a student.
Rather than signing an attendance sheet, individuals will pass their thumb over the fingerprint
scanner, the finger print is compared against a list of pre-registered users, and once a match is
made, the individual will be registered as having attended that lecture.
The paper discusses related works in the problem domain; highlights the general overview of the
proposed system; details design considerations of the system, both at the hardware and software
level; discusses the operation and how the system was tested in conformity to system design and
functional objectives; concludes the observations made; and makes recommendations for future
improvement.
Fingerprints are one of the main forms in biometric field which used to identify the individual
and their uniqueness. Fingerprint authentication is one of popular authentication systems in the
world. Due to their consistency and uniqueness it is used widely. There are several sources
available for the collection and their established use [1]. In the past, magnetic card attendance
system was widely used. But, this system has lot of bugs in it. The card may be lost or damaged.
This fingerprint attendance system is highly secure and cannot be forged easily. In recent time,
there has been high level of impersonation experienced on a daily basis in both private and
public sectors, the ghost worker syndrome which has become a menace across all tiers of
government, employers concerns over the levels of employee absence in their workforce and the
difficulty in managing student attendance during lecture periods. Fingerprints are a form of
biometric identification which is unique and does not change in one’s entire lifetime. This paper
presents the attendance management system using fingerprint technology in a university
environment. It consists of two processes namely; enrolment and authentication.
During enrolment, the fingerprint of the user is captured and its unique features extracted and
stored in a database along with the users identity as a template for the subject. The unique
features called minutiae points were extracted using the Crossing Number (CN) method which

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 Security System

extracts the ridge endings and bifurcations from the skeleton image by examining the local
neighborhoods of each ridge pixel using a 3 x 3 window. During authentication, the fingerprint
of the user is captured again and the extracted features compared with the template in the
database to determine a match before attendance is made.
Attendance management system is one of the most advanced applications in biometric
technology. It cannot be forged easily. With the integration and use of biometric technology
getting simpler, many institutions are using down the biometric road to verify the time and
attendance of their students and staffs. The system also contains a GMS Modem, which can be
used to send the attendance information of the students automatically to their parents. The
Embedded system using a small LCD user interface can be interfaced with the computer by
using serial communication interface. The previous papers done were only the fingerprint based
attendance system and a report generation. It does not have any SMS alert to the parents. This
paper is to send SMS alert to parents by means of GSM.
The Fingerprint authentication has many advantages such as very high accuracy, the most
economical biometric PC user authentication technique [2]. It is one of the safest biometric
authentication methods widely used. It is very easy to use. Small storage space required for the
biometric template, reducing the size of the database memory required and it is standardized.
Now days the entire period attendance is stored in register and at the end of the gathering the
reports are generated. staff are not concerned in creating report in the intermediate of the session
or as per the prerequisite because it takes more time in calculation. Face recognition is used to
mark the attendance of the students. Smart Attendance using Real Time Face Recognition
(SMARTFR) provides flexibility to identify student one by one. To increase the accuracy,
efficiency and reliability of the recognition, algorithms are needed. If the attendance of a student
of classroom lecture is attached to the video streaming service, it is possible to present the video
of the time when he was absent. It is important to take the attendance of the students in the
classroom automatically. ID tag or other identifications such the record of login/ out in most e-
Learning systems are not sufficient because it does not represent students’ context in face-to face
classroom. It is also difficult to grasp the contexts by the data of a single moment. Face detection
and recognition module detects faces from the image captured by the camera, and the image of
the face is cropped and stored. The module recognizes the images of student’s face, which have
been registered manually with their names and ID codes in the database. Face detection data and

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face recognition data are recorded into the database. Using the stored database, number of
absentee will be calculated and information will be sent to their parents using GSM technology.
Assuming that a person framed in any random photographs not an attendee at the Renaissance
Fair or Mardi grass, it can be assumed that the face is not white, green, red, or any unnatural
color of that nature. While different ethnic groups have different levels of melanin and
pigmentation, the range of colors that human facial skin takes on is clearly a subspace of the total
color space. With the assumption of atypical photographic scenario, it would be clearly wise to
take advantage of face-color correlations to limit our face search to areas of an input image that
have at least the correct color components. In pursuing this goal, we looked at three color spaces
that have been reported to be useful in the literature, HSV and YCrCb spaces, as well as the more
commonly seen RGB space.[5] While RGB may be the most commonly used basis for color
descriptions, it has the negative aspect that each of the coordinates (red, green, and blue) is
subject to luminance effects from the lighting intensity of the environment, an aspect which does
not necessarily provide relevant information about whether a particular image ”patch” is skin or
not skin. The HSV color space, however, is much more intuitive and provides color information
in a manner more in line how humans think of colors and how artists typically mix colors. “Hue”
describes the basic pure color of the image, ”saturation” gives the manner by which this pure
color (hue) is diluted by white light, and ”Value” provides an achromatic notion of the intensity
of the color. It is the first two, H and S that will provide us with useful discriminating
information regarding skin. Face detection and recognition module detects faces from the image
captured by the camera, and the image of the face is cropped and stored. The module recognizes
the images of student’s face, which have been registered manually with their names and ID codes
in the database. Face detection data and face recognition data are recorded into the database.
Motivation and Need
Behind any innovation, creativity and idea there is always some sort of motivation and purpose.
Behind our efforts there is fame and spot light attraction that motivated us to work hard and even
harder to become entrepreneur. Every organization whether it be an educational institution or
business organization, it has to maintain a proper record of attendance of students or employees
for effective functioning of organization. Designing a better attendance management system for
students so that records be maintained with ease and accuracy was an important key behind
motivating this project. This would improve accuracy of attendance records because it will

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remove all the hassles of roll calling and will save valuable time of the students as well as
teachers. Image processing and fingerprint recognition are very advanced today in terms of
technology. It was our responsibility to improve fingerprint identification system. We decreased
matching time by partitioning the database to one-tenth and improved matching using key based
one to many matching.
We all are familiar with a statement that “Necessity is the mother of invention”, so basically
behind our efforts there is our need to use our system.
Scope of Project
Application those provides solutions, support, feedback and problem conclusion. These all are
required to be uniquely identifying in future fingerprint can be a most important factor for
authentication and authorization. The used of UID to test fingerprint at different places with
different application can make it feasible examine the originality of person presented.
This research covers the preferences of the respondents on which biometric technology system
should be used for the purpose of staff attendance in the company situated at the South West
region of Nigeria. The six biometric technologies included in this study as options are the
fingerprint, hand geometry, iris recognition, voice recognition, face recognition and signature
verification.
The respondents, who participated in the self-administer questionnaire, are employees of the
company who use the traditional way of recording staff attendance. Furthermore, the study used
the descriptive research method that subsequently uses a survey instrument in form of a
questionnaire. Meanwhile, the sampling design used to select the respondents is through the pure
random sampling.

Relevance of course
Following courses helps us to maximize our efforts regarding our project to achieve best out of it
and for the best evaluation of our BS degree program.
Introduction to Computer and Programming (ICP)
We use the concepts of C++ programming and for language concepts in our system.
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) We implement the coding design and programming
patterns in our project to optimize code.

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CHAPTER 2
RELATED WORK

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We study multiple papers and from those papers we found these following papers relevant and
useful for our work.

Student Attendance System Based On Fingerprint Recognition and One-to-Many

Matching
Our project aims at designing an student attendance system which could effectively manage
attendance of students at institutes like NIT Rourkela. Attendance is marked after student
identification. For student identification, a fingerprint recognition based identification system is
used. Fingerprints are considered to be the best and fastest method for biometric identification.
They are secure to use, unique for every person and does not change in one’s lifetime.
Fingerprint recognition is a mature field today, but still identifying individual from a set of
enrolled fingerprints is a time taking process. It was our responsibility to improve the fingerprint
identification system for implementation on large databases e.g. of an institute or a country etc.
In this project, many new algorithms have been used e.g. gender estimation, key based one to
many matching, removing boundary minutiae. Using these new algorithms, we have developed
an identification system which is faster in implementation than any other available today in the
market.
Although we are using this fingerprint identification system for student identification purpose in
our project, the matching results are so good that it could perform very well on large databases
like that of a country like India (MNIC Project). This system was implemented in Matlab10,
Intel Core2Duo processor and comparison of our one to many identification was done with
existing identification technique i.e. one to one identification on same platform. Our matching
technique runs in O(n+N) time as compared to the existing O(Nn 2 ). The fingerprint
identification system was tested on FVC2004 and Verifinger databases.

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Fingerprint Biometric Authentication for Enhancing Staff Attendance System

Biometric technology that involves the identification and verification of individuals by analyzing
the human body characteristics has been widely used in various aspect of life for different
purposes, most importantly as regards this study the issue of staff attendance. Despite the
numerous advantages of the biometric system and its impact to various work sectors across the
globe, most biometric technology users face the issue of defining the right and accurate
biometric technology system that will be cost effective in solving particular problems in specific
environment.
In this paper, a study was conducted using a telecommunication company in the South West
region of Nigeria, in order to determine the specific biometric identifier that can be used to
enhance their traditional staff attendance system which presently affects the productivity of the
organization. The study was conducted using a quantitative approach by designing a
questionnaire as the data collection instrument based on different biometric technologies. The
survey involved 37 employees based on stratified random sampling technique. The results
however show that fingerprint biometric identifier was found suitable for the staff attendance
management system of the organization. It therefore, implies that attention should be paid to
several factors before recommending biometric technology as a means of improving the
productivity of an organization business processes.

Biometrics Authentication Using Raspberry Pi

Biometric authentication is one of the most popular and accurate technology. Nowadays, it is
used in many real time applications. However, recognizing fingerprints in Linux based
embedded computers (raspberry pi) is still a very complex problem. This entire work is done on
the Linux based embedded computer called raspberry pi , in which database creation and
management using postgresql, web page creation using PHP language, fingerprint reader access,
authentication and recognition using python were entirely done on raspberry pi This paper
discusses on the standardized authentication model which is capable of extracting the
fingerprints of individual and store that in database . Then I use the final fingerprint to match
with others in fingerprints present in the database (postgresql) to show the capability of this
model.

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Design of RFID Based Student Attendance System with Notification to

Parents Using GSM
RFID means Radio Frequency Identification. It is a wireless identification technique which has
become very popular these days. It is used for smart system that can be used to identify, monitor
secure and do object inventory by the use of radio frequency. This technology is also used in
Library Management System, Bank locker security system etc. This technique is safe, secure,
faster and easy to use with lower overheads in contrast with the other conventional techniques
such as bar code, biometrics etc. It has two components i.e. RFID tag and RFID reader. RFID
reader is the device capable of reading and retrieving information stored inside the RFID tags.
This paper presents a design of an Automatic Attendance System for both students and professor
with parent notification sent via GSM.
Keywords―RFID (Radio frequency identification); RFID Reader; RFID Tags; GSM and
Student Attendance system

SMART CARD ATTENDANCE REGISTER

This report handles the design and implementation of a smart card based attendance register
system.
The main aim of the project is to build a system that eases the process of monitoring how the
students in the department attend the lectures. An analysis of the current system is covered which
enables one to identify the most critical information in the system.
The report also analyses the system designed, in terms of registration of students, issuance of
smart cards and usage of smart cards for recording attendance. Finally, it is seen that such a
system is feasible to enable implementation in the department.

Smart card attendance system

Smart card attendance system is a system used in big companies and big institutions for the attendance of their
employees and workers. This system is very important part of different organizations. This system
replaced the old tradition of register attendance system in which a person takes the attendance of different
employees, those old systems were not too much accurate and could be changed and corrupted but now a
days this modern system i.e. smartcard attendance system is very much accurate and does not require
any person for care.

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This system is totally based on microcontrollers which provide this a proper functioning. Mostly
all the companies that may be national or international use this attendance system as per their requirement.
Companies provide a special card called as smart card and
regarding password to their employees to enter their presence daily. The entry door of those
companies has this device which can only be opened by that card and password. This isvery
important for every company.

Implementation of Attendance Management System using SMART-FR

Attendance Management System (AMS) is the easiest way to keep track of attendance for
community organizations such as school clubs, scouting units, church groups, busin
and administrator will only have access to the system with their respective login ID’s and
passwords.

Embedded Computer-Based Lecture Attendance Based Lecture Attendance

Electronic cards like magnetic cards and smart cards have been used worldwide for different
functions such as electronic payment system (credit card and debit/ATM cards), electronic
voting system, personnel identification system and security system. In this paper, we present an
electronic card-based solution to the lecture attendance problem in higher institutions in the
developing countries. Ours is based on single-chip computer based subsystems interfaced serially
to the serial port of the digital computer. The developed system could speed up the process of
taking students lecture attendance and allows for error free and faster verification process of
authenticating student lecture attendance policy required for writing examination in a campus
environment.

Sensors-enabled Smart Attendance Systems Using NFC and RFID

Technologies
Attendance system is a system that is used to track the attendance of a particular person and is
applied in the industries, schools, universities or working places. The traditional way for taking
attendance has drawback, which is the data of the attendance list cannot be reuse and tracking
and tracing student’s attendance is harder. The technology-based attendance system such as
sensors and biometrics based attendance system reduced human involvement and errors. Thus in
this paper, a NFC-based attendance system is presented. A comparative study between this both
NFC and RFID is also discussed thoroughly, especially in terms of their architectures,

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functionality features, benefits and weakness. Overall, even both NFC and RFID attendance
system increases the efficiency in recording attendance, NFC system is providing more
conveniences and cheaper infrastructure in both operational and setup cost.

Chapter 3
Hardware Component

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Introduction
I merged the list of sensor types from the article sensor and eliminated any over lap. However,
before this merger there were no section headings. The remaining sensors under 'Other types'
should be classified under a more appropriate heading if possible

Microcontroller
Arduino Uno
The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by [Link]. The board is
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins,
and programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B
USB cable.[4] It can be powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it
accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo.
The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some
versions of the hardware are also available. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark
the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software
(IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is
the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a bootloader that
allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno also differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Figure 1 : Arduino UNO

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Arduino Due
The Arduino Due is a microcontroller board based on the Atmel SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-
M3 CPU. It is the first Arduino board based on a 32-bit ARM core microcontroller.
The Arduino Due is programmed using the Arduino Software (IDE), our Integrated
Development Environment common to all our boards and running both online and offline.
For more information on how to get started with the Arduino Software visit the Getting
Started page.

Figure 2: Arduino Due

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Arduino Mega
The Arduino Mega is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 54 digital
input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs
(hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset

Figure 3: Arduino Mega

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Arduino Leonardo
The Arduino Leonardo is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32u4 (datasheet). It has
20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button.

Figure 4 : Arduino Leonardo

Microprocessor
• Raspberry Pi 1
• Raspberry Pi 2
• Raspberry Pi Zero
• Raspberry Pi 3

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Automotive Sensors
Air flow meter
An air flow meter is a device that measures air flow, i.e. how much air is flowing through a
tube. It does not measure the volume of the air passing through the tube, it measures the mass of
air flowing through the device per unit time. Thus air flow meters are simply an application
of mass flow meters for a special medium. Typically, mass air flow measurements are expressed
in the units of kilograms per second (kg/s)

Air–fuel ratio meter

An air–fuel ratio meter monitors the air–fuel ratio of an internal combustion engine. Also
called air–fuel ratio gauge, air–fuel meter, or air–fuel gauge. It reads the voltage output of
an oxygen sensor, sometimes also called AFR sensor or lambda sensor, whether it be from
a narrow band or wide band oxygen sensor . The original narrow-band oxygen sensors became
factory installed standard in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In recent years a newer and much
more accurate wide-band sensor, though more expensive, has become available. Most stand-
alone narrow-band meters have 10 LEDs and some have more. Also common, narrow band
meters in round housings with the standard mounting 2 1/16" and 2 5/8" diameters, as other
types of car 'gauges'. These usually have 10 or 20 LEDs. Analogue 'needle' style gauges are also
available. As stated above, there are wide-band meters that stand alone or are mounted in
housings. Nearly all of these show the air–fuel ratio on a numeric display since the wide-band
sensors provide a much more accurate reading. As wide-band sensors use more accurate
electronics, these meters are more expensive.

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Blind spot monitor

The blind spot monitor is a vehicle-based sensor device that detects other vehicles located to
the driver’s side and rear. Warnings can be visual, audible, vibrating, or tactile.

However, blind spot monitors are an option that may do more than monitor the sides and rear of
the vehicle. They may also include "Cross Traffic Alert", "which alerts drivers backing out of a
parking space when traffic is approaching from the sides

Crankshaft position sensor

A crank sensor is an electronic device used in an internal combustion engine, both petrol and
diesel, to monitor the position or rotational speed of the crankshaft. This information is used
by engine management systems to control the fuel injection or the ignition system timing and
other engine parameters. Before electronic crank sensors were available, the distributor would
have to be manually adjusted to a timing mark on petrol engines.

The crank sensor can be used in combination with a similar camshaft position sensor to monitor
the relationship between the pistons and valves in the engine, which is particularly important in
engines with variable valve timing. This method is also used to "synchronise" a four
stroke engine upon starting, allowing the management system to know when to inject the fuel. It
is also commonly used as the primary source for the measurement of engine speed in revolutions
per minute.

Figure 7: crank sensor

Wheel speed sensor

A wheel speed sensor or vehicle speed sensor (VSS) is a type of tachometer. It is a sender device
used for reading the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. It usually consists of a toothed ring and
pickup.

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Figure 8 : Wheel speed sensor

Brake fluid pressure sensor

A Brake fluid pressure sensor senses the brake fluid pressure in a hydraulic braking system.
The sensor is a type of pressure switch that shows and alerts a fault in the braking system

Chemical
Breathalyzer
A breathalyzer or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyser) is a device for
estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample. Breathalyzer is the brand
name (a genericized trademark) for the instrument that tests the alcohol level developed by
inventor Robert Frank Borkenstein.[1] It was registered as a trademark on May 13, 1954, but
many people use the term to refer to any generic device for estimating blood alcohol content

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Carbon dioxide sensor

A carbon dioxide sensor or CO2 sensor is an instrument for the measurement of carbon
dioxide gas. The most common principles for CO2 sensors are infrared gas sensors (NDIR) and
chemical gas sensors. Measuring carbon dioxide is important in monitoring indoor air quality,
the function of the lungs in the form of a capnograph device, and many industrial processes.

Figure 10 : carbon dioxide sensor

Carbon monoxide detector

A carbon monoxide detector or CO detector is a device that detects the presence of the carbon
monoxide (CO) gas in order to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. In the late
1990s Underwriters Laboratories changed their definition of a single station CO detector with a
sound device in it to a carbon monoxide (CO) alarm. This applies to all CO safety alarms that
meet UL 2034 standard[1]; however for passive indicators and system devices that meet UL 2075,
UL refers to these as carbon monoxide detectors.

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CO is a colorless, tasteless and odorless compound produced by incomplete combustion of

carbon-containing materials. It is often referred to as the "silent killer" because it is virtually
undetectable by humans without using detection technology and, in a study by Underwriters
Laboratories, "Sixty percent of Americans could not identify any potential signs of a CO leak
in the home". Elevated levels of CO can be dangerous to humans depending on the amount
present and length of exposure. Smaller concentrations can be harmful over longer periods of
time while increasing concentrations require diminishing exposure times to be harmful. CO
detectors are designed to measure CO levels over time and sound an alarm before dangerous
levels of CO accumulate in an environment, giving people adequate warning to safely
ventilate the area or evacuate. Some system-connected detectors also alert a monitoring
service that can dispatch emergency services if necessary.

Figure 11 : carbon monoxide detector

Catalytic bead sensor
A catalytic bead sensor is a type of sensor that is used for combustible gas detection from the
family of gas sensors known as pilasters.

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Chemical field-effect transistor

A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor, that is a field-effect transistor used
as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution. When the target analyte
concentration changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the
analyte solution separates the source and gate electrodes. A concentration gradient between the
solution and the gate electrode arises due to a semi-permeable membrane on the FET surface
containing receptor moieties that preferentially bind the target analyte. This concentration
gradient of charged analyte ions creates
chemical potential between the source and gate, which is in turn measured by the FET.

Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio

Current sensor

A current sensor is a device that detects electric current in a wire, and generates a signal
proportional to that current. The generated signal could be analog voltage or current or even a
digital output. The generated signal can be then used to display the measured current in an
ammeter, or can be stored for further analysis in a data acquisition system, or can be used for the
purpose of control.

The sensed current and the output signal can be:

• Alternating current input,

• analog output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current.

• bipolar output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current.

• unipolar output, which is proportional to the average or RMS value of the sensed
current.

• Direct current input,

• unipolar, with a unipolar output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed
current

• digital output, which switches when the sensed current exceeds a certain threshold

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Figure 13 : Current sensor

Electron multiplier
An electron multiplier is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges.[1] In a process
called secondary emission, a single electron can, when bombarded on secondary-emissive
material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3 electrons. If an electric potential is applied between
this metal plate and yet another, the emitted electrons will accelerate to the next metal plate and
induce secondary emission of still more electrons. This can be repeated a number of times,
resulting in a large shower of electrons all collected by a metal anode, all having been triggered
by just one.

A Hall effect sensor is a device that is used to measure the magnitude of a magnetic field. Its
output voltage is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength through it.

Hall effect sensors are used for proximity sensing, positioning, speed detection, and current
sensing applications.

Frequently, a Hall sensor is combined with threshold detection so that it acts as and is called
a switch. Commonly seen in industrial applications such as the pictured pneumatic cylinder, they
are also used in consumer equipment; for example some computer printers use them to detect
missing paper and open covers. They can also be used in computer keyboards, an application that
requires ultra-high reliability.

Hall sensors are commonly used to time the speed of wheels and shafts, such as for internal
combustion engine ignition timing, tachometers and anti-lock braking systems. They are used
in brushless DC electric motors to detect the position of the permanent magnet. In the pictured
wheel with two equally spaced magnets, the voltage from the sensor will peak twice for each
revolution. This arrangement is commonly used to regulate the speed of disk drives.

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Figure 22

Figure 14 : Hall effect sensor

Environment, weather, moisture, humidity

Actinometer
Actinometers are instruments used to measure the heating power of radiation. They are used
in meteorology to measure solar radiation as pyranometers, pyrheliometers and net radiometers.

An actinometer is a chemical system or physical device which determines the number of photons
in a beam integrally or per unit time. This name is commonly applied to devices used in
the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges. For example, solutions of iron(III) oxalate can be
used as a chemical actinometer, while bolometers, thermopiles, and photodiodes are physical
devices giving a reading that can be correlated to the number of photons detected.

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Air pollution sensor

Air pollution sensors are devices that detect and monitor the presence of air pollution in the
surrounding area. They can be used for both indoor and outdoor environments. These sensors can
be built at home, or bought from certain manufactures. Although there are various types of air
pollution sensors, and some are specialized in certain aspects, the majority focuses on five
components: ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide. The
sensors were very expensive in the past, but with technological advancements these sensors are
becoming more affordable and more widespread throughout the population. These sensors can
help serve many purposes and help bring attention to environmental issues beyond the scope of
the human eye.

Figure 15 : Air pollution sensors

Electrochemical gas sensor

Electrochemical gas sensors are gas detectors that measure the concentration of a
target gas by oxidizing or reducing the target gas at an electrode and measuring the resulting
current.

Figure 16 : nitrogen diode

Electrochemical gas sensors

Position, angle, displacement, distance, speed, acceleration

Auxanometer
An auxanometer (Gr. auxain= "to grow" + metron= "measure") is an apparatus for measuring
increase of growth in plants.

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In case of an arc-auxanometer (see picture), there is a wire fixed with the plant apex on one end
and a dead-weight on the other. It passes over a pulley which has a pointer attached to it. When
the plant's height increases, the pulley rotates and the pointer moves on a circular scale to
directly give the magnitude of growth. The "rate of growth" is a derived measurement obtained
by dividing the length of growth measured by the auxanometer, by the time said measurement
[Link] auxanometers allow measurement of growth as small as a micrometer, which
allows measurement of growth in response to short-term changes in atmospheric
composition. Auxanometers are used in laboratory, the field, and the classroom.[6] It is also
called an arc-indicator.

Figure 17 : Auxanometer
Capacitive displacement sensor
Capacitive displacement sensors “are non-contact devices capable of high-resolution
measurement of the position and/or change of position of any conductive target”. They are also
able to measure the thickness or density of non-conductive materials. Capacitive displacement
sensors are used in a wide variety of applications including semiconductor processing, assembly
of precision equipment such as disk drives, precision thickness measurements, machine
tool metrology and assembly line testing. These types of sensors can be found
in machining and manufacturing facilities around the

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Figure 18 : Capacitive displacement sensors

Flex sensor
A flex sensor or bend sensor is a sensor that measures the amount of deflection or bending.
Usually, the sensor is stuck to the surface, and resistance of sensor element is varied by bending
the surface. Since the resistance is directly proportional to the amount of bend it is used
as goniometer, and often called flexible potentiometer.
Gravimeter
A gravimeter is an instrument used to measure gravitational acceleration. Every mass has an
associated gravitational potential. The gradient of this potential is an acceleration. A gravimeter
measures this gravitational acceleration.

Figure 19 : gravimeter

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Gyroscopic sensor
A vibrating structure gyroscope, defined by the IEEE as a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope (CVG),
is a gyroscope that uses a vibrating structure to determine the rate of rotation. A vibrating
structure gyroscope functions much like the halteres of flies (insects in the order Diptera).

Figure 20 : Gyroscopic sensor

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Chapter 4
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+

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The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ is the latest product in the Raspberry Pi 3 range, boasting a 64-bit
quad core processor running at 1.4GHz, dual-band 2.4GHz and 5GHz wireless LAN, Bluetooth
4.2/BLE, faster Ethernet, and PoE capability via a separate PoE HAT The dual-band wireless
LAN comes with modular compliance certification, allowing the board to be designed into end
products with significantly reduced wireless LAN compliance testing, improving both cost and
time to market. The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ maintains the same mechanical footprint as both
the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B and the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B.

Figure 33

Figure 25 : resberry pi

Warnings
• Safety instructions this product should only be connected to an external power supply
rated at 5V/2.5 A DC. Any external power supply used with the Raspberry Pi 3 Model
B+ shall comply with relevant regulations and standards applicable in the country of
intended use.

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• This product should be operated in a well-ventilated environment and, if used inside a

case, the case should not be covered. Whilst in use, this product should be placed on a
stable, flat, non-conductive surface and should not be contacted by conductive items.
• The connection of incompatible devices to the GPIO connection may affect compliance,
result in damage to the unit, and invalidate the warranty.
• All peripherals used with this product should comply with relevant standards for the
country of use and be marked accordingly to ensure that safety and performance
requirements are met.
• These articles include but are not limited to keyboards, monitors, and mice when used in
conjunction with the Raspberry Pi.
• The cables and connectors of all peripherals used with this product must have adequate
insulation so that relevant safety requirements are met.

Safety instructions
• To avoid malfunction of or damage to this product, please observe the following: Do not
expose to water or moisture, or place on a conductive surface whilst in operation.
• Do not expose to heat from any source; the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ is designed for
reliable operation at normal ambient temperatures. Take care whilst handling to avoid
mechanical or electrical damage to the printed circuit board and connectors.
• Whilst it is powered, avoid handling the printed circuit board, or only handle it by the
edges to minimise the risk of electrostatic discharge damage.

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Chapter 5
Security System

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Arduino
The aim of this project is to provide a solution for teachers students and also for parents because
this project will help to release the tension of parents to get rid of worry about their child whether
he/she enter the university or not .This project will tell the exact time of both the student and
teacher when they enter or leave the class .We have developed the website where all the data is
saved for both the teachers and parents so when they want to check the attendance they just open
the website and check the history .
Fingerprints are one of the main forms in biometric field which used to identify the individual
and their uniqueness. Fingerprint authentication is one of popular authentication systems in the
world. Due to their consistency and uniqueness it is used widely. There are several sources
available for the collection and their established use . In the past, magnetic card attendance
system was widely used. But, this system has lot of bugs in it. The card may be lost or damaged.
First of all we develop code through servo then it goes through Arduino then we swipe the card
through barcode scanner then it will tell us the details if he is the student of university or not .
The Arduino used is uno . The UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and
coding. If this is your first experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most
robust board you can start playing with. The UNO is the most used and documented
board of the whole Arduino family.

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Chapter 6
REFERNCES

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• [Link]
• [Link]
[Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
ngerprint-
Based_Attendance_Management_System/links/[Link]
• [Link]
origsite=gscholar HYPERLINK
"[Link]
origsite=gscholar&cbl=1976352"& HYPERLINK
"[Link]
origsite=gscholar&cbl=1976352"cbl=1976352
• [Link]
ENDANCE%[Link]

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