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Understanding Adolescent Development Stages

The document discusses Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development. It outlines each stage from infancy through late adulthood, describing the key psychosocial crisis and how it shapes personality. For example, adolescence involves developing identity versus role confusion. The document also summarizes challenges in middle to late adolescence like forming identity and peer influences. It concludes with strategies for coping, such as accepting feelings, identifying vulnerabilities, developing interests, and seeking help.

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Karl Garbe
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53 views3 pages

Understanding Adolescent Development Stages

The document discusses Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development. It outlines each stage from infancy through late adulthood, describing the key psychosocial crisis and how it shapes personality. For example, adolescence involves developing identity versus role confusion. The document also summarizes challenges in middle to late adolescence like forming identity and peer influences. It concludes with strategies for coping, such as accepting feelings, identifying vulnerabilities, developing interests, and seeking help.

Uploaded by

Karl Garbe
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

REVIEWER FOR PERDEV

Module 3: Developmental Stages in Middle and Late Adolescence

Three stages of adolescence period:

1. Early Adolescence
2. Middle Adolescence
3. Late Adolescence

EIGHT STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

BY ERIK HOMBURGER ERIKSON – (15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was a German-born American
developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of
human beings. He may be most famous for coining the eight stages of personality development.

Stage Virtues Psychosocial Crisis Significant Relationship

1. Infancy Hope Basic trust vs. Mistrust Mother


0 -18 mos
2. Early Childhood Will Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt Parents
18mos -3yrs
3. Late Childhood Purpose Initiative vs. guilt Family
(Preschool age)
3 -5 yrs
4. School Age 6 - Competence Industry vs. Inferiority Neighbors, school
12 yrs
5. Adolescence 12 - Fidelity Identity vs. Role confusion Peers, role model
20 yrs
6. Young Love Intimacy vs. Isolation Friends, partners
Adulthood
20 -25 yrs
7. Adulthood Care Generativity vs. Stagnation Households, workmates
25 - 65 yrs
8. Late Adulthood Wisdom Integrity vs. Despair Mankind
65 - death

1. INFANCY: BIRTH-18 MONTHS OLD Basic


Trust vs. Mistrust – Hope
During the first or second year of life, the major emphasis is on the mother and father’s
nurturing ability and care for a child, especially in terms of visual contact and touch. The child
will develop optimism, trust, confidence, and security if properly cared for and handled.
2. EARLY CHILDHOOD YEARS: 18 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS
Autonomy vs. Shame – Will
• The second stage occurs between 18 months and 3 years. At this point, the child has an
opportunity to build self-esteem and autonomy as he or she learns new skills and right
from wrong.
3. LATE CHILDHOOD ( PRE-SCHOOL): 3-5 YEARS
Initiative vs. Guilt
• They learns that being assertive, using power, and being purposeful can influence their
environment.

• Develop sense of purpose

• Starts to evaluate one’s behavior


4. SCHOOL AGE : 6-12 YEARS
Industry vs. Inferiority
• This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings
of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms
of competence and self-esteem.
5. ADOLESCENCE 12-20 YEARS Identity vs. Role Confusion
• An adolescent must struggle to discover and find his or her own identity, while
negotiating and struggling with social interactions and “fitting in”, and developing a
sense of morality and right from wrong.
6. YOUNG ADULTHOOD 20-25 YEARS
Intimacy vs. Isolation
• At the young adult stage, people tend to seek companionship and love. Some also begin
to “settle down” and start families, although seems to have been pushed back farther
in recent years.
7. ADULTHOOD 25-65 YEARS
Generativity vs. Stagnation
• For this stage, working to establish stability and Erikson’s idea of generativity –
attempting to produce something that makes a difference to society. Inactivity and
meaninglessness are common fears during this stage.
8. LATE ADULTHOOD 65 YEARS TO DEATH
Integrity vs. Despair
• As older adults, some can look back with a feeling of integrity — that is, contentment
and fulfillment, having led a meaningful life and valuable contribution to society.
Module 4: The Challenges of Middle and Late Adolescence

• One of the most difficult challenges that you encounter as a teenager is finding a sense
of identity. Successful formation of your identity will lead to healthy academic, social,
and psychological functioning.
• The absence of concrete self-identity causes heightened emotionality that usually
causes problems. Hence, you get irritated and have mood swings easily.
• During adolescence, you spend more time with your peers, which may have negative
effects on your attitudes and behavior. Rejection may cause depression if not handled
well.
• Some teenagers today run away from home for different reasons. Their reasons range
from their parents hurting them physically, feeling unhappy at home, to using it as a
means to get what they want.
• Suicide is usually associated with depression. It is closely related with a sense of
hopelessness, low self-esteem, and high self-blame. Reasons for committing suicide
have changed significantly.
•

Strategies to Cope with the Challenges :

1. Learn to accept what you feel


2. Identify your vulnerabilities
3. Develop your talents and interests.
4. Become more involved with others
5. Seek help when needed

Common questions

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Societal and peer influences are critical during adolescence as individuals negotiate identity formation. Positive interactions can reinforce a strong sense of self, while negative peer pressure can confuse roles, leading to identity diffusion. Peer rejection might heighten emotional volatility, contributing to role confusion and compounded identity crises if unresolved .

In 'Generativity vs. Stagnation,' adults are focused on leaving a legacy and contributing to society through work and family. Successfully achieving this stage results in feelings of usefulness and accomplishment. Unresolved conflicts lead to stagnation, where individuals might feel disconnected from community and lack direction, potentially leading to a midlife crisis .

Adolescents can cope with identity formation challenges by accepting their emotions, identifying vulnerabilities, developing talents and interests, and seeking help when needed. These strategies help mitigate negative outcomes such as depression and mood swings by promoting self-awareness, resilience, and social support, thus fostering a healthy identity .

In the 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' stage, young adults form deep relationships and settle into meaningful partnerships. Successful resolution leads to love and intimacy, forming the basis for healthy, lasting relationships. Conversely, failure to establish relationships can result in isolation and loneliness, which might negatively affect one's social interactions and emotional health later in life .

During the 'Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt' stage, children aged 18 months to 3 years develop self-esteem and autonomy by learning new skills and distinguishing right from wrong. Successful resolution fosters independence, while failure can result in feelings of shame and doubt, impacting self-confidence and leading to difficulties with self-control later in life .

In resolving 'Integrity vs. Despair' in late adulthood, individuals reflect on life with a sense of contentment and fulfillment if they view their life as meaningful. Positive resolution of earlier stages, such as achieving intimacy and generativity, enhances perceptions of life accomplishments, while unresolved earlier conflicts may lead to despair and regret about life choices .

Middle and late adolescence are marked by challenges like identity formation, emotional volatility, and peer pressure. Successfully managing these challenges facilitates a smoother transition to adulthood by fostering psychological stability and social adaptability. Failure to cope can lead to persistent emotional distress, impacting future relationships and career paths .

During the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage in adolescence, successful resolution leads to the development of fidelity, enabling the individual to establish a coherent identity and sense of self. This includes negotiating social interactions and aligning with societal norms and personal beliefs. An unresolved crisis may result in role confusion, leading to uncertainty about one's place in society and a lack of sense of purpose .

The 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage occurs during school age, where interactions with peers and school performance are critical. Success leads to a sense of competence and industriousness, fostering confidence and a positive identity. Unresolved feelings of inferiority can result in lower self-esteem and a lack of motivation to achieve goals .

Feelings of hopelessness and low self-esteem can lead to severe consequences like suicide due to associated depression and high self-blame. Preventive measures include enhancing emotional resilience through acceptance of feelings, developing interests, fostering supportive relationships, and seeking professional help to address underlying mental health issues .

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