Political Science 10:

Introduction to International Relations

† International relations
concerns peoples and
cultures throughout the
world.
† Narrowly defined: The field
of IR concerns the
relationships among the
world’s governments.
„ Relationships cannot be
understood in isolation.
„ Central trend in IR
today: globalization
IR and Daily Life
† IR profoundly affects your life as well as that
of other citizens.
„ Prospects for getting jobs
† Global economy
† International economic competition
„ Jobs entail international travel, sales, or
communication.
„ Rules of the world-trading system affect what
you may consume.
† War is among the most pervasive international
influences in daily life, even in peacetime.
† World is shrinking year by year.
Core Principles
† IR revolves around one key problem:
„ How can a group – such as two or more
nations – serve its collective interests when
doing so requires its members to forego their
individual interests?
† Example: Problem of global warning. Solving it
can only be achieved by many countries acting
together.
„ Collective goods problem
† The problem of how to provide something that
benefits all members of a group regardless of
what each member contributes to it
Core Principles
† In general, collective goods are easier to
provide in small groups than large ones.
„ Small group: defection (free riding) is harder
to conceal and has a greater impact on the
overall collective good, and is easier to
punish.
† Collective goods problem occurs in all groups
and societies
„ Particularly acute in international affairs
† No central authority such as a world government
to enforce on individual nations the necessary
measures to provide for the common good
IR as a Field of Study

† Practical discipline
† Theoretical debates are fundamental, but unresolved.
† IR is about international politics, but the field is
interdisciplinary: economics, history, sociology, and
others
„ Usually taught within political science classes
„ Domestic politics of foreign countries, although
overlapping with IR, generally make up the separate field
of comparative politics.
† Issue areas
† Conflict and Cooperation
† Subfields
„ International security
„ International political economy
Actors and Influences

† Principal actors in IR are the world’s

governments.
† IR scholars traditionally study the
decisions and acts of those governments,
in relation to other governments.
† Individual actors: Leaders and citizens,
bureaucratic agencies in foreign
ministries, multinational corporations,
and terrorist groups
State Actors
† Most important actors in IR are states.
† State: A territorial entity controlled by
a government and inhabited by a
population.
„ State government exercises sovereignty
over its territory.
„ Recognized as sovereign by other states
„ Population forms a civil society; group
identity
„ Seat of government with a leader – head
of government or head of state
State Actors
† International system
„ Set of relationships among the world’s states,
structured according to certain rules and patterns
of interaction.
„ Modern international system has existed for less
than 500 years.
„ Nation-states
„ Major source of conflict: Frequent mismatch
between perceived nations and actual borders.
„ Populations vary dramatically.
„ Great variation in terms of the size of states’ total
annual economic activity
† Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
„ Great powers
† Most powerful of these states are called superpowers
State Actors

† Some political entities are not formally

recognized as states
„ Taiwan, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Martinique, French
Guiana, the Netherlands Antilles, the Falkland
Islands, and Guam
„ The Vatican
† Including various such territorial entities with
states brings the world total to about 200
state or quasi-state actors.
† Other would-be states, such as Kurdistan
(Iraq), Abkhazia (Georgia), and Somaliland
(Somalia) may fully control the territory they
claim but are not internationally recognized.
Nonstate Actors

† State actors are strongly influenced by

a variety of nonstate actors.
„ Called transnational actors when they
operate across international borders
† Intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs)
„ Examples: OPEC, WTO, African Union, UN
„ Vary in size from a few states to the whole
UN membership
Nonstate Actors
† Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
„ Private organizations; no single pattern
„ Examples: Amnesty International, Red Cross
† Multinational corporations
„ Companies that span multiple countries
† Substate actors
„ Exist within one country but either influence that
country’s foreign policy or operate internationally,
or both
„ Example: State of Ohio (entirely a U.S. entity)
operates an International Trade Division
Globalization
† Globalization: Three conceptions of this process
compete.
1. Globalization as the fruition of liberal economic
principles/global marketplace
2. Perspective characterized by skepticism: World’s
major economies are more integrated today than
before WWI. North-South divide increasing with
globalization; distinct and rival regional blocs;
fragmenting of larger units into smaller ones
3. Third school of thought sees globalization as more
profound than the skeptics believe, yet more
uncertain than the view of supporters of liberal
economics.
† Globalization is changing both international security
and IPE, but IPE more quickly and profoundly.
Global Geography
† World regions – geographical distinction
† Global North-South gap
„ Between the relatively rich industrialized
countries of the North and the relatively poor
countries of the South is the most important
geographical element in the global level of
analysis.
† East Asia: China, Japan, and Korea
† Southeast Asia: Countries from Burma
through Indonesia and the Philippines.
Global Geography
† Russia is considered a European state.
† The Pacific Rim: East and Southeast Asia,
Siberia, and the Pacific coast of North
America and Latin America
† South Asia only sometimes includes parts
of Southeast Asia.
† Narrow definitions of the Middle East
exclude both North Africa and Turkey.
† The Balkans are the states of southeastern
Europe, bounded by Slovenia, Romania,
and Greece.
Table 1.4
The Evolving International System

†The basic structures and

principles of international
relations are deeply rooted in
historical developments.
The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
† Occupied only ten years of the 20th
century, but shaped the character of the
century.
„ WWI: Tragic irrationality of war; century
of peace and suddenly a catastrophic war
that seemed unnecessary, even accidental
† Prior major war: Franco-Prussian War of
1870-1871
„ Germany clear winner; railroad borne
offensive and rapid victory
The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
† WWI was not short or decisive
„ Trench warfare along a fixed front
„ Russia first state to crumble; revolution at
home
„ Entry of U.S. on the anti-German side in
1917 quickly turned the war
† Treaty of Versailles of 1919
† German resentment against the harsh
terms of the treaty would contribute to
Hitler’s rise to power in the 1930s.
The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
† Would lead to the League of Nations
„ Senate did not approve U.S. participation
„ League did not prove effective
† U.S. isolationism between WWI and WWII,
declining British power, and a Russia
crippled by its own revolution left a power
vacuum in the world.
† In the 1930s, Germany and Japan stepped
into the vacuum
„ Aggressive expansionism
„ Led to WWII
The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
† In Europe, Nazi Germany re-armed,
intervened to help fascists win the Spanish
Civil War, grabbed territory from its
neighbors
„ Weak response from the international
community and the League of Nations to fascist
regimes in Italy and Spain emboldened Hitler
„ Munich Agreement of 1938
† Appeasement has since had a negative
connotation in IR.
† 1939 – Hitler invaded Poland, leading
Britain and France to join the war against
Germany
„ Hitler signed a nonagression pact with his
archenemy Stalin (Soviet Union) and then
invaded France.
The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
† Hitler double-crossed Stalin; invaded the
Soviet Union in 1941
„ Soviet Union took the brunt of the German
attack and suffered the greatest share of the 60
million deaths caused by WWII.
† U.S. joined WWII in 1942
„ Important supplier of weapons and supplies for
allied armies
„ Important role with Britain in bombing of
German cities, including Dresden (100,000
civilian deaths)
The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
„ 1944 British-American forces pushed into
Germany from the west while the Soviets
pushed from the east.
„ Ruined Germany surrendered and was occupied
by the allied powers.
† During this time, Japan fought a war to
control Southeast Asia against the U.S. and
its allies.
„ U.S. cut off its oil exports to Japan in retaliation
for Japan’s expansionism.
„ Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and destroyed
much of the U.S. navy.
„ Hiroshima and Nagasaki
„ Japan’s surrender
The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
† Lessons of the two world wars seem
contradictory:
„ Failure of the Munich Agreement in 1938 to
appease Hitler used to support hard-line foreign
policy – deterrence
„ BUT in 1914 it was just such hard-line policies
that led Europe to WWI, which might have been
avoided with appeasement.
† IR scholars have not discovered a simple
formula for choosing the best policy to
avoid war.
The Cold War, 1945-1990
† U.S. and Soviet Union – two superpowers
of the post-WWII era
„ Each had its ideological mission (capitalist
democracy versus communism).
„ Each had network of alliances and clients and a
deadly arsenal of weapons.
† Stable framework of relations emerged.
† Central concern of the West: that the
Soviet Union might gain control of western
Europe
„ Marshall Plan
„ Containment
† Sino-Soviet alliance
The Cold War, 1945-1990
† Sino-Soviet split when China opposed
Soviet moves toward peaceful coexistence
with the U.S.
„ Cultural Revolution
† Korean War
† Cuban Missile Crisis
† Use of Proxy wars
† U.S. policy in the Cold War
„ Flaw: Seeing all regional conflicts through East-
West lenses
† Vietnam War
The Cold War, 1945-1990
† Afghanistan
† 1970s strategic parity between U.S. and Soviet Union
† Pro-democracy movement in China
† Perestroika
† Break-up of the Soviet Union
† Scholars do not agree on the important question of
why the Cold War ended.
„ U.S. military strength under Reagan forced the Soviet
Union into bankruptcy.
„ Soviet Union suffered from internal stagnation over
decades and imploded.
Figure 1.4
The Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2007
† Iraq invades Kuwait, 1990
„ Gulf War
† Collapse of Soviet Union
„ Declaration of republics as sovereign
states
„ Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS)
† Only three small Baltic states are
nonmembers
The Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2007
† Western relations with Russia mixed since
the 1990s
„ Little external aid for Russia during the harsh
economic transition
„ Chechnya
„ Russian nationalism
„ Japan and Russia lingering, mostly symbolic,
territorial dispute
† Break-up of the former Yugoslavia
„ Bosnia crisis
„ Serbia and Kosovo
† Somalia
The Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2007
† Rwanda
† Haiti
† New rifts between the U.S. and both China and
Europe
„ Signal of a realignment against U.S. predominance in
world affairs?
„ Kyoto treaty and other developments
† September 11 attack on the World Trade Center in
New York
† War on Terrorism
„ Afghanistan’s Taliban
„ Iraq and Saddam Hussein
The Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2007
† North Korea
† Post-Cold War more peaceful than the
Cold War
† Warfare is diminishing
† Globalization
„ Some backlash; resurgence of
nationalism and ethnic-religious conflict
„ Concerns about environmental
degradation and disease
The Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2007
† China becoming more central to world
politics
„ Size and rapid growth
„ Only great power that is not a
democracy
„ Holds but seldom uses veto power in the
UN Security Council
„ Has a credible nuclear arsenal
„ What will happen in terms of China’s
position in the international system?
The Future: 2008 and Beyond

Saudi Crown Prince Sultan bin Abdul According to U.S. officials, Picture released Jan. 23 Fidel Castro
Aziz in June 2008. The 84-year-old North Korean leader Kim with Argentine President Cristina
designated successor to the throne Jong Il had a debilitating Fernandez de Kirchner. Castro recently
is said to be terminally ill. stroke this summer. said he probably would not live to see
the end of President Barack Obama's
first term.

† Saudi Arabia, the No. 1 oil exporter and

the leader of the Muslim world.
† North Korea, a country with nuclear
weapons.
† Cuba, a close U.S. neighbor.