4442 Particle Physics

Ryan Nichol
Module 5
QED

[Link]
Introduction

• We’ve now developed a theory that incorporates all

the necessities to make it useful i.e. predictive and
amenable to falsification or validation by experiment.
• We’ve incorporated :
– Lorentz invariance (+ Special Relativity)
– Quantum mechanics, spin and anti-particles (Dirac Eqn)
– Gauge invariance (no dependence on “un-measurables”)
– Interactions and a tractable formalism (Lagrangians)
• The full formalism in Quantum Field Theory as
embodied in the Standard Model has been subject to
thousands of measurements never been found wrong.
• But in the words of D. Rumsfeld we know there are
“known unknowns”.
!2
QED Feynman Rules
Vertex Factors
µ
e ie

e
Propagators
(p/ + m) (p/ + m)
e e i 2 2
= i 2
q m + i✏ q m2
✓ ◆
i p µ p⌫ igµ⌫
µ ⌫ g µ⌫ (1 ⇠) =
q 2 + i✏ q2 q2
External Lines
e U (P ) e U (P )
e+ V (P ) e+ V (P )
⇤
✏µ (P ) ✏µ (P )
!3
Incoming Outgoing
 E
Uz Bx 1 0 cosU✓c = n
By
QED Calculations cos ✓cU=
1 n
• Will consider eµ
cos ✓→ eµ scattering
c = µ U
iqn µ
U
• Feynman Rules iq U
– Incoming spinors U , outgoing
ie µ spinors U
µ U µ
– Vertices iq so for electrons ie
gµ⌫
– Photon propagators U i 2
q
µ
– The usual delta iq
µ functions and integrals over internal
ie
momenta
– Multiply together and by ie i and
µ
integrate to get M
• The matrix element is just
7 a (complex) number
gµ⌫
• Calculations simplify ifiwe
q 2 sum over all spins **
✓ ◆
⌦ ↵ 2
s +u 2
|M | 2
= 2e 4
7
t2
7 !4
7
Trace Algebra
• There are a number of algebraic “tricks” that simplify
calculation of Matrix element calculations

T r(I) = 4
T r(A + B) ⌘ T r(A) + T r(B)
T r(AB....Y Z) ⌘ T r(ZAB...Y )
µ ⌫ µ⌫
T r( ) = 4g

T r(odd number ) = 0
µ ⌫ ⇢ µ⌫ ⇢ µ⇢ ⌫ µ ⌫⇢
T r( ) = 4(g g g g +g g )

!5
Experimental Evidence
• Angular distributions in
– eµ → eµ scattering
– ee → µµ scattering
– eq → eq scattering
– The importance of spin, and helicity conservation
– Interference amplitudes, AFB
!

• Demonstration of quark properties

– spin 1/2
– fractional charge
– carry colour

!6
Cross section for scattering processes
• Derivation of cross section formula for e+e- → µ+µ-, e-µ- → e-µ- (**)
• Correspondence
6 between
41. Plots of cross sections helicity and chiral operators
and related quantities

• No chirality/handedness changing processes occur in any pure vector

i.e. QCD + QED or axialσ vector and R in einteractions
+ e− Collisions

-2
10
ω φ
J/ψ
-3
10 ψ(2S)
ρ′ Υ
-4 ρ
10 Z

-5
σ [mb]

10

-6
10

-7
10

-8
10
2
1 10 10

Υ !7
3
10 J/ψ ψ(2S)
Angular Distribution
• QED+QCD angular
distribution is symmetric due
e+ eto chirality
! hadrons(aka helicity at high
energy) and hence parity
conservation of vector
interactions and because we
have a spin=1 boson being
exchanged
• Deviation from pure QED
expectation is due to
interference terms from Z
exchange at level of ~ 10-4 s
***
• Forward-backward
+ - + -
asymmetries : AFB; e e → e e
difference & HO corrections
!8
More Angular Distributions

• Angular distributions are used to determine spins of interacting

& exchanged particles
– evidence that quarks are spin 1/2 (see later)
– search for new physics e.g. demonstrate that spin of mythical
graviton = 2 not 1

Simulation of results that we could

see in 2012 if LHC finds the graviton.

!9
Evidence for Quark Properties
• Spin 1/2 : angular distribution of quark jets in e+e- →
qq or eq → eq
• Fractionally charged
• Carry colour

e+e- → qq

!10
Quark jets at the LHC

!11
 new particles. The main international conference in high-
Evidence of quark charge
ring 1974 was held in July in London. I presented a talk at
erence [7] in which I tried+ to- summarize what had been
• R = ratio of e e ->hadrons/muons; ratio of proton to
hat time about the production of hadrons in e +e - annihilation.
neutron magnetic moment; charge of baryons e.g. Δ++
shown in Fig. 3, will require a little bit of explanation.
8

3. The ratio R as of July 1974.

3.1. The Hadron/Muon-Pair Ratio

Measurements of the process
forwardly in a graph which plots
the c.m. energy of the colliding
ly 1974.
later, it has become common pra
section in such graphs !1by
2 the foll
σ
Evidence
10
-6
of quark charge
• R-7 = ratio of e+e-->hadrons/muons; ratio of proton to
10
neutron magnetic moment; charges of baryons e.g. Δ
-8
++
10
2
1 10 10

3
Υ
10 J/ψ ψ(2S)
Z
2
10
φ
ω
R
10
ρ′

1 11/3
ρ b-quark
-1 c-quark
10
2
1 10 10
√
s [GeV] !13
Evidence that quarks carry colour
• Existence of Ω- particle ; R has factor of 3; there are no free quarks (confinement)

!14
Three quarks for Muster Mark!
Sure he hasn't got much of a bark
And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.
Sir Tristram, violer d'amores, fr'over the short sea, had
passen-core rearrived from North Armorica on this side the
scraggy isthmus of Europe Minor to wielderfight his
penisolate war: nor had topsawyer's rocks by the stream
Oconee exaggerated themselse to Laurens County's gorgios
while they went doublin their mumper all the time: nor avoice
from afire bellowsed mishe mishe to tauftauf thuartpeatrick:
not yet, though venissoon after, had a kidscad buttended a
bland old isaac: not yet, though all's fair in vanessy, were
sosie sesthers wroth with twone nathandjoe. Rot apeck of
pa's malt had Jhem or Shen brewed by arclight and rory end
to the regginbrow was to be seen ringsome on the aquaface.

The fall
(bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonner-
ronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthur-
nuk!) of a once wallstrait oldparr is retaled early in bed and
later on life down through all christian minstrelsy.
!15
Evidence that gluon spin=1
• measure 3 jet events and angle of highest energy jet
with respect to axis defined by the other 2 jets

!16
Photons & Polarisation
• Want plane wave solutions of the form
µ µ ik·x
! A =✏ e
• In Lorenz gauge we have
! ⇤Aµ = @ ⌫ @⌫ Aµ = 0 2 ~
k = 0 ) E = |k| 2 2

• The Lorenz gauge condition implies

@ µ Aµ = 0 kµ ✏ µ = 0
0
• But transformations of the form ✏ = ✏ + k provide
µ µ µ

an additional gauge freedom allowing us to define the

Coulomb Gauge
!
0
✏ =0 ~✏ · ~k = 0
• Leaving two transverse polarisations for the photon
which for a photon travelling in z-direction are:
µ 1
µ ✏ = p (0, 1, i, 0)
✏1 = (0, 1, 0, 0) 2
µ OR
✏2 = (0, 0, 1, 0) µ 1
✏+ = p (0, 1, +i, 0) !17
2
Massive Bosons and Polarisation Sums
• For a massive spin-1 boson also have longitudinal
polarisation 1
µ
!
✏L = (pz , 0, 0, E)
m
• The polarisation sum for real massive bosons is
!
X ⇤µ ⌫ qµ q⌫
µ⌫
✏ ✏ = g +
! m2
• For real massless bosons this is
X ⇤µ ⌫
! µ⌫
✏ ✏ = g
!

• For virtual massless bosons connecting virtual

fermions (higher order loops) this is
X ⇤µ ⌫ qµ q⌫
µ⌫
✏ ✏ = g +
|~q |2
!18
Compton Scattering
• Now have all the machinery necessary to calculate
the cross-section for Compton scattering
0 0
! e (p) + (k) ! e (p ) + (k )
• There are two diagrams
e e e e
!

• To calculate average matrix element must

D E 1X1X
2 2
|M | = |M |
2 spin 2
pol
" ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆2 #
D E p·k p·k
0
1 1 1 1
2 4 2 4
|M | = 2e 0 + + 2m 0 +m
p·k p·k p·k p·k p·k p · k0
!19