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10 Tips for Giving and Checking
Instructions in an ESL Classroom
by Sue Swift
10 comments
S ome of the activities that we use in the classroom are fairly complex in terms of the
way they’re organised, and I doubt if there are many teachers who can honestly claim that
they’ve never got a class totally confused by the way they’ve given instructions. How can
you make sure that your instructions are as clear and comprehensible as possible?
1. Plan how you’re going to give the instructions before you go into the classroom, and
make sure that you can explain them within the limits of the language which the
students can understand. For example, the following instruction would be fine for an
intermediate class, but would lose a group of beginners: “You’re going to hear a
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description of a famous person and you have to guess who it is.” For beginners,
“Listen to my description of a famous person. Who is it?” would be far more
comprehensible.
2. Think too about the speed of your speech – slow down slightly if necessary – and
insert pauses to allow students to take in each piece of information before you go on
to the next.
3. Make sure that your instructions are fully explicit – don’t take anything for granted.
Because we are so familiar with the activity types, we often assume that certain
things are obvious. How often have you explained an activity but forgotten to say
explicitly “Don’t show your information to your partner” – only to find students
happily doing just that.
4. Also think about how much you’re going to explain at a time. If you have a long,
complicated, or two part activity, don’t explain everything at once. Explain the first
stage, and check that students have understood before you go on to the explanation
of the next part. In some cases it is not necessary for the students to have an
overview of the whole activity before they start. In this case, explain the first part,
do the first part and then go on to the explanation of the second part.
5. Don’t start the explanation until you have the students’ full attention. Make sure
they have stopped whatever they are doing, are turned towards you and are
listening.
6. Even in the first lesson, use English wherever possible. “Get into pairs” won’t be
understood, but “You two, you two and you two” plus a gesture pushing the
students together will be.
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7. However, if you speak the students’ language, for very complex activities it may be
more efficient to use the L1 for explanations. This can be gradually phased out as
the students become more proficient:
a) at the beginning of the course, give the instructions in the L1, and then repeat
them immediately, as simply as possible, in English.
b) later on reverse the order: give the instructions in English first, and in the L1
second.
c) as soon as possible, give the instructions in English only, but check
comprehension by asking the students to repeat them back in their L1.
8. Avoid using the imperative in your instructions. In most situations that the students
will find themselves, it will not be an appropriate form to use. In the classroom it
may be, but if they have constantly heard the teacher saying “Repeat!” there’s a
good chance they’ll use it themselves:
Native speaker: And so I was dropped right in it. Student: Repeat!
Instead, use request forms – for example “Can you repeat that?” – which provide a
good model for the students’ own use of the language. This is especially important
if the imperative is more socially acceptable in the students’ own language (for
example Italian) so that they are liable to transfer the use into English.
9. Always check that students have understood your instructions before starting the
activity. The question “Do you understand?” is as good as useless. Students may be
too shy to admit that they don’t understand, or may think they understand when they
actually don’t. Make sure they demonstrate their understanding. This can be done
by:
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a) asking them check questions – for example, for a roleplay : “OK, if you’re
student A put your hands up… Right… who are you? And what’s your problem?
And who is student B?”
b) asking them to repeat back to you the instructions. Don’t choose the strongest
person in the group to do this. S/he is the one most likely to have understood and
your check needs to be directed to the students who probably haven’t.
c) asking two students to demonstrate the activity in front of the class, or for a
written exercise by eliciting the answers to the first two examples.
d) not giving instructions at all but asking students to look at the activity and tell
you what they think they have to do. This can be useful for activity types which are
already known the students.
10. As soon as the students start the activity, go around quickly to each pair or group
just to check they are on task. Don’t stop to help or monitor one group until you
have checked them all. If only one group has not understood, then go back and help.
If several groups are off track, then stop the activity and explain again, using the
students who have understood to demonstrate to the others.