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Types of Crystal Imperfections

This document discusses different types of crystal imperfections including point, line, surface, and volume imperfections. Line imperfections include edge dislocations where an extra plane of atoms terminates within the crystal, and screw dislocations where atomic planes spiral around the dislocation line. Edge and screw dislocations are characterized by their Burgers vector which indicates the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion. Most dislocations in materials have mixed edge and screw components. Surface imperfections comprise grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume imperfections include pores, cracks, and foreign phases within materials.

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16 views20 pages

Types of Crystal Imperfections

This document discusses different types of crystal imperfections including point, line, surface, and volume imperfections. Line imperfections include edge dislocations where an extra plane of atoms terminates within the crystal, and screw dislocations where atomic planes spiral around the dislocation line. Edge and screw dislocations are characterized by their Burgers vector which indicates the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion. Most dislocations in materials have mixed edge and screw components. Surface imperfections comprise grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume imperfections include pores, cracks, and foreign phases within materials.

Uploaded by

shubham
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Crystal imperfections

[Link] imperfections

[Link] imperfections

[Link] imperfections

[Link] imperfections
Line imperfections or Linear defects

[Link] dislocations
[Link] dislocations
Edge dislocations

Edge dislocations: extra portion of a plane of atoms, or half-plane, the edge of which
terminates within the crystal

Dislocation line
Edge dislocations_ lattice distortion
 Lattice distortion around dislocation
Compressive stress

Tensile stress
T
T  Far away no significant distortion
– virtually perfect
Edge dislocations
Edge dislocations_ Burgers Vector
The magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion associated with a dislocation is
expressed in terms of a Burgers vector, denoted by a b.

 For edge dislocation, dislocation line perpendicular to the Burger’s vector


Screw dislocations

Spiral or helical path around the dislocation line by the atomic planes of atoms
Screw dislocations

Black dots: lower-half plane


Open circle: upper-half plane
Screw dislocations_ Burgers vector

 For screw dislocation, dislocation line parallel to the Burger’s vector


Mixed dislocations
Mixed dislocations
 Most dislocations found in crystalline materials are probably neither pure edge nor pure screw

 Dislocation line changes direction within a crystal


 The Burgers vector will be the same at all points along its line.
 For metallic materials, the Burgers vector for a dislocation will point in a close-packed
crystallographic direction and will be of magnitude equal to the interatomic spacing.
Dislocation loop
Micrograph dislocations

 transmission electron micrograph of a titanium alloy in which the dark lines


are dislocations. 51,450 X.
Surface Defects

External Surfaces, Grain Boundaries, Phase Boundaries, Twin Boundaries etc

External Surfaces

 High angle typically 15 degree or more


Surface Defects _ Grain Boundaries
Surface Defects
Tilt boundary and twist boundary

A tilt boundary consists of equally spaced edge


dislocations of the same sign one above the other.
Surface Defects
Twin Boundaries Stacking faults: FCC
0.01-O.05 Jm-2

Phase Boundaries
Phase boundaries exist in multiphase materials

across boundary mirror lattice symmetry


Volume Defects
These include pores, cracks, foreign inclusions, and other phases

other phases
cracks

pores pores

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