S5 |BUILDING SERVICES II ASST. PROF.
LIGHTING- AAZIL ABDUL JAMAL
Lighting Schemes
• Different lighting schemes may be classified as:
I. Direct lighting
II. Indirect lighting
III. Semi-direct lighting
IV. Semi-indirect lighting &
V. General diffusing systems.
Direct lighting
A form of lighting -the light from the source falls directly on the
object or the surface to be illuminated.
Direct lighting
• As the name indicates, in the form of lighting, the light from
the source falls directly on the object or the surface to be
illuminated.
• With the help of shades and globes and reflectors of various
types, most of the light is directed in the lower hemisphere
and also the brilliant source of light is kept out of the direct
line of vision.
• Direct illumination by lamps in suitable reflectors can be
supplemented by standard or bracket lamps on desk or by
additional pendant fittings over counters.
Direct lighting
• The fundamental point worth remembering is planning any lighting installation is that
sufficient and sufficiently uniform lighting is to be provided at the working or reading
plane.
• For this purpose, lamps of suitable size have to be so located and furnished with such
fittings as to give correct degree and distribution of illumination at the required place.
• Moreover, it is important to keep the lamps and fittings clean otherwise the decrease in
effective illumination due to dirty bulbs or reflectors may
• amount to 15 to 25% in offices and domestic lighting and more in industrial areas as a
result of a few weeks neglect.
• Direct lighting, though most efficient, is liable to cause glare and hard shadows.
Indirect lighting
A form of lighting - light does not reach the surface directly from
the source but indirectly by diffuse reflection
Indirect lighting
• In this form of lighting, light does not reach the surface
directly from the source but indirectly by diffuse reflection.
The lamps are either placed behind a cornice or in
suspended opaque bowls.
• In both cases, a silvered reflector which is corrugated for
eliminating striations is placed beneath the lamp.
• In this way, maximum light is thrown upwards on the ceiling
from which it is distributed all over the room by diffuse
reflection.
• Even gradation of light on the ceiling is secured by careful
adjustement of the position and the number of lamps.
Indirect lighting
• In the cornice and bowl system of lighting, bowl fittings are generally suspended about
three-fourths the height of the room and in the case of cornice lighting, a frieze of
curved profile aids in throwing the light out into the room to be illuminated.
• Since in indirect lighting whole of the light on the working plane is received by diffuse
reflection, it is important to keep the fittings clean.
• One of the main characteristics of indirect lighting is that it provides shadowless
illumination which is very useful for drawing offices, composing rooms and in
workshops especially where large machines and other obstructions would cast
troublesome shadows if direct lighting were used.
• However, many people find purely indirect lighting flat and monotonous and even
depressive.
• Most of the users demand 50 to 100% more light at their working plane by indirect
lighting than with direct lighting. However, for appreciating relief, a certain proportion
of direct lighting is essential.
Semi-direct lighting
This system utilizes luminaries which send most of the light downwards directly on
the working plane but a considerable amount reaches the ceilings and walls also.
Semi-direct lighting
• This system utilizes luminaries which send most of the light
downwards directly on the working plane but a considerable
amount reaches the ceilings and walls also.
• The division is usually 30% upwards and 45% downwards.
• Such a system is best suited to rooms with high ceilings where a
high level of uniformly-distributed illumination is desirable.
• Glare in such units is avoided by using diffusing globes which not
only improve the brightness towards the eye level but improve the
efficiency of the system with reference to the working plane.
Semi-indirect Lighting
In this system, the light is partly received by diffuse reflection and
partly direct from the source .
Semi-indirect Lighting
• In this system which is, in fact, a compromise between the first
two systems, the light is partly received by diffuse reflection and
partly direct from the source .
• Such a system, therefore, eliminates the objections of indirect
lighting mentioned above.
• Instead of using opaque bowls with reflectors, translucent bowls
without reflector are used.
• Most of the light is, as before, directed upwards to the ceiling for
diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the working plane directly
except for some absorption by the bowl..
General Diffusing System
In this system, luminaries are employed which have almost equal light distribution
downwards and upwards.
Ambient, Accent, Task
Lighting
Foot Candle (fc) - It is a unit of measure for quantifying the intensity of light
falling on an object. 1 foot candle = 10.76 lux )
AMBIENT LIGHTING -
GENERAL
Foot Candle (fc) - It is a unit of measure for quantifying the intensity of light
falling on an object. 1 foot candle = 10.76 lux )
• There are varied lighting technologies for all lighting situations. Consideration should
be given to energy-efficient lighting choices in fixtures that are on for more than 2
hours a day.
LIGHTING DESIGN CONCEPTS
• Energy-efficient lighting design focuses on methods and materials that
improve both quality and efficiency of lighting.
Energy-efficient lighting design principles include the following:
• Keep in mind that more light is not necessarily better. Human visual
performance depends on light quality as well as quantity.
• Match the amount and quality of light to the performed function.
• Install task lights where needed and reduce ambient light elsewhere.
• Use energy-efficient lighting components, controls, and systems.
• Maximize the use of day lighting.