Power*Tools

for Windows
™

Tutorial
Electrical Engineering Analysis Software
for Windows
Copyright © 2004, SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.

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PTW V5.0 Tutorial

This tutorial describes the basic concepts required to operate PTW efficiently and provides
step-by-step instructions to create a power system model. There are 8 sections in the
tutorial and each section will require approximately 15 minutes to complete. You must
complete Part 1 first, but the remaining parts can follow in any order.

Table of Contents

Important Concepts ............................................................................................................... 5

Part 1 - Build System Model ............................................................................................... 17

Part 2 - Run DAPPER System Studies................................................................................ 37

Part 3 - CAPTOR Time Current Coordination (TCC)....................................................... 49

Part 4 - Equipment Evaluation Study ................................................................................ 77

Part 5 - Arc Flash Evaluation Study.................................................................................... 85

Part 6 - Motor Starting Analysis ..................................................................................... 103

Part 7 - Harmonic Analysis (HI_WAVE) ........................................................................ 125

Part 8 - Transient Stability (I*SIM) ................................................................................. 143

Part 9 - Single-Phase and Unbalanced 3-Phase Studies .................................................... 165

Part 10 - Distribution Reliability and Economic Evaluation ............................................ 187

Part 11 - Advanced Topics and Helpful Hints.................................................................. 219

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 5

Important Concepts
Project Files
All of the project related information is stored in a separate folder created for each project.
The folder is created automatically when you start a new project in PTW. All of the one-
line diagrams, report files and project data files for each project are stored in the project
folder.

Database
One of the most important concepts in PTW is that the database stores all of the project
information. An individual component may be displayed on any number of one-line
diagrams and TCC drawings, but it is a single entity in the database. You can add
components to the project database from a TCC drawing , a one-line diagram or the
Component Editor.

One-Lines TCCs

Component Editor Motor Starting

Project
Database

Harmonics Stability

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We recommend adding components to a one-line diagram and referencing them on TCC
drawings. The one-line diagrams provide a convenient way to describe the power system
topology and component connections. The actual component names, connections, and data
are stored in the database and only referenced on the one-line diagrams and TCC drawings.
Deleting a component from the database will automatically remove it from all of the one-
line diagrams and TCC drawings where it was displayed.

Multiple One-line Diagrams

Since the database stores all of the project and system model information, all or any
selected part of the system model can be displayed on any number of different one-line
diagrams. This allows you to have an over-all system one-line as well as smaller one-lines
that display specific sub-stations, areas, processes, buildings, etc. Groups of components
can be copied from one one-line diagram and copied to other one-line diagrams. You can
also selectively hide and display project components on any of the one-line diagrams. If
you understand that the one-lines and TCC drawings simply display components and their
connections from the project database, you can understand how a component or group of
components can be displayed on multiple one-lines in the same project.

Connecting Components on the One-line

It is important to note that system studies requires definition of impedance between
designated points in the power system. Traditionally, these designated points are called
“Buses” and the impedance components connecting the buses are called “Branches”.
Traditionally, each end of an impedance component must be connected to a bus.
Components that don’t have defined impedance or the negligible impedance is ignored
(such as relays, breakers, switches, etc.) can be connected in series with impedance devices
without affecting the impedance connections. A few examples will help illustrate the
allowable connections in PTW:
- You cannot place two impedance components in series without an interconnecting bus or
bus-node. (When we refer to impedance components, we mean cables, 2-winding and 3-
winding transformers, transmission lines, pi impedances, motors, generators and loads.)
If you connect two impedance components in series, PTW will automatically insert a bus
or bus-node.

Impedance

Bus

Impedance
Bus
Impedance

Bus

Impedance

Invalid Valid
 7

- In order to connect any two buses, you must use at least one impedance device. This
means that you cannot connect two buses with only a protective device (such as a fuse or
circuit breaker). Once you have an impedance device in the connection, though, you
may insert multiple protective devices into the connection.

No
Impedance
No
(Breaker
Impedance
No and Relay)
(Relay)
Impedance
(Relay) Impedance Impedance
(Cable) (Cable)

Invalid Valid Valid

- To simulate a tie breaker, you must use an impedance device such as a cable or a pi
equivalent impedance component. The pi equivalent usually works best:

Pi impedance

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Navigation between Windows and Documents
PTW is made up of several different Document types including One-line diagrams,
Reports, Time-Current-Coordination (TCC) drawings, and the Component Editor. It is
important to know how to navigate between the different Windows and Documents that
may be open. Each Document Type has a separate icon and can also be accessed from the
Document menu. The document icons follow:

The icons represent in order:

Component Editor; One-lines; TCC Drawings; Reports; and Libraries.

If you want to navigate to a different document that is already open, use the Window menu
to display a list of open documents. If you become out-of-step with the tutorial, use these
options to navigate back to the correct document.

The Window Menu lists the documents that are presently open and has a check mark next
to the document that is in focus (on top). The menu options in PTW will vary depending
on which type of document is in focus. It is important to know how to switch between
open documents in PTW to use the program efficiently.
 9

Go-To Navigation
The Go-To navigation feature allows you to navigate through PTW passing selected
components from one document to another automatically. For example, if you are on a
one-line diagram, you can select a group of components and use the Go-To-TCC function
to display the selected components on a Time Current Coordination drawing. Similarly,
you can use the Go-to-Component Editor function to display the selected components you
wish to edit in the Component Editor. In general, the Go-To option opens the selected
document (One-line, TCC, TMS Setup, Library, Arc Flash table) and transfers information
automatically.

Go to Component Editor

Go-To functions are available from the Windows menu or Right Mouse Click menu.

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Datablocks
Datablocks provide a method for displaying selected component information on one-line
diagrams, TCC drawings and in spread-sheet style reports. The datablock format
definitions are user-definable and can display any combination of database fields for each
component. The following example shows a datablock on a TCC drawing. Note that if the
settings of the protective device are changed, the values shown in the datablock will be
updated automatically since they are linked directly to the project database.

Sample datablock showing setting information on a TCC drawing.

 11

Datablocks on One-line Diagrams

LVDist B
480 V
B-M1
nl 2 SQUARE D
GE KC CAP1
TFK 225A
225A Sensor/Trip 150.0 A
Sensor/Trip 150.0 A Settings
Settings Thermal Curve (Fixed)
Thermal Curve (Fixed) INST (5-10 x Trip) 8.43
INST (LO-HI x Trip) HI
Fdr2 M1
Size 1 RatedSize 100.00 hp
1/Phase Load Factor 1.00
Type THWN X"d 0.1700 pu
Length 100.0 ft

Panel-2 Panel-3
480 V 480 V

Sub-Bkr1 Subfeed 3 L1
Pnl 2 50.00 Amps
ConnectedKVA 120.55 WESTINGHOUSE Size 6
PhaseA 145.00 Amps FD SER C 1/Phase
PhaseB 145.00 Amps 50 Type THWN
PhaseC 145.00 Amps Sensor/Trip 50.0 A Length 50.0 ft
Settings
Opening Clearing Curve

Sample datablock format showing selected input data on one-line diagram.

More specifically, any change to the input data or output results are written to the project
database and updated instantly in the datablock display.

Textblocks
Textblocks allow you to display user-defined text-notes on the one-lines or TCCs.

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Output Forms

Output forms allow you to customize the format of your printed TCC drawings, One-line
diagrams and other output plots and graphs. A sample output form that includes a TCC
drawing, oneline diagram, titleblock and company logo follows:

Reports
In addition to graphical output, there are three types of output reports: study reports,
datablock reports and Crystal reports. Study reports are fixed-format reports that are
generated automatically when the studies are run. Datablock reports and Crystal reports
are both generated from data stored in the project database. Datablock reports provide a
quick way to generate a custom list of data. Crystal reports provide custom formatting
capabilities for the experienced user.

Sample Study Report for Load Flow Study

 13

Sample Datablock Report

Datablock Report showing selected load flow results from project database

Sample Crystal Report Format

Crystal Report format showing selected load flow results from project database

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Multiple Scenarios
Multiple scenarios of a single project may be stored for comparison. Changes made in the
base project can be automatically reflected in the other scenarios. For example, your base
project may represent the existing system while the scenarios reflect planned expansion,
proposed changes to protective device settings, addition of power factor correction
capacitors, proposed adjustments to transformer taps, alternative tie breaker operating
positions, etc.

If you change the length of a cable in one of the scenarios, the change is stored only in the
scenario and highlighted in a different color

Values changed in a
scenario so that they
don’t match the base
project are color-
coded in light red.

The Scenario Manager is used to create

and switch between multiple scenarios.
When changes are made in the base
project, you can selectively promote the
changes to all of the scenario projects.
The default setting is to promote
changes from the base to the scenarios
only for fields that were not modified in
the scenario.
 15

Data Visualizer
The data visualizer is similar to a datablock report, however the fields displayed have a
direct 2-way link to the project database. Changes made to any data fields displayed in the
visualizer are updated in the project database.

A change made in the Data

Visulaizer is automatically
reflected in the project database.
Here the length of Cable C1 in
Scenario 1 was changed from
200 feet to 250 feet in the Data
Visualizer. The change is
automatically made in the project
database and reflected in the
Component Editor.

The data visualizer can be used to make global changes to project data. By selecting a
group of cells and using the Visualizer>Global Change menu, you can replace or scale
values in the selected cells. This case for example will reduce the length of the selected
cables by 10% in Scenario 1.

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The data visualizer is also useful for comparing results between multiple scenarios. Any
combination of scenarios, components and data fields may be displayed. In this example a
comparison of three phase fault current between the Base Project and Scenario 1 is shown.
In Scenario 1, the length of cable C1 was changed from 200 feet to 100 feet, and the
transformer tap on transformer TX A was changed from 2.5% to 5%, resulting in higher
fault current. Similar comparisons can be made between multiple scenarios for arc flash
incident energy, voltage drop, etc.

To control the list of components displayed in the data visualizer, you can select
components from the list, or run a query. The attributes displayed in the visualizer are
selected in the Datablock format specification.
 17

Part 1 - Build System Model

You are now ready to begin the step-by-step tutorial. When completed, the power system
designed in Part 1 of this tutorial will look like Fig. 1. Everyone needs to complete this
part of the Tutorial before proceeding to the other sections.

Fig. 1. One-line diagram for Part 1 of the tutorial Project.

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Start Power*Tools for Windows (PTW)
When you start a new Project, you should first set the application options to ensure that
you are working with the correct engineering standard and units of measurement, as the
following steps show:

2. Go to Start>Programs>Power*Tools for Windows and click the PTW32 icon

to start PTW.
3. Make sure that no projects are open by clicking Project>Close, then click the
Project>New command, as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Using the Project>New command.

 19

Build a System
PTW provides two building tools you use to create Projects: the One-Line Diagram, which
you use to build the electrical system, and the Component Editor, which you use to enter
component data. Both tools appear automatically when you begin a new Project.

4. In the Project Name box type Tutorial, as shown in Fig. 3, then click the Save
button. (You don’t have to add the prj extension because PTW will do it for you.)
PTW will create a new folder called Tutorial and place [Link] project file
within that folder. Every project in PTW has its own folder because PTW stores other
project-related files, such as One-Line Diagrams and data files, in the folder with the
prj file.

Fig. 3. Create the Tutorial Project.

5. A new One-Line Diagram and Component Editor dialog box appear when you
create the new Project. We will build the Project using the One-Line Diagram.

The One-Line Diagram

1. The One-Line Diagram’s name

appears in the title bar.
X
2. Build the One-Line Diagram within the
viewport.
Y
3. The dotted lines is a background grid
for alignment. The dashed lines are
page guides that show where the page
breaks will fall if the One-Line Diagram Z
is printed in tiled mode.
4. Scroll over the One-Line Diagram [
using the scrollbars.

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5. Drag the corners of the One-Line Diagram to increase its size until it covers
nearly the entire screen, as shown in Fig. 4. (You can also use the Maximize
button, but we discourage doing so when you’re just beginning because you cannot
flip to the Component Editor or other windows as easily.)

Fig. 4. Enlarge the One-Line Diagram window by dragging its borders, not by using
the Maximize button.

You add components by clicking one of the component buttons on the toolbar, which is
shown in Fig. 5. If you can’t tell the identity of a component button, place the mouse
pointer over a button and pause—the button’s function appears in a popup box called a
“fast tip,” as shown in Fig. 6 (“fast tips” work for all the toolbar buttons, not just the
component buttons).

Fig. 5. Click one of the toolbar buttons to Fig. 6. Pause over a

add a component to the Project. button for a fast tip.

In order to make valid connections, there are some basic rules you need to follow:

6. Let’s start by adding a bus to the One-Line Diagram. Click the bus toolbar
button. The mouse pointer picks up a new bus component. Move the mouse pointer
over the white viewport area of the One-Line Diagram and click the left mouse button
again. The mouse pointer puts down, or places, the bus component, as shown in Fig.
7. A bus name is automatically assigned (changing names is easy, as we will
demonstrate shortly).
 21

Note: When adding components to a One-Line Diagram, the mouse button uses “push-
pin” behavior, not “drag-and-drop” behavior. Push-pin behavior allows your first click
to pick up the component and your second click to place the component, while drag-and-
drop behavior would require that you hold the mouse button down until placing the
component. This special "push pin" behavior makes component placement easier. Once
the component is on the one-line, the drag and drop behavior is used.

Fig. 7. Add a bus to the One-Line Diagram.

7. Add two more bus symbols using the same process. Separate the bus symbols by
a reasonable distance to leave room for components in between, as shown in Fig. 8.
An option alignment grid can be displayed from the One-line>Grid menu.

Fig. 8. Add two more buses.

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 Tip: Just because a component has been placed on the one-line, its placement is not
permanent. At any time, you can move a component by clicking and dragging the
component. Also, if you ever click the wrong component button, you can get rid of the
component by placing the component on the One-Line Diagram, then clicking the
Component>Destroy command to delete the component. Don’t worry about the
message warning you that you’re about to delete from the project database—this is just
to make sure you really want to delete the component.

8. Add a new Utility component by clicking on the New Utility icon

and dropping it on the drawing.

Connect the Utility component to BUS-0001 by dropping the connection point on top of
BUS-0001 while moving the Utility symbol or by dragging the connection point to the bus.
If the Utility is not connected, the connection point will be an open circle and the cursor

will appear as when over the Utility connection point. Don’t be concerned if your
symbols are a little different than the ones shown in the Tutorial. Custom symbols can be
added to the symbol library and each installation of PTW can specify a different set of
default symbols. Symbols can also be changed after they have been added to the one-line.
Selecting different symbols will be covered under a later section of the tutorial.

Fig. 9. Drop the component connection point over the bus and the component will
automatically connect to the bus.
 23

9. Click the transformer

toolbar icon and connect its top connection point to BUS-0001 and the bottom
connection point to BUS-0002, as shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 10. Connecting a new Transformer between BUS-0001 and BUS-0002.

10. Next, repeat the process and add a new transformer between BUS-0002 and BUS-
0003, a new Cable off BUS-0003, and a new load attached to CBL-0001 as shown.
The new transformer, new cable and new load icons are highlighted as follows:

Fig. 11. Add Transformer XF2-0002, Cable CBL-0001 and LOAD-0001.

Notice that when you connected the load to the cable that a node-bus was automatically
inserted. A node-bus acts just like a bus, however the name is hidden from view.

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11. The next thing we’re going to do is rotate the Utility and bus symbols. Place the
cursor pointer on the drawing area just above and to the left of the utility symbol.
Depress the left mouse button and hold it down while dragging the cursor to the right
of the utility symbol and just below the symbol for BUS-0001. Release the mouse
button and the UTIL-0001 and BUS-0001 will turn blue, indicating they are selected.

Fig. 12. Select UTIL-0001 and BUS-0001

12. Use the One-Line>Symbol Rotation>Right 90 Degrees function as shown in Fig.

13.

Fig. 13. Rotate the Utility Symbol and the Utility Bus 90 Degrees.
 25

13. Move the rotated symbols until they appear as shown in Fig. 14.

Fig. 14. Move rotated utility symbol and rotated bus.

When the one-line diagram is complete, save the one-line Diagram by clicking the Save
toolbar button (or click the Document>Save command), then type a name for the one-
line Diagram. For this tutorial, use the default name [Link]. It is a good idea to
save the one-line diagram from time to time to avoid losing the one-line formatting
changes in case of a power outage or system error.

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Enter Component Data
14. Now that we’ve entered several components and their connections on the one-line
diagram, we can enter system data required to run the basic system studies. Double-
click your left mouse button on the bus symbol for BUS-0001. Do not click on the
name, or a re-name dialog window will appear. When you double-click on the bus
symbol the Component Editor will appear as shown in Fig. 15. Enter 13800 in the
Nominal System Voltage field for BUS-0001.

Fig. 15. Enter voltage for BUS-0001.

 27

15. Click on the “All” selection in the drop-down list box on the far left side of the
Component Editor window. This will display a list of all components stored in the
project database. You can navigate through the list to select each component rather
than picking each component from the one-line.

Fig. 16. Use the “All” selection on the Component Editor window to list all
components in the project.

16. Enter 4160 in the Nominal System Voltage field for BUS-0002 as shown in Fig. 17.

Fig. 17. Enter voltage for BUS-0002

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17. Enter 480 in the Nominal System Voltage field for BUS-0003 as shown in Fig.
18.

Fig. 18. Enter Voltage for BUS-0003.

18. BUS-0004 is connected to BUS-0003 by a cable, so the bus voltage from BUS-
0003 is automatically transferred to BUS-0004. Therefore you can skip BUS-0004
and move to Cable CBL-0001. The cable is not linked to a library reference by default
which allows you to enter any impedance values. However library data are available
to minimize data entry. Click on the Library button as shown in Fig. 19.

Fig. 19. Select Cable Library for CBL-0001.

 29

19. Select the Copper Magnetic THHN 600V 60Hz 3 Wire+Grnd library reference as
shown. You can apply and close the library window by double-clicking on the Copper
Magnetic THWN selection, or by using the Apply and Close buttons.

20. Now select ‘2’ in the “Cable Size” field and enter 100 in the “Length” field as
shown in Fig. 20.

Fig. 20. Enter Cable Size and Length.

Note that when the cable is “Linked to the Library” the description and impedance fields
are “grey” indicating that the values are referenced from the library. To edit these values
locally, you must break the link with the library by unchecking the Link to Lib check box.

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21. Select Transformer XF2-0001 in the Component Editor, and click on the Library
button as shown.

Fig. 21. Click on the Library to select a Transformer from the Library

22. Select the Oil Air 60Hz transformer entry, then click on the Apply and Close
buttons to return to the Component Editor.

Note that the apply button links your transformer to the library. If you want
to enter custom impedance data after linking with the library, use the Deselect
Button to break the link. The data obtained from the library will still be
displayed, but the data will be stored with the component rather than
referenced from the library, allowing you to edit the component data without
changing the library. Alternatively, you can uncheck the “Link to Lib”
checkbox on the Component Editor window to break the library link.
 31

23. Select 1000 in the Nominal kVA field. This is also the screen where we would
change the connections, taps, and voltage ratings. For this tutorial, we will keep the
default settings of Three-phase Delta-Wye Ground connections with nominal tap
settings.

Fig. 22. Specify the Transformer Size

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24. Since you selected a library entry, the impedance values are referenced from the
library. If you want to enter a different transformer impedance, you would uncheck
the Link to Lib option to remove the library link,

then enter a new impedance on the Transformer Impedance sub-view shown in Fig. 23.
On this sub-view you can enter any transformer impedance and optional neutral impedance
. The Calculator buttons can be used to convert Per-Unit or name plate data to percent R &
X values.

Fig. 23. User-defined transformer impedance entry.

 33

25. Select Transformer XF2-0002 in the Component Editor. Use the Library button
to choose a Dry Type transformer and enter 500 in the Nominal kVA field as shown in
Fig. 24.

Fig. 24. Entry for Transformer XF2-0002.

26. Select the Utility component UTIL-0001 and enter the data as shown in Fig. 25.
The available utility fault contribution can be entered in MVA, KVA, Amps or as an
equivalent per unit impedance. The per unit voltage can be used to control pre-fault
voltage and load flow source voltage in front of or behind the utility impedance. The
equivalent per unit impedance display will be updated when the component is saved.

Fig. 25. Utility fault contribution and voltage entry.

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27. Select LOAD-0001 and enter 95 Amps with a 0.8 lagging power factor as shown
in Fig. 26.

Fig. 26. Load data entry.

28. This completes the data entry for the first section of the tutorial. Return to the
one-line by closing the Component Editor (Document>Close) or by using one of the
methods discussed earlier for Navigating Between Windows and Documents.

29. Next we will use the datablock display to check our input data. With the One-line
displayed, select the Run>Datablock Format menu option as shown in Fig. 27.

Fig. 27. Run Datablock Format menu.

 35

30. Select the Input Data format followed by the Apply and Close button on the
Datablock Format window shown in Fig. 28. The datablock formats are user-defined
groups of input data and study results that can be displayed in any combination. The
sample Input Data format will display selected input data fields next to each
component on the one-line.

Fig. 28. Select Datablock format to display selected Input Data .

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31. Input data should be displayed on your one-line diagram as shown in Fig. 29. At
this point, you may need to move your symbols further apart to make room for the
datablocks. You may also need to go back to the Component Editor to adjust any data
that does not match the data shown in Fig. 29. Remove the datablock display using
the View>Datablock menu option or by using the Toggle Datablock Icon.
.
Toggle Datablock Icon
Note that the number of decimal places displayed for each datablock field is user-
controlled; so don’t be concerned if your values are rounded to less decimal places.

Fig. 29. Input Data displayed on one-line using Datablock option.

 37

Part 2 - Run DAPPER System Studies

If you do not have any of the DAPPER, A_FAULT or IEC_FAULT system studies, refer
to the table of contents and proceed to the next section describing the study modules that
are available in your PTW software.

1. Once your data matches the data shown in Fig. 29, you are ready to run the DAPPER
Balanced system studies. Select the Run>Balanced System Studies menu option as
shown in Fig. 30. The A_FAULT and IEC_FAULT options are available under the
Run Balanced System Studies menu.

Fig. 30. Running system studies on the power system network.

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The Study menu that appears allows you to select the studies to be run, enter report names
and specify solution options for each study. Select the Demand Load, Load Flow and
Comprehensive Short Circuit studies as shown in Fig. 31. If one or more of the study
options are greyed-out and not available in your licensed version, you can continue with
the tutorial but recognize you may need to substitute reports and datablock references in
the rest of the tutorial with reports and datablocks for the studies you have run.

Fig. 31. Study selection and setup screen.

2. After selecting the studies, click on the Run button.

For more information about regarding the application for each study, refer to the DAPPER
reference manual on the PTW CD.
 39

3. The Study Messages window, as shown in Fig. 32, will appear while the studies
are running and will remain on the screen after the studies are complete. Review the
study log to make sure there are no Fatal Errors reported. Fatal errors will occur if
some critical data are missing from the input data. Click on the Close button to close
the Study Messages window.
If errors are reported, click on the Edit Errors button to display the components that
caused the errors.

Fig. 32. Study Messages Window.

4. If the one-line diagram is open and is the active window, proceed. If the one-line
is not visible, use the Window menu or the Document>One-line menu command to
open the one-line. If you need more help navigating to the one-line, refer back to the
section “Navigation between Windows and Documents” (page 6).

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Review Study Results
There are several ways to review study results and we will take a quick look at each of
them. The methods you choose to use for your own projects will depend upon the
stage of the project and the personal preferences of the people involved. The first
method we’ll explore is the datablock format. Use the Run>Datablock Format menu
option and select the Load Flow Power Data datablock format as shown in Fig. 33.
Click on the Apply button followed by the Close button to display the selected
datablock on the one-line. If the Load Flow study was not available when you ran the
studies, select the Bus Fault Currents (Comprehensive) datablock format instead.

Fig. 33. Apply Load Flow Power Data datablock format to one-line.
 41

5. The load flow (or fault study) results should be displayed as shown in Fig. 34.

Fig. 34. Load flow datablock displayed on one-line.

Another option to review study results is to view the standard reports generated when a
study is run. To view a report, go to the Document>Report menu as shown in Fig. 35.

Fig. 35. View study report.

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6. After selecting the Document>Report option you will see the Open dialog window as
shown in Fig 36. There should be one report file for each study you ran. Either
double click on the report name or select it and click on the Open button.

Fig. 36. Report Open dialog window.

7. The multi-page study report will appear as shown in Fig. 37. The study reports are
individual text files stored in the project folder. Therefore, the reports can be edited
and printed in part or in whole. Most studies have a summary section at the end of
the report.

Fig. 37. Study report.

 43

8. A third option to display input data or study results is to use the formatted Crystal
Reports. The Crystal Report formats are selected from the Document>Crystal Report
menu item as shown in Fig. 38.

Fig. 38. Crystal Report menu item.

9. The available Crystal Report formats are displayed in a tree structure as shown in Fig.
39. To display the Load Flow Report expand the load flow folder and double-click on
the Load Flow [Link] item. If you did not run the load flow report, select a report
format matching one of the studies that you ran.

Fig. 39. Select Crystal Report format.

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 10. The formatted Crystal Report will appear as shown in Fig. 40. The Crystal Reports are
similar to the Datablocks shown on the one-lines as they read and display data stored
in the project database. The reports will contain several pages with headings and sub-
headings. The report formats can be edited using The 3rd-party Crystal Reports
Program Version 8.0 or later, but some database and SQL knowledge is required. The
reports can be printed directly or saved in a variety of different file formats. Close the
report after viewing.
Save in Different Format

Next Page

Fig. 40. Crystal Report showing load flow study results.

11. For the fourth reporting option, switch back to the Component Editor. You will
generate a datablock report from the Component Editor view. Go to the Component
Editor using the Document>Component Editor menu item as shown in Fig. 41, or by

clicking on the Component Editor icon .

Fig. 41. Switch to the Component Editor.

 45

12. Make sure that the “All” list option is selected so that all of the project components
appear in the Component Editor. Next select the Run>Datablock Format menu item as
shown in Fig. 42.

Fig. 42. Use the Run>Datablock Format menu.

13. Select the “Report – Load Flow Data” datablock format, as shown in Fig. 43, followed
by the Apply and then Close buttons. If you did not run the load flow study, select a
datablock format that applies to the input data or studies you have run.

1
3

Fig. 43. Select the Report – Load Flow Data Format for the Datablock.

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14. Once the datablock format has been applied to the Component Editor, you can view
the datablock information in the Datablock subview, as shown in Fig. 44. To display
the datablock information, the Component Subview must be set to Datablock.

Fig. 44. Datablock Subview in Component Editor.

15. You can also output the datablock information in a spreadsheet format using the
Run>Datablock Report option, as shown in Fig. 45.

Fig. 45. Generate a Datablock Report.

 47

16. The datablock report can display any combination of input data or study results in a
spreadsheet format. A datablock report showing load flow study results is shown in
Fig. 46.

Fig. 46. Datablock Report showing selected load flow results.

The datablock reports can be printed directly and saved as Excel files. The datablock
reports provide a great way to generate cable lists, load lists, etc.

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 49

Part 3 - CAPTOR Time Current

Coordination (TCC)
Make sure that you completed Tutorial - Part 1 successfully before beginning this section.

The next few steps demonstrate the procedure for generating TCC drawings for protective
device coordination.
1. Add a new fuse to the one-line diagram by clicking on the new fuse icon and
placing it on the one-line.

Fig. 47. Place a new fuse on the one-line.

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2. Rotate the fuse Right 90 Degrees by selecting the fuse and using the One-line>Symbol
Rotation>Right 90 Degrees function as shown in Fig. 48.

Fig. 48. Rotate fuse symbol.

Alternatively, you can use a short-cut Icon to rotate the fuse 90 degrees to the right.
 51

Move the fuse symbol on top of the line that connects BUS-0001 and transformer XF2-
0001 and it will be connected as shown in Fig. 49.

Fig. 49. Insert Fuse between Utility Bus and Main Transformer.

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3. Insert a new relay between BUS-0002 and XF2-0002 by clicking on the New Relay
Icon, moving your cursor to position the symbol in the desired location and clicking
your left mouse button to place the symbol as shown in Fig. 50.

Fig. 50. Insert a relay between BUS-0002 and XF2-0002.

 53

4. Insert a new low-voltage circuit breaker symbol between XF2-0002 and BUS-0003 as
shown in Fig. 51, using the New Low Voltage Breaker icon.

Fig. 51. Insert breaker between XF2-0002 and BUS-0003.

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5. Insert another low-voltage breaker between BUS-0003 and cable CBL-0001 as shown
in Fig. 52. Now is a good time to save the One-Line Diagram by clicking the Save
toolbar button (or click the Document>Save command). Most document changes
in PTW are saved automatically, but not the one-lines. You should save your one-line
frequently.

Fig. 52. Insert breaker between BUS-0003 and cable CBL-0001.

 55

6. Double-click on the symbol for fuse PD-0001 and it will open the Component Editor
window as shown in Fig. 53. Remember to click on the symbol and not the name. If
you double-click on the name, a name change dialog window will appear instead of
the Component Editor.

Fig. 53. Open the Component Editor with Fuse PD-0001 and select the Library button.

7. Verify that component PD-0001 is displayed in the Component Editor and Click on
the Library button (highlighted with an arrow in Fig. 53). Double-click on the Cutler-
Hammer CX 15.5 kV 4C-40C fuse from the High Voltage Fuse category to select the
fuse as shown in Fig. 54.

Fig. 54. Select Cutler-Hammer CX 15.5 kV fuse.

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8. Select the 40C cartridge, as shown in Fig. 55.

Fig. 55. Select the 40C cartridge for fuse PD-0001.

9. Go back to the one-line and double-click on relay PD-0002. The Component Editor
will display PD-0002.
 57

10. Click on the Library button on the Component Editor screen, select the Electronic
Relay category and pick the Multilin SR745 Transformer relay with a 5 Amp
Secondary CT rating as shown in Fig. 56. You can either double-click on the relay
selection in the library or use the Apply and Close buttons.

Fig. 56. Select Multilin SR745 Transformer Relay.

11. The Overcurrent Pickup and Extremely Inverse time delay segments should appear as
shown in Fig. 57. These segments and values represent the defaults set in the library
and can be changed. We will change these values later when we coordinate the
devices.

Fig. 57. Select Multilin SR745 Transformer Relay.

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12. Select breaker PD-0003 in the Component Editor and click on the Library button as
shown in Fig. 58. (If the one-line is active and the Component Editor is not, double-
clicking on breaker PD-0003 will automatically open the Component Editor)

Fig. 58. Select Breaker PD-0003.

13. Expand the Low Voltage Breaker category, select the Static Trip sub group, and the
Square D MX Micrologic LS 100-800 Amp breaker entry as shown in Fig. 59.

Fig. 59. Select Square D MX Micrologic LS 100-800 Amp Breaker

 59

14. Select the MX 480V 800 Amp Frame as shown in Fig. 60.

Fig. 60. Select 480 Volt, 800 Amp Frame.

15. Select breaker PD-0004 in the Component Editor and click on the Library button as
shown in Fig. 61.

Fig. 61. Select Breaker PD-0004

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16. Select the Low Voltage Breaker Category, the Thermal Magnetic Molded Case sub-
category, and the GE SFHA Spectra 70-250 Amp breaker as shown in Fig. 62.

Fig. 62. Select GE SFHA Spectra Breaker.

 61

17. Make the one-line diagram the active window. This can be done by clicking your
mouse on any part of the one-line window that appears behind the Component Editor
window. It can also be done by using the Window menu item and selecting the one-
line document, or by using the Document>One-Line>Open menu item if the one-line
is closed. Once the one-line is open, select the area that includes all of the
components from PD-0002 down to and including CBL-0001. It is acceptable to
select BUS-0002 down to and including LOAD-0001 as shown in Fig. 63, but buses
and loads will not appear on the TCC drawings. Select the components by placing the
cursor arrow at the upper-left corner of the desired area, pressing the left mouse button
and moving the pointer to the lower-right corner of the desired area. When the mouse
button is released, the selected components will appear in “blue”, the selected
component color.

Fig. 63. Select area containing PD-0002, XF2-0002, PD-0003, PD-0004 and CBL-0001.

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18. Our goal is to transfer the selected components to a new Time-Current Coordination
(TCC) drawing. With PD-0002, XF2-0002, PD-0003, PD-0004 and CBL-0001
selected, click your right mouse button anywhere in the one-line window and select
the Go To TCC Drawing option as shown in Fig. 64. The Go To TCC Drawing option
is also available under the Window menu, but using the right mouse button requires
less mouse movement.

Fig. 64. Select the Go To TCC Drawing option using right mouse click.

-----------
Note that you can add individual components to a selected set of components by holding
the SHIFT key when clicking on the components. The shift key allows you to select new
components without losing deselecting components that are already selected.
 63

19. Enter a name for the new TCC drawing (TCC1 for example), and click on the New
button as shown in Fig. 65.

Fig. 65. Enter a name for the new TCC drawing and click the New button.

20. A new coordination drawing should appear as shown in Fig. 66.

Fig. 66. Coordination Drawing Generated from Selected Components.

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 21. Select the label for cable CBL-0001 and move it next to the cable damage curve as
shown in Fig. 67. Note that components can be selected by clicking on the label or the
device curve. Data for each component can be changed on the left side of the window.

Fig. 67. Move label for cable CBL-0001

22. Select the downstream breaker PD-0004 and pick the SFHA 480V, 250 Amp frame,
125 Amp trip and MIN trip setting as shown in Fig. 68. Click Redraw to update.

Fig. 68. Specify setting for downstream breaker PD-0004.

 65

23. Select feeder breaker PD-0003 and select 800A Override for the 5th segment as shown
in Fig. 69. The override value for the 800 Amp Sensor is larger than the override for
the 250-400Amp Sensors.

Fig. 69. Select 800A Override segment of breaker PD-0003 in Setting Window.

24. Click on the Redraw button to update the TCC drawing. The curves are terminated at
the maximum fault current at the connected bus. The fault current can be
automatically updated from the DAPPER, A_FAULT or IEC_Fault studies or can be
entered manually. The default is to use the DAPPER fault value. For this example,
the Instantaneous override is higher than the fault current and is therefore not shown.

Fig. 70. Redraw TCC to display instantaneous override segment.

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25. Select the transformer relay PD-0002 by clicking on the relay name or curve, or by
using the drop-down list box labeled TCC Device List. Drag the relay pickup, placing
it between the transformer FLA marker and the start of the transformer damage curve
as shown in Fig. 71.

Fig. 71. Move relay PD-0002 pickup setting.

26. Drag the time delay curve for relay PD-0002 until it is just below the transformer
damage curve as shown in Fig. 72.

Fig. 72. Drag relay PD-0002 time delay curve setting.

 67

27. Using the Setting tab for relay PD-0002, fine-tune the settings by entering 0.8 for the
OC Pickup and 17.0 for the Ext Inverse time delay curve as shown in Fig. 73. Press
the Redraw button to update the TCC drawing.

Fig. 73. Change the OC Pickup to 0.8 and the Ext Inverse Time delay to 17.

28. When you are satisfied with the TCC drawing you can print it directly or in a custom
output form. The output forms allow you to print the TCC drawing together with title-
blocks, logos and other documents such as a reports or one-line diagrams. To print the
TCC directly, select the Document>Print function as shown in Fig. 74.

Fig. 74. Print the TCC drawing directly with the Document>Print function.

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29. To print the TCC drawing in a pre-defined form, select Document>Form Print. Next
select the TCC & One-Line 8 ½ x 11 Portrait form as shown in Fig. 75.

Fig. 75. Select a pre-defined output form from Document>Form Print

30. Press the Print button to send the active TCC drawing to the printer using the selected
output form. The results should resemble the plot shown in Fig. 76.

Fig. 76. Select a pre-defined output form from Document>Form Print

 69

The Form Print option can be used to print individual TCC drawings, send the output to the
clipboard or save the output to an enhanced metafile. The Group Print option can be used
to print all of the TCC drawings in your project with a single mouse click.

31. In addition to printing the TCC drawing, you can also print setting reports and tables
in a variety of different formats. First we will generate a setting report for a single
TCC drawing. Select the Run>TCC Report menu as shown in Fig. 77. Choose OK
for the default report name in the TCC Report window.

Fig. 77. Generate TCC Report

32. Select the TCC Name and click on the OK button. If the project had multiple TCC
drawings you could print reports for a group of TCCs. The standard TCC report can
be sorted four different ways. For this example, sort by Bus Voltage and click OK.

Fig. 78. Select sort criteria for TCC report

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33. Enter the report name TCC1 as shown in Fig. 79.

Fig. 79. Enter a name for the new TCC report.

34. The report is now saved on the disk in the project folder. To view and print the report,
select the Document>Report menu as shown in Fig. 80.

Fig. 80. Use Document>Report to open the TCC report.

 71

35. All of the reports associated with the project will appear in the window dialog. Select
the [Link] report file and click on the Open button.

Fig. 81. Open TCC report.

36. The report for TCC1 should be similar to the sample report shown in Fig. 82.

Fig. 82. Sample TCC Report

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37. To generate a TCC setting report for the entire project rather than for a single TCC
drawing, you can repeat the process with the Component Editor in focus rather than a
TCC drawing. The first step is shown in Fig. 83. Notice that the Component Editor is
on top and the “All” option is selected to display all of the components in the project.
This will result in a TCC report that contains all of the components in the project.

Fig. 83. Generate a TCC Setting Report for All Components in the Project.
 73

38. Another way to report protective device settings is to display them right on the TCC
drawing. This is accomplished by selecting the TCC drawing and using the
Run>Datablock Format command as shown in Fig. 84.

Fig. 84. Apply Datablock format on TCC Drawing.

39. Select the TCC Settings datablock and click on Apply as shown in Fig. 85. To close
the Datablock dialog, click on the Close button.

Fig. 85. Apply TCC Setting Datablock

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40. Move the datablocks to empty areas on the TCC drawing as shown in Fig. 86. The
datablocks and name tags can be turned on and off individually, and font size can be
specified from the Settings>Selected Device Settings menu. The datablocks can be
toggled on or off from the View menu or by using the toggle datablock icon
.

Fig. 86. TCC Drawing with device setting datablock.

* Note that ‘Global Changes’ in the Settings Menu can be used to hide component names,
turn on and off short circuit flags, pickup labels, and datablocks. Other TCC specific
changes such as reference voltage, current scale, axis range, grid density, fonts, and fault
current selection can be made in the Settings > TCC Settings Menu.
 75

41. A datablock report displaying the same setting information can be generated using the
Run>Datablock Report option as shown in Fig. 87.

Fig. 87. Run>Datablock Report Option

42. The spreadsheet style datablock report, shown in Fig. 88, will appear for the
components displayed on the selected TCC drawing.

Fig. 88. Datablock Report for devices on TCC drawing.

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43. Another option for reporting the device settings is to prepare a Crystal Report using
the Document>Crystal Report option as shown in Fig. 89.

Fig. 89. Generate a Crystal Report for All Protective Devices in the Project
44. Select the TCC – Low Voltage Breakers – Static [Link] format as shown in Fig. 90.

Fig. 90. Select the Static Trip Breaker Report from Crystal Report Options.
45. Since there is only one static trip breaker in the project, only one shown in the report.

Fig. 91. Crystal Report for LV Breaker Settings

 77

Part 4 - Equipment Evaluation Study

Make sure that you completed Tutorial - Part 1, Part 2, and at least the first 17 steps in Part
3 before beginning this section.

The next steps demonstrate how to use the Equipment Evaluation study module to evaluate
the protective device ratings against the calculated short circuit duties. Equipment
Evaluation also checks for missing input data and compares continuous ratings of
protective and non-protective devices to calculated design loads and load flow operating
conditions. Equipments that fail the evaluation are reported in table form and highlighted
in color on the one-line diagrams.

1. Select the Run Equipment Evaluation option as shown in Fig. 92. If the Equipment
Evaluation module is not available, skip to the next section of this tutorial. If you
want more information about the Equipment evaluation module, contact SKM.

Fig. 92. Run the Equipment Evaluation Option

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The Run>Equipment Evaluation option will produce a table as shown in Fig. 93.

2. Choose between the Protective Device or Non-Protective Device icons as shown in

Fig. 93. The other icon choices are described in the following paragraph.

Fig. 93. Equipment Evaluation Table for Protective and Non-Protective Components

The icon buttons allow you to choose between balanced and unbalanced study results,
protection and non-protection device type and ANSI, IEC or Comprehensive fault analysis
methods. A summary of the icons follows for reference:

Balanced Three-Phase Study Results (Select this option for the tutorial).

Single-phase and Unbalanced Study Results

Display Protection Components. For the tutorial select this option.

Display Non-Protection Components

 79

Compares device rating to total fault current at bus or maximum fault

current through branch. For this tutorial select Branch.

Specifies study type ANSI, IEC 61909, or Comprehensive Fault. For

this tutorial, select the Comprehensive Option.

Navigates through the report by jumping to the selected component

type, or reduces the number of components shown in the evaluation list.
Choose from All Non-protection components, buses, cables, 2-winding
transformers, 3-winding transformers, transmission lines, pi impedance,
generators, loads, induction motors, synchronous motors, schedules,
filters, or reduce the number of components reported by custom query.

The Report button generates a spreadsheet-style report and the Run

Study button allows you to re-run any combination of studies from the
balanced and unbalanced study options.

The Input Eval… button generates a report listing components with

obvious input data errors as shown in the following screen.

3. Click on the Report button to generate the spreadsheet-style report shown in Fig. 94.
The report can be printed or saved as an Excel spreadsheet file.

Fig. 94. Equipment Evaluation Reports (protection and non-protection)

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4. To save the report as an Excel spreadsheet, click on the save button and enter a report
name in the Save-As dialog window shown in Fig. 95.

Fig. 95. Save the Equipment Evaluation Report in Excel Format

5. Close the Equipment evaluation window and navigate back to the one-line diagram.
You can display the results from the Equipment Evaluation module on the one-line
diagram using the Datablocks. Select the Run Datablock Format as shown in Fig. 96.

Fig. 96. Run Datablock Format

 81

6. Apply the “Device Evaluation Comprehensive Branch” Datablock Format and Close
the Datablock Format Dialog Window.

Fig. 97. Apply the Device Evaluation Comprehensive Branch Datablock Format.

7. The datablock information including the protective device ratings and calculated
branch fault duties from the Comprehensive Fault module are shown in Fig. 98.

Fig. 98. Datablock Display for Equipment Evaluation Results.

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In addition to displaying the Equipment Evaluation Report and Datablocks, you can
graphically identify equipment that fails the evaluation. The options are available on the
Run menu as well as the toolbar icons.

Run Equipment Evaluation

Mark Components that Fail the Input Data Evaluation

Mark Components that Fail the Equipment Evaluation

Reset Color of Failed Components.

For this example, none of the equipment fails the input data checks or the equipment rating
limits. However if it had, the symbol for the failed equipment would be highlighted in Red
on the one-line. The Failed Input Data and Equipment Evaluation options are also
available from the Component Editor, whereby only the failed equipment appears in the
Component List.
 83

Equipment evaluations are performed based on user-defined limits. The following table
found under Project>Options>Equipment Evaluation displays the default equipment rating
limits. You can adjust these limits to meet your specific design goals.

You can also control which evaluations are performed choosing from Short Circuit
Ratings, Continuous Ratings and Individual Circuits in Load Schedules.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

The Input data evaluation options are displayed as a separate subview on the same
window. The input data options can be selectively included or excluded from the Input
evaluation.
 85

Part 5 - Arc Flash Evaluation Study

Make sure that you complete Tutorial - Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3 before beginning this
section.

The next steps demonstrate how to use the Arc Flash study module to evaluate the incident
energy and arc flash boundary for each bus location. Arc Flash calculations combine fault
calculations, protective coordination and empirical equations to calculate arc energy people
may be exposed to when working on or near electrical equipment. Knowing the arc
energy, proper protective clothing can be specified to optimize safety with respect to arc
flash exposure.

Your tutorial one-line should look as follows with Comprehensive Fault Values displayed:

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Your tutorial coordination drawing from Section 3 should look as follows:

To begin the Arc Flash Tutorial:

Select the Run Arc Flash Evaluation option as shown below. If the Arc Flash Evaluation
module is not available, skip to the next section of this tutorial. If you want more
information about the Arc Flash Evaluation module, contact SKM.

Run the Arc Flash Evaluation Option

 87

Alternatively, you can use a short-cut Icon to start the Arc Flash Evaluation module.

The Run>Arc Flash Evaluation option will produce a table as shown below:

Arc Flash Evaluation Table

Reading from left to right, the columns have the following definitions:

Bus Name: Indicates the fault location.

Protective Device Name: The first protective device to trip in each branch feeding the
faulted bus.

Bus kV: Bus voltage at the fault location.

Bus Bolted Fault: Total symmetrical fault current at the fault location.

Prot Dev Bolted Fault: Symmetrical fault current passing through the referenced
protective device for a bolted fault at the fault location,
referenced to bus voltage at fault location.

Prot Dev Arcing Fault: Branch fault current passing through the referenced protective
device for an arcing fault at the fault location, referenced to bus
voltage at fault location.

Trip/Delay Time: Time for referenced protective device to trip (clearing curve) at
arcing fault branch current value. May list the maximum trip
time from the study setup if the calculated trip time of the
device is longer than the maximum trip time value.

Breaker Opening Time: User-defined trip time for breaker used when protective device
clearing curve does not include the breaker operating time. For
example, published relay trip curves reflect only the trip time of
the relay since they can be applied to many different breakers
and therefore the breaker opening time needs to be included.

Ground: ‘Yes’ indicates that the fault bus is connected solidly to ground.
‘No’ indicates that the fault bus is resistance grounded or
ungrounded. The empirical equations for incident energy are
different for grounded and ungrounded systems.

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In Box: Identifies whether the fault location is in an enclosure or in open
air. In open air the arc energy will radiate in all directions
whereas an enclosure will focus the energy toward the enclosure
opening. The In Box / Air selection is available when the
NFPA 70E study option is selected. For the IEEE 1584 study
selection the In Box or In Air is determined automatically from
the Equipment Type specification.

Equip Type: Used only in the IEEE 1584 method to determine In Box or In
Air condition as well as to provide a default gap between bus
bars and distance factor used in the incident energy calculations.

Gap: Gap between conductors or bus bars where the arc may occur.

Arc Flash Boundary: Distance from the arc within which a second degree burn could
occur if no protective clothing is worn.

Working Distance: Closest distance a worker’s body, excluding arms and hands,
would be exposed to the arc.

Incident Energy: Energy released at the specified working distance expressed in

cal/cm2 or J/cm2.

FR Clothing Class: Minimum fire retardant clothing class designed to protect

worker from second-degree burns at reported incident energy at
the specified working distance.

Detail View or Summary View:

Detail View lists all protective devices at branches that contribute current to the faulted
bus. This will vary from the Summary View only for buses that have multiple
contributions.
If the Report Option is set to “Report Last Trip Device”, the Summary View will list the
last device to trip whereby the accumulated current tripped meets or exceeds the specified
threshold percent (ie… when at least 80% of total fault current has cleared).
If the Report Option is set to “Report Main Device”, the Summary View will list the device
that carries the largest percentage of the fault contribution to the bus.
 89

Bus Detail:
Bus Detail generates a detailed label including the protective device settings, arcing fault
current, incident energy at multiple working distances, and clothing class for the primary
working distance. You can also enter the client information and job #, etc. Bus Detail can
be used on a single bus or for a selected group of buses. The description information
entered will be re-used for all buses.

Re-run Study
If you press the Re-Run Study button, the program will re-run the DAPPER
Comprehensive Fault Analysis program and re-run the Arc Flash Evaluation program
to update all data on the screen. This is useful if you change component data or
system topology in the middle and would like to display the most up to date results.

Option dialog
If you press the Options button, the following Arc Flash Study Options dialog will be
displayed.

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The options include:

Standard allows the choice of NFPA 70E - 2004 or IEEE 1584a - 2004 methods. The
IEEE 1584 is based on more recent and expanded test data, and is the preferred
method, but the older NFPA 70E method is included for comparison.

Maximum Arcing Duration allows you to specify a maximum (Trip Time + Breaker
Time) for the incident energy and flash boundary calculations. IEEE 1584 Annex
B.1.2 stated that “If the time is longer than two seconds, consider how long a person
is likely to remain in the location of the arc flash. It is likely that the person exposed
to arc flash will move away quickly if it is physically possible and two seconds is a
reasonable maximum time for calculations. A person in a bucket truck or a person
who has crawled into equipment will need more time to move away.”

The default for the Maximum Arcing Duration in PTW is set to 2 seconds, if the Trip
Time read from the TCC plus the Breaker Time is bigger than the Maximum Arcing
Duration, the Trip Time will be set to the Maximum Arcing Duration – Breaker Time.
Sound engineering judgment is always required when making reasonable arc flash
energy estimates.
 91

Arcing Fault Tolerances… - For the IEEE 1584 standard, specify a low and high tolerance
for arcing fault current calculations. For example, enter a –15% low and +10% high
tolerances means the program will calculate two incident energies one at 0.85* arcing fault
current, and another at 1.1* arcing fault current. For the NFPA 70E standard, specify the
percentage of bolted fault current used to calculate the second incident energy. For
example, enter a 38% bolted fault current means the program will calculate two incident
energies one at 100% of the bolted fault current and another at 38% of the bolted fault
current.

The arcing fault current magnitude is a function of the voltage and arc impedance. Since a
small change in arcing fault current can produce substantially different trip times and
incident energy, it is prudent to account for arcing fault current variability through
reasonable tolerances. The IEEE 1584 standard uses a 15% low tolerance for arcing fault
current calculations, and the NFPA 70E suggests using a 38% bolted fault current. The
incident energy is calculated at the low and high tolerance specified and the largest incident
energy is reported. For cases where both the low and high tolerance values result in the
same trip time, the high tolerance will always produce the highest incident energy. For
cases where the low tolerance results in longer trip times, which is often the case, the
incident energy is typically higher at the longer trip time. In the arc flash table, the value is
labeled with (*3) when the low tolerance arc fault value is used.

IEEE 1584 Standard - Unit allows the choice of English or Metric units. For English units
the distances are expressed in Inches and energy values are expressed in Calories/cm2. For
metric units the distances re expressed in mm and energy values are expressed in
Joules/cm2.

IEEE 1584 Standard - Definition of Grounded - SLG/3P Fault% allows the user to
specify how high a percentage of single line to ground fault over 3Phase to ground fault
current is considered grounded. The program will automatically calculate the SLG and
3Phase fault current at each bus and compare with the percentage entered here to determine

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whether a bus is grounded or not. The IEEE 1584 standard use different equations for
grounded or not grounded.

All Fuses As Current Limiting, Standard Fuses, or Specified in Library. When Standard
Fuses are selected, the arc duration is read from the total clearing curve at the arcing fault
current. When Current Limiting Fuses are assumed, arc duration is reduced when the arc
current is within the current-limiting range. The user can alternatively specify fuses or low
voltage breakers as current limiting in the protective device library and select “Specified in
Library” to handle it on individual basis.

For all current limiting fuses and breakers, if the trip time of the TCC clearing curve at the
branch arcing fault current is less than ½ cycles, and the curve is defined below 0.01
seconds, the defined clearing time is used. Otherwise, the arcing fault current (Ia) is
compared to the current (IL) where the total clearing curve drops below 0.01 seconds, and
the trip time is based on the following table:

Trip/Delay Time Condition

Read from clearing curve Ia < I L
1/2 cycle IL < Ia < 2 IL
1/4 cycle Ia > 2 IL
The protective device library alternatively allows you to enter current limiting equations for
fuses and breakers at each bolted fault current range. Arc Flash uses these equations to
calculate the Incident Energy and Flash Boundary instead of the standard IEEE1584
equations.

Induction Motor Fault Contribution If “Included’ is the choice, you can further choose to
include motor contribution for the entire arc duration, or to include the motor contribution
for the first x cycles. You can also check or uncheck the Exclude if <75hp independently to
exclude motors less than 75 hp. ‘Excluded’ ignores all induction motor fault contributions
from the arcing fault current and the incident energy calculations. While ignoring motor
contributions reduces the fault current value, it may increase the trip time and result in
higher incident energy.

Report Option
Three different report options are available. The report options are named Bus, Protective
Load Side, and Protective Line Side. The Bus report is the normal selection however the
load side and line side reports may be useful in specific situations. Refer to the following
diagram and descriptions.
 93

UTIL-0001

R1

T1
Line Side

MCC X
Main Bkr

MCC
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

Load Side
C1

M2 M3 M4 M5

M1-Bus

M1

- Bus option – The bus report assumes that the fault occurs at the equipment bus.
If the bus has multiple contributions, the devices that trip each branch contribution will be
listed in the order they trip, and incident energy will be accumulated until a significant
percentage of the fault current has tripped. The significant portion is defined by the
“Cleared Fault Threshold” percentage you specify.

- Protective Device Load Side option – The load side report applies a fault at the
load side of each protective device and therefore the protective device listed clears the
fault. The fault current through the device will be used to calculate the arcing fault current
and obtain the trip time from the TCC. Energy accumulation is not applicable for this
option.

- Protective Device Line Side option – The line side report assumes that the fault
occurs at the line side of each protective device. This could occur if the main breaker is
being racked-out, for example. For this case, the next upstream device is the one that must
clear the fault. If there is more than one contribution when there is a fault at the line side,
incident energy will be accumulated up to the fault contribution percentage specified.

Check Upstream devices for mis-coordination, evaluates trip times for backup protection
devices beyond the branch containing the first protective device. Only devices that carry
50% of the Cleared Fault Threshold value are checked for mis-coordination. Only upstream
backup protective devices that carry a significant portion of the primary protection device
fault current are checked for mis-coordination. Significant is defined by the Cleared Fault
Threshold value, whereby the fault current through the upstream backup protection must be
greater than or equal to the Cleared Fault Threshold percent times the fault current through
the primary protection. This extra check increases the solution time.

Cleared Fault Threshold, defines the significant fault contribution as a percent of the total.
The default value is 80%, which means that the final arc flash trip time is based on when
80% or more of the total fault current at the bus has been cleared. In the Summary View,
this is the only protective device that will be listed under the bus, and the data from the

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device will be used in the Bus Detail report and Bus Labels. If less than the % specified is
tripped at a bus, the PPE Class is reported as Dangerous and the incident energy and flash
boundary are not reported. The cleared fault threshold value is also used to identify
upstream backup protection paths to evaluate mis-coordination.

PPE Table

If you press the “PPE Table” button, the following dialog will be displayed with the
personnel protection equipment table.

The default data comes from the NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for
Employee Workplaces, 2000 Edition, Page 61.

User-defined personnel equipment table entries can be added to the PPE table, and they will
be used in the Arc Flash Evaluation.

The “All” or “From Go To/Quey” radio buttons control the buses displayed in the
Evaluation Table. The “All” selection will display all buses in the project. The “From Go
To/Query” option will display buses that meet user-defined Query criteria or were selected
on the one-line before using the Go-To-Arc Flash option.
 95

Other Features available on the ArcFlash pull-down menu include:

Unlink with Fault Study You can highlight a bus or multiple buses from the Arc Flash
table and select the Unlink with Fault Study option to allow you to enter user-defined
values for bolted fault current. Remember to re-link the rows if you want fault currents to
be updated from the project database.

Unlink with TCC You can highlight a bus or multiple buses from the Arc Flash table and
select the Unlink with TCC option to allow you to enter user-defined Trip Times for the
protective device. Remember to re-link the rows if you want the trip times to be updated
from the project database.

Global Change You can highlight column or a group of fields in a column and select the
Global Change option to change all selected entries to a new value. A sample use is to
change the working distance from one value to another for a group of buses. Note that
white fields are editable and cyan/blue fields are linked or calculated fields that are not
editable.

Font, Page Margin You can change font, page margin, and page number display for
printing. You can also print or preview the results.

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Important Concepts: No Protective Device To Clear the Fault

You may wonder why is there no protective device bolted fault or arcing fault current
reported for protective “BUS-001” of the Arc Flash Evaluation table in the Tutorial
project. From the one-line, you can see fuse “PD-001” is connected to this bus, why didn’t
any fault current show up?

Careful inspection of the fault study result from the following picture shows that for a fault
at BUS-001, the bus fault current is 8367 Amps, but the current from the down stream
branch through fuse PD-0001is zero. All of the contribution therefore comes from the
Utility. Since there are no protective devices specified between the utility and the bus, the
fault can’t be cleared. The PPE requirement is listed with the (*2) indicates that the
Cleared Fault Threshold percent specified in the Study Setup was not reached.

Note that where a protective device is not found or where the trip time is longer than a few
seconds that additional review may be required to account for how much energy is released
before the worker can move to a safer distance. For example, you may want to check the
energy generated over the first few seconds to see if the worker would be capable of
moving out of the way, or if most of the damage is already done. This check can be done
by setting the maximum trip time to 2 seconds.
 97

Important Concepts: Affect of Trip Time

To demonstrate the effects of trip time, change the Short Time Delay (STD) setting for
breaker PD-0003 from 0.1 to 0.32 seconds. This can be done in the Component Editor or
from the TCC drawing you created in Section 3 as shown:

Note that when this change was made, the Arc Flash calculation was updated to reflect the
new trip time for an arcing fault at Bus-0003. The trip time changed from 0.158 seconds to
0.494 seconds, the flash boundary increased from 25 inches to 51 inches, and the incident
energy increased from 2.11 cal/cm2 to 6.6 cal/cm2. The higher energy results in a clothing
class change from 1 to 2.

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Important Concept: Accumulated Energy from Multiple
Contributions
The concept of accumulated energy is based on conditions where parallel contributions
feed a single fault location. Referring to the following diagram, a fault at MCC1 Bus is
fed from three parallel contributions (Utility, Generator, Motor). Each contribution will
trip at a different time and the worker will be exposed to a varying amount of energy as
each branch trips.

U1 G1

Utility Fuse Generator Fuse

Trips in 0.07 Sec Trips in 0.5 Sec.

(14kA Arcing Fault) (6kA Arcing Fault)

LVB1 LVB2

C1 C2

MCC1 Bus

LVB3

Fault Trips in 39 Seconds

Location (0.9 kA Arcing Fault)
C3

Motor Contribution
Decays within first
6 cycles
M1

For this example, the worker is exposed to all three contributions for the first 0.07 seconds,
the motor and generator for the next 0.03 seconds, and the generator contribution for
another 0.4 sec.
 99

The Arc Flash study reports the accumulated energy from all three contributions. If the
Utility had been the only significant contribution, the energy would have been accumulated
only for the first 0.07 seconds, the time when the utility contribution was cleared. In this
case, the utility is 67% of the total and the generator contribution was 28% of the total.
Therefore both the utility and generator were both determined to be significant
contributions as defined by the 80% “Cleared Fault Threshold” percentage specified. Both
the Utility and the Generator must trip before the 80% Cleared Fault Threshold is reached.

Important Concept: Detail View versus Summary View

The detail view in the arc flash report lists all parallel contributions and the accumulated
energy as each contribution is cleared. The summary view lists only the last branch that
clears the significant contribution as defined by the “Cleared Fault Threshold” percentage
specified. In the following example, 3 parallel branches contribute current to the fault.

UTIL

R-Util

GEN

TX1
R-Gen

Arcing Fault Arcing Fault

7.76 kA 2.24 kA

Gen-Bus

R-M1
Arcing Fault
0.67 kA
C1

M1

The Detail View for the bus report lists all 3 contributions, the trip time for each branch,
and the cumulative energy when each branch clears. For this example, the Utility
Contribution clears in 0.23 seconds, the Generator Contribution clears in 1.12 seconds, and
the Synchronous Motor clears in 8.21 seconds (assuming no AC decay), but displays the 2
second maximum time specified in the study setup. When the Utility branch clears, the
incident energy is 2.84 cal/cm2 (Class 1). When the Generator Branch clears 0.89 seconds
later, the accumulated energy is 5.54 cal/cm2 (Class 2).

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The Utility contribution is 73% and the generator is 21% of the total arcing fault current at
Gen-Bus. With the Cleared Fault Threshold option set to 80%, the Summary display and
Labels will report the energy accumulated up to the time when at least 80% of the total
fault current is cleared. This occurs when the Generator contribution is cleared. The
Summary View lists only the generator branch since when the generator trips, 94% of the
fault current has cleared.

Important Concept: Minimum and Maximum Faults

It’s important to consider both minimum and maximum fault conditions when performing
arc flash calculations. The reason why both are important is illustrated below:

CURRENT IN AMPERES

1000

100
Panel Main
Arcing
Fault
Current
based on
Minimum
TIME IN SECONDS

Fault
10
Arcing
Fault
Current
Trip time of based on
Maximum
1.05 seconds Fault
1 for Minimum
Fault

Trip time of
0.10
0.07 seconds
for Maximum
Fault

0.01
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10K

[Link] Ref. Voltage: 480 Current Scale x10^0 [Link]

Notice on the TCC drawing that for a maximum arcing fault the trip time remains in the
instantaneous trip region (0.07 seconds). Using a smaller minimum fault current and lower
 101

pre-fault voltage results in a lower fault current that takes slightly more than one second to
trip (1.05 seconds). Using the maximum fault current, the incident energy is 1.22 J/cm2
resulting in a Class 0 FR Clothing Class. Using the minimum fault current, the incident
energy is 11.9 J/cm2 resulting in a Class 1 FR Clothing Class. For this case, the lower
fault current results in a longer trip time producing higher incident energy exposure to the
worker. Making conservative assumptions regarding both the minimum and maximum
fault currents will provide higher certainty in specifying the proper clothing class and
selecting conservative protective device settings.

Important Concept: Relationship Between 3-Phase Fault and Arcing

Fault

The equations used to calculate the magnitude of an arcing fault are relative to the
available 3-phase bolted fault current. Single-line to ground and line-to-line faults are not
directly considered when calculating arcing fault or incident energy. While it’s recognized
that many arcing faults are initiated by a line to ground fault, the arc flash equations in the
IEEE 1584 standard are relative to the available bolted-3-phase fault current for the
following reasons:

a) 3-phase faults give the highest possible short circuit energy in AC equipment.
b) Arcing faults that begin as line-to-line or line-to-ground faults quickly escalate into 3-
phase faults as the air ionizes across the phases. The high-speed video photography of
arc flash tests show the arc rotating between the phases and the metal box. The tests
were performed on grounded and ungrounded systems and the arc fault equation
includes a grounded/ungrounded variable.

PTW will ignore ground fault devices. When using multi-function devices, make sure that
the first function is defined as “Phase”. If a separate relay component is used as a ground
fault device, make sure that the function name is set to “Ground” or “Earth”. Relays with
the function name set to Ground or Earth will be ignored in the Arc Flash calculations.

Important Assumptions:

- Arc Flash searches the entire system topology, starting from the faulted bus out, to
find the first protective device with an over-current trip curve. When the first
device is located, the search is discontinued (i.e. assumes coordination with
upstream branches). The next upstream protective device may be included in the
search by selecting the “Check upstream devices for mis-coordination” option. If

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 there are multiple contributions to the faulted bus, the search process will be
repeated until each contribution is cleared by it’s protective device, or the search
reaches the end of the topology. Protection functions with a name of “Ground”,
“Earth”, or “AF_EX” will be excluded from the protective device search and the
next upstream device is used instead. Upstream refers to the flow of power from
the primary sources of power to the faulted location from the perspective of
standing at the fault location.

- The trip time is determined for all protective devices located in the branch that
contains the first trip device and the device with the fastest trip time for the given
arcing fault current is used.

- Worker is stationary during the entire arc flash incident (constant working
distance).

- Induction motors contribute continuous sub-transient current until removed at

user specified time ‘x’, unless they are specifically excluded from the arc flash
study.

- When applying generic current-limiting fuse representation, the current-limiting

range is assumed to start where fuse clearing curve drops below 0.01 sec.

- When applying generic current-limiting fuse representation, fuses operating in the

current limiting range are assumed to clear in ½ cycle for currents 1 to 2 times the
current where the current-limiting range begins, and ¼ cycle for currents higher
than 2 times the current where the current-limiting range begins.

- Interrupting device is rated for the available short circuit current (no equipment
damage is considered).

- Upstream branch devices are properly coordinated with downstream branch

devices. The next upstream protective device may be included in the search by
selecting the “Check upstream devices for mis-coordination” option. The device
that clears the arcing fault fastest is used.

- Ground fault and motor over load devices are not included.

- For multi-function protective devices, only the first function is used to determine
the trip time.

- Reports only the larger incident energy based on low or high tolerances applied to
the calculated arcing fault current.

- When the total fault current cleared is less than the threshold percent specified in
the study setup, or no protective device is found, the bus is labeled as Dangerous
and the incident energy and flash boundary are not reported.

- If the trip time obtained from the time current curve is larger than the maximum
protection trip time defined in the study setup, the maximum protection trip time
is used.

This completes the Arc Flash section of the Tutorial

 103

Part 6 - Motor Starting Analysis

Make sure that you completed Tutorial - Part 1 successfully before beginning this section.

This section demonstrates how to simulate motor starting effects. We will look at a
simplified “snap-shot” impact motor start study using the load flow study module and a
more detailed time-based simulation using TMS. If you have not completed the CAPTOR
protective coordination tutorial, your one-line will not display the protective device
symbols. The protective devices are not required for this part of the tutorial.

1. To begin the motor starting calculations, we need to add a motor to our base tutorial
project. Although we can connect multiple components to a bus-node, it’s easier to
work with a regular bus. To change the bus-node between cable CBL-0001 and load
LOAD-0001, select the node by clicking on it or by drawing a selection box around it
as shown in Fig. 99

Fig. 99. Select Bus-Node to convert to Bus.

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When the Bus-Node is selected, use the One-Line>Convert to Bus menu option to convert
the bus-node to a bus. The bus name is BUS-0004 and will be displayed automatically.

2. Stretch BUS-0004 by positioning the cursor just past the right edge of the bus until the
cursor changes to a Left and Right arrow. When you have the correct cursor
displayed, hold down your left mouse button and drag the cursor to the right. This
will extend the bus. Next select the New Induction Motor icon and attach the new
motor to BUS-0004 as shown in Fig. 100.
 105

Fig. 100. Add Induction Motor MTRI-0001 to BUS-0004.

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2. Double-click on the symbol for motor, MTRI-0001 to display the motor data in the
Component Editor. Enter 100 hp for the rated size, as shown in Fig. 101

Fig. 101. Specify Induction Motor Rated Size in Component Editor

3. Now that we have added a 100 HP motor, we need to re-run the load flow analysis to
evaluate the steady-state current, power and operating voltage. Select the
Run>Balanced System Studies menu item.

Fig. 102. Run Balanced System Studies Option

 107

4. Check the Load Flow study option (uncheck other studies) and click on the Run
button. Under normal circumstances, when adding a motor you should re-run the
demand load analysis and sizing study to evaluate the cable and transformer sizes and
re-run the short circuit and equipment evaluation modules to determine the impact on
equipment ratings. However for this example we will focus only on motor starting.

Fig. 103. Run Load Flow Study.

5. Check the Study Messages Window to make sure there are no errors and close the
Dialog Window.

Fig. 104. Review Study Messages Window.

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6. We’ve already looked at several ways to view output results and for this exercise we
will display results on the one-line with a datablock. Select the Run>Datablock
Format option as shown in Fig. 105. The One-line must be in the active Window to
display the datablock.

Fig. 105. Run the Datablock Format Selection Option

7. Select the Load Flow Power Data format and click the Apply button followed by the
Close button as shown in Fig. 106.

Fig. 106. Select Load Flow Power Data datablock format.

 109

8. The power flows and voltage drops from the steady-state load flow study will be
displayed on the One-line as shown in Fig. 107. Notice that the voltage drop at BUS-
0004 is just over 4%. Next we will switch the motor to a “snap-shot” starting
condition and compare the voltage drop. The number of decimal places shown can be
controlled in the datablock format, so don’t be concerned if your display shows more
or less decimal places than the data shown in Fig. 107.

Fig. 107. Display Steady-State Load Flow Results

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9. Double-click on motor MTRI-0001 to view it in the Component Editor. Change the
Status from Running to Starting as shown in Fig. 108.

Fig. 108. Change motor status from Running to Starting in Component Editor.

10. Re-run the steady-state load flow solution by selecting the Run>Balanced System
Studies option.

Fig. 109. Select Run>Analysis Option

 111

11. Check the Load Flow option and click on the Run button as shown in Fig. 110.

Fig. 110. Run Load Flow Study

12. Review and Close the Study Messages dialog window shown in Fig. 111. Notice that
the voltage drop at BUS-0004 is now approximately 13.6% representing the initial
voltage drop when the motor starts. This is compared to a 4% voltage drop when the
motor is running. Switching the motor from Running to Starting instructed the load
flow to use the Fault Contribution Xd” and X/R to calculate an equivalent starting
current and Power Factor. The model was also switched automatically from Constant
kVA to Constant Impedance to better represent the motor starting characteristics.

Fig. 111. Review and Close Study Messages Window.

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13. To prepare a more detailed motor starting simulation we need to provide additional
information about the motor and load characteristics. Double-click on motor MTRI-
0001 to display it in the Component Editor. Switch the Status from Starting back to
Running, since this only affects the load flow study. Move down to the Transient
Motor Starting Subview, click on the library button and select the Typical Graphical
Motor model as shown in Fig. 112.

Fig. 112. Select Motor Model from TMS Library

 113

14. Select the 100 HP 1800 RPM Fan load from the Exponential Load Model library as
shown in Fig. 113. Close the library window to continue.

Fig. 113. Select Load Model from TMS Library.

15. Different starter types can be selected in the Model field. You may notice there are
three entries for Full Voltage. All of the Full Voltage selections are treated the same
in TMS but result in slightly different plots on the CAPTOR protective coordination
drawings. For this example we will leave the selection on Full Voltage start.

Fig. 114. Select Full Voltage Motor Controller Option.

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16. Select the Run>Transient Motor Starting (TMS) Option as shown in Fig. 115.

Fig. 115. Run Transient Motor Starting Setup

17. The TMS – Select Components window will appear. This Window allows you to
select the motors that will be modeled dynamically and which motors and buses will
be selected to store study results.

Fig. 116. Select Components to Store TMS data.

18. Double-click on motor MTRI-0001 in the available motors list and it will be
transferred to the Selected Motors list as shown in Fig. 117.
 115

Fig. 117. Select Motors to Model Dynamically and Store TMS Results.

19. Choose the Bus Tab on the TMS – Select Components window and select the busses
where you want to store voltage plots from the simulation. For our example transfer
all of the busses to the Selected Busses list by double-clicking on each one or by using
the transfer button >>. When finished selecting the buses, click on the Close button.

Fig. 118. Select Buses to store TMS results.

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 20. The TMS – Data Channel View Window should now be shown. A default Study
folder and Case1 setup should appear. Different cases can be used for different
starting scenarios such as full voltage or reduced voltage starts, different sequence of
motors to be started, etc. Before proceeding, select the plot channels to be saved for
Case1 during the TMS study. By default several common plot channels are selected.
Select the remaining plot options as shown in Fig. 119.

Fig. 119. Select plot options for Case1

21. Double-click on motor MTRI-0001 and the TMS – Dynamic Events window will
appear as shown in Fig. 120. Each motor represented dynamically in TMS can be
assigned its own initial status and starting or tripping event. For this example, verify
the initial status is “Off Line”, enter 1.0 for the Event Time (in seconds), select the
Start Motor radial button under Time Dependent Event, and press the Create Event
button. Close the Dynamic Events window to continue.

3
2
4

Fig. 120. Specify Event to Start Motor MTRI-0001 at 1.0 Second.

 117

22. You should now have one event showing for Case1 in the TMS – Study Case View
windows as shown in Fig. 121. Click on the Run button at the bottom of the window
to run the TMS study.

Fig. 121. Select the Run button to run the TMS study.

23. Select the Run button on the TMS Study dialog window, accepting the default report
name and setup options.

Fig. 122. Select the Run button to accept the Report Name and Setup Options.

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24. Review the Study Messages to verify that there are no errors. If errors exist you may
need to review the steps used to assign the motor and load models or to define the
event. When successful, select the Close button and proceed with the tutorial.

Fig. 123. Review and close Study Messages Dialog

25. Select the Plot button at the bottom of the TMS – Study-Case View Windows and
click New on the TMS – Plot dialog as shown in Fig. 124.

Fig. 124. Start a new Plot.

 119

26. Select the Motor Speed plot for motor MTRI-0001 and the Bus Voltage plot for BUS-
0001 as shown in Fig. 125.

Fig. 125. Plot Motor Speed and Bus Voltage

27. A real handy function to compare different conditions is to copy the case, make minor
changes and run the new case. For this example we will make a new Case to start the
motor on an infinite bus by ignoring the cable and transformer impedance. To begin
the process, change the name of Case1 to Full Voltage as shown in Fig. 126. This can
be accomplished by clicking on the name twice (slowly), or using the Case>Rename
menu option.

Fig. 126. Change the Name of Case1 to Full Voltage.

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28. With the Full Voltage Case selected, click on your right mouse button and select the
Copy function as shown in Fig. 127

Fig. 127. Copy Case “Full Voltage”.

29. Click on the Study Folder, Study1 first with the left mouse button then with the right
mouse button, and select the Paste option as shown in Fig. 128.

Fig. 128. Paste Copy of Case into Study Folder.

 121

30. Rename the new Case to 1PU Voltage Test to differentiate it from the Full Voltage
case that included the voltage drop through the cable and transformer feeding the
motor. With the 1 PU Voltage Test Case selected, click on the Run button. TMS will
run the case that is selected.

Fig. 129. Change the name of the New Case and Select the Run Button.

31. Select the Setup Button on the TMS – Study dialog as shown in Fig. 130.

Fig. 130. Select Setup Button.

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32. Change the Solution Method option to Ignore Network Effect. This will ignore all of
the system impedance and place a constant voltage infinite source at the motor bus.
This allows you to compare motor data with the manufacturer data, normally provided
at full rated voltage. Press the OK button to continue.

Fig. 131. Choose the Ignore Network Effect Option.

33. Select the Run Button on the TMS Study dialog to Run the TMS study. When the
study is complete, review the Study Messages dialog to make sure there are no errors.
If there are errors, review the previous steps related to input and setup. Close the
Study Messages dialog to view the results.

Fig. 132. Review Study Messages Dialog.

 123

34. With the “1 PU Voltage Test “ Case selected, select the Motor Speed plot option and
notice that it starts more quickly than the first case where system voltage drop was
included. Without system impedance the motor starts in about 5.5 seconds whereas
with the system impedance and resulting voltage drop it starts in about 8.5 seconds.
Select the Stator Current Plot Option, Select the Full Voltage Case and de-select the
Bus Voltage plot option. You should see a plot that resembles Fig. 133. To remove
the dark background for printing, select the Plot>Viewing
Style>Monochrome+Symbol menu item. There are many features under the Plot
menu where you can customize the display options and save your default
configuration.

Fig. 133. Compare Results from two different Cases.

This completes the Transient Motor Starting tutorial. For more information on selecting
different starter types or adding new motor and load models to the library, refer to the TMS
Reference Guide on the PTW CD.

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 125

Part 7 - Harmonic Analysis (HI_WAVE)

Make sure that you completed Tutorial - Part 1 successfully before beginning this section.

This section demonstrates how to simulate harmonic content and distortion within the
power system.

Before we begin the Harmonic analysis simulation, we need to make sure your tutor1
project is in the correct state. If you have not completed the CAPTOR protective
coordination tutorial, your one-line will not display the protective device symbols. The
protective devices are not required for this tutorial. If you have not completed the
Transient Motor Starting (TMS) tutorial, follow the first two steps in the TMS section to
add a 100 HP Induction motor to your one-line.

To begin our Harmonic Analysis simulation, we first need to assign a harmonic source
profile to motors or loads. For our example we will add the harmonic source profile to
motor MTRI-0001 as if we were evaluating the impact of using a variable-speed drive.

1. From the one-line, double-click on motor MTRI-0001 so that it appears in the

Component Editor as shown in Fig. 134. Verify that the motor status is Running.

Fig. 134. Select Motor MTRI-0001 in Component Editor.

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 2. Choose the Harmonic Source Subview and click on the Library button as shown in
Fig. 135.

1 2

Fig. 135. Select Motor Harmonic Source Subview and Click Library Button

3. Select the Typical 6 Pulse IGBT harmonic source model and click on the Apply
button. This model defines the harmonic content for MTRI-0001 used in the harmonic
analysis. The selected library model should appear in the Component Editor as shown
in Fig. 136. Close the Select Model window to continue.

1
2

3
Fig. 136. Select Typical 6 Pulse IGBT Harmonic Source Model
 127

4. Select the Run>Harmonic Analysis (HIWAVE) menu item as shown in Fig. 137.

Fig. 137. Select Run>Harmonic Analysis (HIWAVE) Function

5. The Select Components dialog window will appear. This dialog is used to select the
Buses where you want to store harmonic voltage distortion results; and branches
where you want to store harmonic current distortion results.

Fig. 138. Select Components window

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6. For our small example we will select all of the buses, so double-click on each bus or
select the buses and use the [>>] transfer button. The buses should move from the
Available Buses to the Selected Buses list as shown in Fig. 139

Fig. 139. Select the Buses to Store Voltage Distortion Results.

 129

7. Follow the same process for the Branches. Since this is a small project, select all of
the branches as shown in Fig. 140. When selections are complete, click OK.

Fig. 140. Select Branches to store Current Distortion Results

8. The HIWAVE Study-Case-Plot Window will appear with the selected buses and
branches listed under Case1. With Case1 selected, click on the Run button at the
bottom of the Window. This will run the harmonic analysis for the current system and
store the results in Case1.

Fig. 141. HI_WAVE Study – Case View Window

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9. The HIWAVE Study setup dialog window will appear where you can specify report
names and select different study options. For this example, select the default settings
and click on the Run button.

Fig. 142. HIWAVE Study Setup Dialog.

10. Review the Study Messages Window to confirm there are no fatal errors. If errors
exist, review the previous steps to help identify what you may have missed. To
continue, close the Study Messages Window by clicking on the Close button.

Fig. 143. Study Messages Window.

 131

11. After the study runs and results are stored in Case1, each bus and branch listed under
Case1 will have a check box. DoubleClick on the check box for transformer XF2-
0002 and cable CBL-0001 and the distortion plot will appear as shown in Fig. 144.
Notice that the current through cable CBL-0001 is shifted with respect to the current
through transformer XF2-0002. This is caused by the 30 degree phase shift of the
Delta-Wye transformer connection.

Fig. 144. Current Distortion for cable CBL-0001 and transformer XF2-0002.

12. Next we will make another case to compare results for the system with and without a
capacitor. Click on Case1 first with the left mouse button, then with the right mouse
button. Select the Copy function in the pop-up menu as shown in Fig. 145.

Fig. 145. Copy Case1

13. Click on the Study folder first with the left mouse button and then with the right
mouse button. Select the Paste option in the pop-up menu as shown in Fig. 146.

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Fig. 146. Paste copy of Case1 in to Study folder.

14. Return to the one-line diagram. Stretch BUS-0002 by positioning the cursor just past
the right edge of the bus. Move the cursor until it changes to a Left and Right arrow
(re-size cursor). When you have the re-size cursor displayed, hold down your left
mouse button and drag the cursor to the right. This will extend the bus. Next, select a
new capacitor symbol from the toolbar and attach it to BUS-0002 as shown in Fig.
147. If you cannot locate the capacitor symbol, make sure the Filter toolbar is enabled
on the View>Toolbars menu.

Fig. 147. Add Capacitor to BUS-0002

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15. After you have attached the capacitor to BUS-0002, double click on the capacitor
symbol to recall the Component Editor. From the Component Editor, click on the
Filter Design button as shown in Fig. 148.

Fig. 148. Select Filter Design Button to Size Capacitor

16. Enter 100 kVAR in the Capacitor Bank Design window and click on OK. This will
convert the capacitor kVAR entry into micro-farads on the Filter subview.

Fig. 149. Specify 100 kVAR Capacitor in Design Window.

17. Return to HIWAVE Study Screen. If you closed the window previously, use the
Run>Harmonic Analysis (HIWAVE) menu option to recall the HIWAVE screen.

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 Select Case2 as shown in Fig. 150 and press the Run button. It’s OK if results from
Case1 are still shown in the graph.

2 Fig. 150. Select Case2 in HIWAVE Study-Case View

18. In practice, you may want to change the report name to match the case description,
however for this sample accept the default report names and press the Run button to
run the simulation for Case2.

Fig. 151. Run Harmonic Simulation for Case2.

19. Review the Study Messages dialog to make sure there are no errors and press the close
button to continue.
 135

Fig. 152. Review Study Messages Dialog.

20. Select BUS-0002 from Case1 and from Case2 to compare the two cases. Notice that
the 13th harmonic is much more pronounced in Case2 than it is in Case1. This is
caused by the capacitor that was added in Case2. Deselect any other components that
may be displayed so that only BUS-0002 in Case1 and BUS-0002 in Case2 are shown.

Fig. 153. Compare Results from Different Cases.

21. Click your left mouse in the bottom plot window and click on the Graph button until
the Scan Magnitude plot appears. Re-size the windows to enlarge the Scan Magnitude

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 plot. Notice that the impedance for Case2 is very large at the 13th harmonic, which
acts to amplify the 13th harmonic currents present in the system.

2 1

Fig. 154. Frequency Scan Plot Comparison for BUS-0002.

22. As the final exercise we will change the capacitor to a single-tuned filter. Return to
the Component Editor and select the capacitor FLTR-0001. Change the Type field
from Capacitor Bank to Single Tuned Filter as shown in Fig. 155

Fig. 155. Change Capacitor FLTR-0001 to Single Tuned Filter.

 137

23. Click on the Filter Design button and change the Harmonic Order to Tune to 4.8. It is
common to tune the filters to a value just below the most dominant frequency.
Although our system has a resonance at the 13th harmonic, our 6-pluse harmonic
source has predominantly 5th and 7th harmonics. After entering 4.8 in the harmonic
order, click the OK button.

Fig. 156. Tune to 4.8 harmonic order.

24. Return to the HIWAVE Study Window, Copy Case2 and Paste the copy into folder
Study1. The copy/paste function will create a new case called Case3. If you need
help, refer back to steps 12 and 13. Select Case3 as shown in Fig. 157, and click on
the Run button. Click Run on the HIWAVE Study Setup screen and close the Study
Messages Window after the study is complete.

Fig. 157. Run Case3.

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25. Select BUS-0002 from Case1 and Case3 and uncheck any other selections. The filter
reduces the impedance at the 5th harmonic to near zero and the remaining impedance
values are less than the original case without the capacitor. The resonance condition
from the capacitor is eliminated by creating the filter.

Fig. 158. Frequency Scan Plot Comparing Case1 and Case3.

26. Results from the harmonic simulation can also be displayed on the one-line diagram
using the datablock feature. Navigate back to the One-line diagram and select the
Run>Datablock Format menu item as shown in Fig. 159.

Fig. 159. Run the Datablock Format Display Option

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27. Select the Harmonics Datablock Format as shown in Fig. 160, click on the Apply
button to apply the datablock and click on the Close button to continue.

Fig. 160. Select Harmonics Datablock Format

28. The results from the last harmonic simulation will be displayed and your screen should
be similar to the one shown in Fig. 161.

Fig. 161. One-line with Harmonics Datablock.

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29. The harmonic simulation also generates detailed reports that can be viewed and
printed. To view the report, select the Document>Report menu item as shown in Fig.
162.

Fig. 162. Recall Harmonic Report.

30. In the Open dialog window, select the [Link] file, which was the default report
name specified when we ran the HIWAVE simulation, and press the Open button.

Fig. 163. Open HIWAVE Report

 141

31. The report will display the total voltage and current distortion throughout the system
in different levels of detail. The total voltage distortion summary format is shown in
Fig. 164.

Fig. 164. Summary Report for Voltage Distortion.

This completes the tutorial for the Harmonic Analysis module, HIWAVE. For a
discussion on the HIWAVE program and how to add new harmonic sources to the library,
refer to the HIWAVE reference manual on the CD.

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 143

Part 8 - Transient Stability (I*SIM)

Make sure that you completed Tutorial - Part 1 successfully before beginning this section.

This section demonstrates how to use the I*SIM transient stability module. The primary
focus of transient stability is to evaluate the performance and stability of local generation
under changing loads, operating configurations, and other system disturbances.

Before we begin the Transient Stability simulation, we need to make sure your tutor1
project is in the correct state. If you have not completed the CAPTOR protective
coordination tutorial, your one-line will not display the protective device symbols. The
protective devices are not required for this tutorial. If you have not completed the
Transient Motor Starting (TMS) or HIWAVE tutorial, follow the first two steps in the
TMS tutorial section to add a 100 HP Induction motor to your one-line.
If you already completed the HIWAVE harmonic analysis tutorial, you will first need to
delete the filter/capacitor FLTR-0001 by following steps 1 – 2. If you have not run the
HIWAVE harmonic analysis tutorial, you can skip to step 3.

1. Navigate to the One-line and select the filter/capacitor FLTR-0001. Use the
Component>Destroy menu item as shown in Fig. 165, to delete the component from
the project database.

Fig. 165. Destroy (Delete) Filter/Capacitor FLTR-0001 added in HIWAVE Tutorial

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2. Click on the OK button to confirm the component Destroy (Delete) function.

Fig. 166. OK to Confirm Component Delete Command.

3. Stretch BUS-0002 to make room to add a generator by positioning the cursor just past
the right edge of the bus. Move the cursor until it changes to a Left and Right arrow
(re-size cursor). When you have the re-size cursor displayed, hold down your left
mouse button and drag the cursor to the right. This will extend the bus. Next, select
the New Generator icon and attach the generator to BUS-0002 as shown in Fig. 167.

Fig. 167. Add New Generator to BUS-0002.

 145

4. Double-click on the generator GEN-0001 symbol to display the generator in the

Component Editor. Enter a Rated Size of 1000 kVA as shown in Fig. 168.

Fig. 168. Enter 1000 kVA for the Generator Rated Size.

5. Change the Generator Schedule to PQ and enter 40 kW and 30 kVAR as shown in Fig.
169. For the transient simulation, the kW and kVAR entries are only initial
conditions. The actual generator performance will be controlled by detailed models of
the generator, governor and exciter.

1
2
3

Fig. 169. Specify generator initial conditions.

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6. Select the Run>Industrial Simulation (ISIM) menu item as shown in Fig. 170.

Fig. 170. Run Industrial Simulation (ISIM) Setup

7. The first time into ISIM, the Select Component Window will automatically appear. If
it does not appear use the Case>Select Components menu item until the Select
Components window shown in Fig. 171 appears.

Fig. 171. Select Components for I*SIM

 147

8. Select Gen-0001 and UTIL-0001 and transfer them from the Available Sources
column to the Selected Sources column. You can transfer them by double-clicking on
each, or by selecting them and using the [>>] transfer button.

Fig. 172. Select GEN-0001 and UTIL-0001.

9. Select the Motor tab and transfer Motor MTRI-0001 to the Selected Motors column as
shown in Fig. 173. This identified that we will be assigning a dynamic model to this
motor rather than representing the motor as a constant load in the simulation.

Fig. 173. Select Motor MTRI-0001.

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10. Select the Bus tab and transfer BUS-0001, BUS-0002, BUS-0003 and BUS-0004 to
the Selected Buses column as shown in Fig. 174. In a larger system you select only
the buses where you want to store and display bus voltage and frequency.

Fig. 174. Select Buses to Report and Store Simulation Results.

11. Select the Branch tab and transfer all of the cables and transformers to the Selected
Branches column as shown in Fig. 175. In a larger system, select only the branches
where you want to report and store current and power flows during the simulation.

Fig. 175. Select branches for reporting.

 149

12. When finished selecting components, close the Select Components window by
clicking on the Close button. The ISIM Study-Case View menu will appear as shown
in Fig. 176. This is primary ISIM interface where we will assign dynamic models and
events and display the simulation results.

Fig. 176. ISIM Study-Case View.

13. Double-click on Generator GEN-0001 from the Case1 list. The Source Model Setup &
Dynamic Events windows will appear as shown in Fig. 177. Click on the Library
button to select the machine, exciter and governor models for this generator.

Fig. 177. Open Generator Model Setup and Event window.

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 14. Select the Round Rotor Gas Turbine model and click on the Apply button as shown in
Fig. 178.

3 Fig. 178. Apply the Round Rotor Gas Turbine Unit model

15. Click on the Exciter Model and Apply the 1979 IEEE Type 1 Exciter as shown in Fig.
179.

3 Fig. 179. Apply the 1979 IEEE Type 1 Exciter

16. Select the Turbine Governor Model and Apply the General Use entry as shown in Fig.
180. After applying the Governor Model, close the selection window by clicking on
the Close button.

3 Fig. 180. Apply General Use Governor Model.

 151

17. The three library selections you made should now appear on the ISIM Source Model
Setup Window. Click on the OK button to continue.

Fig. 181. Review Library Selections for Generator GEN-0001.

18. Double-click on Utility UTIL-0001 from Case1 to assign a dynamic model and click
on the Library button as shown in Fig. 182.

Fig. 182. Select Library Model for Utility UTIL-0001.

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19. A Utility can be represented as a large generator or as an infinite bus. For this
simulation select the Infinite Machine entry which is based on the Infinite Bus model.
When using an infinite bus model, you do not need an exciter or governor. After
applying the Infinite Machine selection, press the Close button to continue.

Fig. 183. Apply Infinite Machine Selection to Utility UTIL-0001.

20. Verify that the Infinite Machine selection is displayed as the Machine Model for
UTIL-0001 as shown in Fig. 184. Press the OK button to continue.

Fig. 184. Verify Machine Model Selection for UTIL-0001.

 153

21. For the motor in this tutorial, we are going to create a custom model. Select the
Document>Library menu item as shown in Fig. 185.

Fig. 185. Open PTW Library Document to Create Custom Motor Model.

22. Open the [Link] file stored in the \PTW32\LIB folder by selecting it from the list,
then click on the Open button as shown in Fig. 186.

Fig. 186. Open [Link] library file.

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23. Select the ISIM Library category and click on the + symbol to expand the list.

Fig. 187. Select ISIM Library

24. Select the Induction Motor Model category from the ISIM Library list as shown in
Fig. 188.

Fig. 188. Select Induction Motor Model Category.

 155

25. Click your right mouse button on the right half of the Library window and select the
New option from the pop-up menu shown in Fig. 189.

Fig. 189. Select New from Right-Mouse pop-up menu.

26. Select the Double Cage flux level induction motor model and press OK to continue.

Fig. 190. Select Double Cage Flux Level Induction Motor model.

27. A new model with a default name and typical values will appear as shown in Fig. 191.
Select the Motor Parameter Estimation button to calculate custom parameters.

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Fig. 191. Select the Motor Parameter Estimation button.

28. Enter the desired values for motor current, torque and power factor as shown in Fig.
192 and press the Calculate button. This estimating tool generates motor model
parameters, and calculates current, torque and power factor values from the model.
Weighting factors can be used to help match the desired values. For our example, the
estimated model is sufficient without adjusting the weighting factors. Verify that your
Actual values are similar to those shown in Fig. 192 and press OK to continue.

Fig. 192. Use the Parameter Estimation to Generate a Custom Motor Model.
 157

29. Change the name for your model to 100 HP Motor as shown in Fig. 193.

Fig. 193. Change the name for your custom motor model.

30. Change the Inertia constant for your motor to 3.0, the Load damping factor 2.0, and
the Nominal Torque to –0.9 as shown in Fig. 194. The load damping factor controls
the shape of the load torque curve, the Inertia constant defines the inertia of the motor
and the load, and the nominal torque defines the rated load torque. For more details,
refer to the on-line help or ISIM reference manual. Close the window to continue.

Fig. 194. Change Inertia Constant, Load Damping Factor and Nominal Torque

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31. Close the library and return to the ISIM – Study-Case View. Double-click on motor
MTRI-0001 in Study1 to open the Model Setup dialog as shown in Fig. 195. Click on
the Library button to pick a motor model from the library.

Fig. 195. Open Model Setup Window for Motor MTRI-0001.

32. Select the 100 HP Motor model we added to the library and click on the Apply button.
Click on the Close button to continue.

Fig. 196. Apply 100 HP Motor model to MTRI-0001.

 159

33. Double-click on BUS-0001 in Case1 to open the Bus Model Setup & Dynamic Events
window. Click on the Apply Fault radial button and enter 0.1 seconds in the Event
Time field. Click on the Create Event button to save the event.

Fig. 197. Apply a Fault condition at BUS-0001.

34. Click on the Clear Fault radial button and enter 0.233 seconds in the Event Time field
to represent an 8-cycle fault at 60 Hz. Select the Create Event button to save the
event. Select the OK button to close the Setup window and continue.

1
2

Fig. 198. Add event to clear fault at 0.233 seconds.

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35. Double-click on UTIL-0001 in Case1 to open the Source Model Setup & Event
Window as shown in Fig. 199. Select the Trip Generator radial button and enter 0.233
seconds in the Event Time field. This will trip the Utility off-line when the fault is
cleared simulating isolation from the Utility under fault conditions. Press the Create
Event button to save the event. Press the OK button to continue.

5
2
4

Fig. 199. Add Event to Trip Utility at 0.233 Seconds.

36. Double-click on MTRI-0001 in Case1 to open the Model Setup and Event Window.
Click on the Off Line radial button under Initial Status. Click on the Start Motor
radial button and enter 5.0 seconds in the Event Time Window. This event will
simulate starting or re-starting the motor after losing the Utility. Press the Create
Event button to save the event. Press the OK button to continue.

2 3

5
4

Fig. 200. Set Event to Start Motor MTRI-0001 at 5 Seconds.

 161

37. Select Case1 and verify that the 4 events appear as shown in Fig. 201. Put checks in
the plot channels for GEN-0001 and UTIL-0001 as shown at the bottom of Fig. 201.
These selections represent the parameters that will be saved during the ISIM
simulation.

Fig. 201. Verify Event List and Specify Plot Variables to be Saved.

38. Select the Motor tab and add checks to the motor parameters as shown at the bottom of
Fig. 202.

Fig. 202. Select Motor Parameters to calculate and save.

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39. Select the Bus Tab and add checks to store the Bus Voltage and Bus Frequency for the
buses as shown in Fig. 203. Click the Run button to proceed with the simulation.

Fig. 203. Select Bus Parameters to calculate and save.

40. Change the Maximum Simulation Time to 15 Seconds as shown in Fig. 204. Click on
the Run button to begin the simulation.

Fig. 204. Set the Simulation Time and Run Simulation.

 163

41. It may require a minute or two for this simulation to finish as the calculations
represent approximately 1000 load flow solutions for every second of simulation time.
Review the Study Messages dialog to confirm there are no errors and close dialog to
continue.

Fig. 205. Review Study Messages.

42. Select the Graph button and check the GEN-0001 Speed Deviation option as shown in
Fig. 206

Fig. 206. Speed Deviation plot for GEN-0001.

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43. Select the Bus Tab and check the Bus Voltage field for BUS-0002 as shown in Fig.
207. You can see the voltage drop to near zero when the fault occurs, a voltage drop
when the motor starts and a transient over-voltage condition when the motor reaches
full speed.

Fig. 207. Add Bus Voltage for BUS-0002 to Plot.

You can define any number of graphs and plot any number of different variables on a
single plot. You can also compare plot results from different cases on a single plot. Refer
to the I*SIM Users guide and Reference manual on the PTW CD for additional
information.
 165

Part 9 - Single-Phase and

Unbalanced 3-Phase Studies
Make sure that you completed Tutorial - Part 1 successfully before beginning this section.
This section demonstrates how to perform single-phase and unbalanced three-phase
calculations.

Before we begin this section, you need to make sure your tutor1 project is in the correct
state. If you have not completed the CAPTOR protective coordination tutorial, your one-
line will not display the protective device symbols, which is OK. You should destroy any
extra components added specifically for the HI_WAVE or I*SIM portions of this tutorial.
Remember to use the Component>Destroy function rather than Component>Remove,
which simply hides components on the one-line and doesn’t delete them from the project
database. The system should contain only the following components:

Fig. 208. Base Project for Single-Phase and Unbalanced 3-Phase Module.

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To begin, we will run the unbalanced calculations on the balanced system for comparison.

1. Select the Run>Unbalanced/Single Phase Studies as shown in Fig. 209.

Fig. 209. Run the Unbalanced/Single Phase Studies.

2. Check the Demand Load (DL), Load Flow (LF), and Comprehensive Fault (SC)
study options, and click on the Run button.

Fig. 210. Run the Selected Studies

 167

3. Check for errors in the Study Dialog Output Window.

Fig. 211. Review the Output Windows for Errors and Warnings

4. From the One-line, select the Run>Datablock Format menu option as shown.

Fig. 212. Select Single-Phase Distribution Cable

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5. Select the UB_LF Current datablock option and click on the Apply button. Click
on the Close button to close the window.

Fig. 213. Apply the UB_LF Current Datablock

6. Results from the Unbalanced Load Flow study will be displayed. Since the
system is balanced, phase A, B and C are equal and match the results from the
balanced study.
 169

Fig. 214. Specify Cable as Phase A Only

7. To simulate an unbalanced condition, let’s assume that we lose one phase of cable
CBL-0001. The load remains constant but power from phase A is lost. Uncheck
Phase A for cable CBL-0001 as shown in Fig. 215.

Fig. 215. Uncheck Phase A for cable CBL-0001.

8. Select the Run>Unbalanced/Single Phase Studies menu to re-run the unbalanced

studies.

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9. Confirm that the Demand Load, Load Flow and Comprehensive Fault studies are
selected and click on the Run button.

Fig. 216. Run the Datablock Format Option

10. Check for errors in the Study Dialog Output Window.

 171

Fig. 217. Review the Output Windows for Errors and Warnings
11. With the one-line diagram active, select the Run>Datablock Format menu item.

Fig. 218. Run the Datablock Format Option

12. Select the UB_LF Current format then click on the Apply button followed by the
Close button. This will apply the selected datablock to the one-line and close the
selection window.

Fig. 219. Apply the Unbalanced Load Flow Current Datablock Format.

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13. The current in cable CBL-0001 is split between the remaining B and C phase
conductors. The currents upstream split through the Delta-Wye transformations and
are displayed as a complex magnitude and angle. Please note that no assumption is
made whether or not the motor or load will continue to operate under this condition.
As with a balanced load flow, the unbalanced load flow represents one instant in time
with loads represented as constant kVA, constant current or constant impedance.

Fig. 220. Phase Currents Displayed in Datablocks

 173

14. Similarly, sequence currents can be displayed. Select the Run>Datablock Format
menu item as shown.

Fig. 221. Run the Datablock Format Option

15. Select the UB Sequence Currents format then click on the Apply button followed
by the Close button. This will apply the selected datablock to the one-line and close
the selection window.

Fig. 222. Apply the Unbalanced Sequence Current Datablock Format.

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16. The positive, negative and zero sequence currents will be displayed as shown in
Fig. 223. Under balanced conditions, the negative and zero sequence currents will be
zero, however under this unbalanced condition negative sequence currents exist.
Knowing the possible negative sequence current under normal unbalanced operating
conditions, abnormal unbalanced conditions and unbalanced fault conditions are
needed to set negative sequence relays for proper coordination.

Fig. 223. Sequence Currents Displayed in Datablocks

 175

17. The Unbalanced/Single Phase studies can be used to simulate any combination of
single-phase, two-phase and three-phase distribution systems. In addition to
applications in Rural Utilities, City Distribution, and unbalanced industrial operating
conditions, it is useful for single phase distribution in commercial and light industrial
applications. For a simple example, we will expand the existing project to include a
single-phase transformer where we can evaluate the impact from the single-phase
loads and calculate the fault currents. Stretch BUS-0002 and add a transformer (XF2-
0003), bus (BUS-0005) and load (LOAD-0002) as shown.

Fig. 224. Add Transformer, Bus and Load to Project One-line.

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18. Double-click on transformer XF2-0003 from the one-line or scroll through the
component list in the Component Editor to edit the transformer data.

Fig. 225. Select Transformer XF2-0003 in the Component Editor

19. Click on the Library Button and select the Typical Pole Mount Single-phase
Transformer from the Transformer Library. Click on the Apply button to apply the
selection and the Close button to close the library window.

Fig. 226. Select the Single-phase Pole Mount Transformer from the Library
 177

20. Select the 100 kVA Size as shown.

Fig. 227. Select 100 kVA for the Nominal Size.

21. Select the Single Phase Mid Tap Option and enter the secondary transformer and
bus voltage as 240 Volts (L-L). This will provide 120 V L-N volts on the secondary.
The same mid-tap transformer can be used to provide 240 V L-L volts.

Fig. 228. Select Single Phase Mid Tap Option and enter 240 L-L Voltage.

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22. Double-click on load LOAD-0002 on the one-line, or click the “All” radial button
on the Component Editor and scroll down to LOAD-0002. Enter 100 Amps for the
Rated Size and uncheck Phase B and C (leaving only Phase A checked).

Fig. 229. Select Load LOAD-0002 and enter 100 Amps on Phase A.

23. Select the Run Unbalanced/Single Phase Studies menu item.

Fig. 230. Run the Unbalanced/Single Phase Studies.

 179

24. Select the Demand Load, Load Flow and Comprehensive Fault Options and click
the Run button.

Fig. 231. Select AB Phase Specification

25. Review the Output dialog window to make sure there are no fatal errors then
click the close button. If errors are reported, click the View Error button, correct the
errors and re-run the studies before continuing.

Fig. 232. Review the Output Messages for Errors.

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26. From the one-line diagram , select the Run>Datablock Format option to display
selected output results on the one-line.

Fig. 233. Run Datablock Format Option.

27. Select the UB_LF Current format, click on the Apply button to display the
selection and click on the Close button to close the window.

Fig. 234. Apply the UB_LF Current Datablock.

 181

28. The phase currents given the unbalanced open-line condition and the new single-
phase transformer and load should be displayed. The 100 Amp 120-volt load
represents 5 Amps on the 2400-volt side, as expected.

Fig. 235. Load Flow Phase Currents Displayed in Datablocks.

Repeat the process to display the Unbalanced Single-line to ground fault currents.

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29. From the one-line diagram , select the Run>Datablock Format option.

Fig. 236. Run Datablock Format Option.

30. Select the UB_SC-SLG format, click on the Apply button to display the selection
and click on the Close button to close the window.

Fig. 237. Apply the UB_SC-SLG Datablock.

 183

31. The phase currents given the unbalanced open-line condition and the new single-
phase transformer and load should be displayed. The 100 Amp 120-volt load
represents 5 Amps on the 2400-volt side, as expected.

Fig. 238. Phase A to Ground Fault Current Displayed in Datablocks.

Since standard reports are not written when the Unbalanced/Single-phase studies are run,
the datablocks, datablock reports or Crystal Reports must be used. The following steps are
used to generate a Crystal Report.

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Select the Document>Crystal Report menu item.

Fig. 239. Crystal Report Option.

Select the Unbalanced-Single Phase / Load Flow / Load Flow A,B,C Phases Report.

Fig. 240. Load Flow Crystal Report Selection

 185

Double clicking on Load Flow A,B,C [Link] will open the report as shown.

Fig. 241. Phase A to Ground Fault Current Displayed in Datablocks.

Use the button to move to the next page, and the following report will appear.

The Crystal Reports can be printed directly or saved in a variety of formats. For more
information about Datablocks, Datablock Reports, and Crystal Reports, refer to the PTW
Users Guide.

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 187

Part 10 - Distribution Reliability and

Economic Evaluation
Reliability Analysis Objectives
The Reliability study module provides the following analysis for distribution power
systems:
o Load Point Reliability Indices calculation
o Protection Zone Reliability Indices calculation
o Utility System Evaluation
o Distribution System Evaluation

The Load Point Reliability includes the following indices for each load and motor in the
system:
o MTBF mean time between failure, MTBF = MTTF + MTTR
o Failure Rate λ failures per year
o MTTF mean time to failure (1/ λ), or years per failure
o Annual Outage Time total hours of downtime per year
o MTTR average outage time, or average downtime per failure
o Annual Availability% (1 - total outage hours per year / 8760) * 100
o EENS expected energy not supplied per year
o ECOST total damage cost in k$ per year due to failures

The Protection Zone Reliability includes the following IEEE indices for each protection
zone in the system:

o SAIFI system average interruption frequency index

(interruptions/customer-year)
o SAIDI system average interruption duration index (hours/customer-yr.)
o CAIDI customer average interruption frequency index (hours/customer-
interruption)
o ASAI average service availability index
o ASUI average service unavailability index
o EENS expected energy not supplied index (kWh/year
o AENS average energy not supplied (kWh/customer-year)
o ECOST total damage cost in k$ per year due to failures

The Utility System Evaluation includes the following aspects of the utility portion of the
system:
o Installed Cost equipment costs
o Operation switching and lockout complexity
o Reliability probability of failure and mean time to repair
o Expansion process that must be shutdown for maintenance and expansion
o Recovery capacity to isolate from supply line faults
capacity to recover from equipment and bus faults
capacity to recover from breaker failures
o Evaluation overall system evaluation

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To calculate the load point reliability and protection zone reliability indices, you need to
collect information such as equipment failure rate, restoration time. For utility and
distribution systems evaluation, you need to know the system configurations, equipment
costs, and whether spare equipments are available or not, and most importantly, the costs
of power outage.

To predict the system reliability at a future time, the program estimates the failure rate and
restoration time at the year of evaluation based on historical data. Enter the historical
failure rate and restoration time in the Customer Reliability Data library and Year Installed
for the components of interests in the Component Editor, and Evaluation Year in the study
setup. The program will come up with a mathematical representation of failure rate and
restoration time as a function of (Year Evaluate – Year Installed). The predicted failure
rate and restoration time at the evaluation year will be used in the calculation of reliability
indices and cost evaluations.

Reliability Analysis Study Scope

The reliability analysis is designed to cover distribution and industrial systems. Loop
systems with multiple utilities and co-generation sources can be analyzed. In addition to
calculating all the standard IEEE indices, this module emphasizes risk assessment and
design evaluations of industrial facilities where IEEE indices don’t give you a straight
forward comparison on the initial investment vs. the cost impact from loss of production.

Reliability Analysis Module vs. Other Study Modules in PTW

Like all other study modules in PTW, the reliability analysis module uses the same project
database and one-lines, and has access to all other study results such as load flow, short
circuit and protective device coordination settings, etc.

Similar to TMS, ISIM, and HIWAVE, the reliability analysis module has its own Study-
Case Tree to manage different studies for easy evaluation of alternatives. One scenario
could be as simple as running the study with the intent to repair a motor at failure, while
another scenario could be to keep a spare motor and replace it at failure. The calculated
reliability indices and costs from two different scenarios can be compared and quantitative
trade-off can be made.

The Concept of a Zone

A zone is a portion of the power system within which a fault would cause the first
upstream protective device to trip and isolate the entire zone from the system. Basically,
any protective device (except a fuse) and the down stream system that use it as the primary
protection make up a zone. A fuse is not considered the main protection device for a zone
since it can’t be switched on and off manually.
 189

Data Entry in Component Editor

A new Reliability Data sub-view is added to each component type in PTW to gather basic
information such as failure rate, restore time, equipment cost, year installed, etc. Make
sure that you complete PTW Tutorial - Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3 before beginning this
section. The next steps demonstrate how to enter reliability related data in the component
editor.

1. Since a fuse without a switch can not be the primary zone protection, the first step is to
add a switch as shown below (PD-0005). Also add a MV/HV Breaker (PD-0006).

Add switch to define

primary protection zone.

Add HV/MV Breaker

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2. Select the Reliability Data sub-view of Utility UTIL-0001 from the Component Editor,
press the Library button and double click the “Utility – IEEE – Single circuit” from the
Customer Reliability Data library. The permanent failure rate and restoration time will be
displayed from the library. Alternatively, you can type in custom values directly.

3. Select the Reliability Data sub-view of Transformer, XF2-0001 from the Component
Editor, press the Library button and double click the “Transformer (IEEE)-601-15000V”
from the Customer Reliability Data library. The Permanent Failure Rate and Repair Time
will be filled in from the library. Alternatively, you can type in the values directly. Enter
the Replace Time, Equipment Cost, and the Year Installed as shown.
 191

4. Select the Reliability Data sub-view of XF2-0002 from the Component Editor, press the
Library button and double click the “Transformer, 300 KVA –10 MVA, ERM RAM” from
the customer reliability data library. The Permanent Failure Rate and Repair Time will be
filled in from the library. Alternatively, you can type in the values instead of using the
library data.
Enter the Replace Time, Equipment Cost, and enter the Year Installed as shown.

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5. Select the Reliability Data sub-view of Cable CBL-0001 from the Component Editor,
press the Library button to bring up the custom reliability data library and double click the
“Cable, 600V Tray-ERM RAM” from the library. The permanent failure rate and repair
time will be filled in from the library.

The cable has another permanent failure rate and restoration time for each termination of
each phase. In the following example, the permanent failure rate is 0.004 and the cable
termination (each end) data is entered as 0.0001 f/yr. For example, if the cable is 3 phase
with 5 conductors per phase, the total permanent failure rate of the cable would be (0.004 +
3 * 2 * 0.0001).
The switching time is used to simulate a disconnect switch. It is assumed that there is a
disconnect switch for each branch. When there is a fault somewhere in the zone, the main
protection device for the zone will trip, then the disconnect switch will open to isolate the
fault. After that, the main protection device will close to restore power for the rest of the
zone. The switching time represents the total time it takes for these actions to take place.
For branches where no disconnect mechanism is present, enter a switching time equal to
the repair time.
 193

6. Select the Reliability Data sub-view of LOAD-0001 from the Component Editor, press
the Library button for Customer Damage Function (CDF) and double click the “Type2,
Industrial” from the library. A table listing the cost related to each failure duration will be
filled in from the CDF library. Move to the reliability data section and press the library
button to select “Heater, Electric, General” from the Custom Reliability Data library, enter
the number of customers as 1.

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7. Select the Reliability Data sub-view of Protective Device PD-0001 from the Component
Editor, press the Library button for Custom Reliability Data and double click the “Fuse, 5-
15kV-PREP” from the library. The Permanent Failure Rate and Repair Time will be filled
in from the library. Enter the Equipment Cost and Year Installed.

There are six protective devices in this project. The data for all six devices follows:
Device Library Failure Repair Equipment Year
Rate Time Cost Installed
(failures/year) (hours) (k$)
PD-0001 Fuse, 5-15kV-PREP 0.0007 0.5 0.22 1990
PD-0002 Protective Relays-IEEE 0.0002 5 7.5 1990
PD-0003 Circuit Breaker LV-IEEE 0.0027 4 8.7 1990
PD-0004 Circuit Breaker LV-IEEE 0.0027 4 1.4 1990
PD-0005 Disconnect Switch-IEEE 0.0061 3.6 0.5 1990
PD-0006 Circuit Breaker MV-IEEE 0.0036 83.1 10.0 1990

Select each protective device and enter the reliability data for each. This completes the
data entry portion of the tutorial. The next section will outline the study setup options.
 195

Setting up a Reliability Study

After defining the reliability data for each of the components in the component editor, the
next step is to setup a reliability study. Start the Reliability Analysis module by selecting
the Reliability Analysis from the Run menu, or by pressing the toolbar icon.

Once you start the Reliability Analysis module, the following study manager appears with
a default study named “Study1”. You can rename it to a more descriptive name.

Selecting each different folder/icon on the left hand side will bring up its corresponding
context on the right hand side. For example, selecting the root of the tree will show a list
all major aspects of study results for all studies in this project, selecting the Study folder
will show major results in the current study only, selecting Reliability Analysis under the
study will lists all reliability related indices, and selecting Cost Evaluation under the study
will lists all cost related evaluation results. Since we haven’t run the study yet, there are no
results listed under the Load Point Indices Results or IEEE Indices Results folders.

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Reliability Study Setup

The reliability study setup contains the following study parameters:

o Disconnect Switches
Disconnect switches allows restoration of all load points between the supply point
and the point of isolation before the repair process has been completed. The
option assumes that you have a disconnect switch that can isolate each problem
area and can re-energize the unaffected areas. Additional control can be achieved
by setting the repair and switching times appropriately for each branch.

o Include Load Reliability

If Include Load Reliability is checked, the reliability analysis will include failure
rate and restoration time of all loads and motors in the Load Point Indices
calculations.

o Replace or Repair Transformers

Corresponding replace or repair time entered from the component editor will be
used in the calculations. This is a global setting for all transformers in the project
for the current study. If you would like to set a few transformers to use the
replace time while all other transformers are using the repair time as set in the
global setting, you will need to select them in the Custom Setting Components list
and make changes from there.

o Fuse Settings
Fuses allow disconnection of its load point until the failure is repaired. Thus will
not affect or cause the disconnection of any other load point. The Failure
Probability of fuse is the chance of fuse not being able to operate successfully. If
the failure probability is 0.1, the fuses operates successfully 9 out of 10 times
when required. The Isolation Time of fuse is the time it takes for all failures to be
isolated.
 197

o Alternative Supply
In the event of a system failure, the normally open tie-breaker can be closed in
order to recover loads that have been disconnected.

o Transfer Load Probability

It is not always feasible to transfer all loads that are lost in a distribution system
onto another feeder through a normally open point. All loads that are lost will be
transferred if the probability is 1.0. The Transfer Load Probability is active only
when the Alternative Supply option is selected.

o Age Factor
The Customer Reliability Data library allows you to enter the historical data for
failure rate and restoration time for each year in the past. A curve fitting program
is used to define a mathematical representation for failure rate and restoration time
as a function relative to the year installed. If the Include Age Multiplying Factor
is checked, the Evaluation Year field can be entered
and the Reliability Analysis program will use the evaluation year and year
installed to adjust the failure rates and repair times. See Reliability Data Library
for more information.

o Evaluation Year
Enter a current or future year you want to calculate reliability and related costs.

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Custom Setting Components
The Study setup parameters apply to all components in the project for the particular study.
If you have parameters that need to be specified at the component level, you can use the
“Select Components” menu to add these components to the “Custom Setting Components”
list, and change the settings individually. For example, repair times are used by default for
all loads and motors. But you can select LOAD-0001 and change it to use the replace time
instead.
 199

Running a Reliability Study

Once the study setup parameters are set and the custom setting components are selected
and settings are set, you are ready to select the “Run” button to run the study.

To run a study, select any folder under the study name you would like to analyze and
simply press the “Run” button on the bottom left corner of the reliability study tree.
Alternatively, you can select “Run Study” under the Reliability menu or the right mouse
menu.

The load point indices and IEEE indices will be calculated and the study progress/log
report will be listed under the study setup output window. Any input data errors and
warnings will be reported in this window for your review. It is highly recommended that
you resolve all errors and understand all warnings before proceeding to the indice results.

Running All Studies

If you made changes on the study setup parameters or custom component settings within
each study, it may be useful to setup a few different studies for comparison and run them in
one action. To run all studies in the project, select the root of the reliability study manager
tree and simply press the “Run” button on the bottom left corner, or select the “Run Study”
menu option.

If you make change on the system topology from the one-line or change data from the
component editor from one study to another, then you are using different studies just to
keep track of output results. In this case, you should run each study right after the changes
are made and do not run all studies in one action.

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Load Point Reliability Indices

The Load Point Reliability includes the following indices for each load and motor in the
system. Definitions for the indices follow. Most of them come from the IEEE Standard
493-1997 Gold Book - “Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”:

o MTBF The mean exposure time between consecutive failures of a

component. It can be estimated by dividing the exposure time by the number of
failures in that period, provided that a sufficient number of failures have occurred
in that period. MTBF = MTTF + MTTR

o Failure Rate The mean number of failures of a component per unit exposure
time. Usually exposure time is expressed in years and failure rate is given in
failures per year.

o MTTF Mean time to failure (1/ λ), or years per failure

o Annual Outage Time: Total hours per year when a component or system is not
available to properly perform its intended function due to some event directly
associated with that component or system.

o MTTR The mean-time to repair or replace a failed component. It can

be estimated by dividing the summation of repair times by the number of repairs,
and, therefore, it is practically the average repair time.

o Availability The long-term average fraction of time that a component or

system is in service and satisfactorily performing its intended function.

o Annual Availability% (1 - Annual Outage Time / 8760) * 100, 8760 I the

total hours per year.

o EENS Expected energy (kWh) not supplied per year.

o ECOST Total damage cost in thousands of dollars (k$) per year due to
failures.

c(r): cost which depending on the outage time ($/kW), this can be obtained from
Customer damage function (CDF) of each load.
 201

IEEE Protection Zone Reliability Indices

The IEEE Protection Zone Reliability includes the following indices for each protection
zone in the system. Since the only protection zone in the Tutorial project that has loads in
it is PD-0004, it is the only one listed here. Any other protection zones will have zero
results for all indices since there are no loads within the zones. Whereas many of the IEEE
indices refer to the number of customers affected as would be typical for a Utility network,
for industrial or commercial systems a customer can represent a Process, Building, or Area.
Whereas utility costs are associated by lost customer revenue, commercial and industrial
losses may be even more dramatic through loss of product, lost worker productivity or lost
sales.

o System Average Interruption Frequency Index, SAIFI (interruptions/customer-yr.)

where λi is the failure rate and Ni is the number of customers of load point i.

o System Average Interruption Duration Index, SAIDI (hours/customer-yr.)

where Ui is the annual outage time and Ni is the number of customers of load
point i.

o Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index, CAIDI (hours/customer-

interruption)

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o Average Service Availability Index, ASAI

o Average Service Unavailability Index, ASUI

o Expected Energy Not Supplied Index, ENS (kWh/yr.)

where La (i) is the average load connected to load point i.

o Average Energy not Supplied, AENS (kWh/customer-yr.)

where La(i) is the average load connected to load point i.

c(r): cost which depending on the outage time ($/kW), this can be obtained from
Customer damage function(CDF) of each load.
 203

Utility System Evaluation

The economic analysis for cost-reliability evaluation cannot be considered in a general
sense. Most of the reasons and justifications are managerial decisions that can only be
made based on your business goals. However, the reliability analysis conducted in Part 3
and Part 4 should provide you with one of the most important input parameters in your
decision making process. The basis for the method used in the program for utility and
distribution system evaluation comes from IEEE paper No. PCIC 2000-02 “Improvements
in Modeling and Evaluation of Electrical Power System Reliability” by John E. Propst and
Daniel R. Doan. Combining the reliability indices with these system evaluation methods
bring reliability and cost considerations together in an easy to manage, scenario-based tool
to help you make decisions effectively.

Utility System Configurations

Selecting the “Utility System Installed Cost” under the “Cost Evaluation” folder will bring
up the following dialog for you to select a utility system configuration. There are 7
choices ranging from the simplest (least expensive, and least reliable) Single Source,
Single Transformer, to the most complex (most expensive, and most reliable) Dual Source,
Dual Transformer with Ring Bus configuration. As you select a different configuration, a
sample one-line next to the selection will show its basic design.

Refer to John E. Propst and Daniel R. Doan’s paper for more detail on the cost-reliability
trade-off for these configurations.

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Utility System Installed Cost - Single Source, Single Transformer
Select single source, single transformer, and the program will fill in the equipment required
for this configuration, the cost for each piece of equipment, and the total cost for the utility
portion of the system.

Customize the a Default Configuration

You can customize what’s in each default configuration by entering new equipment with
the cost and number of each. Once you choose “Save As Template”, the list will be saved
as the new default. The next time you choose the same configuration, you will see your
customized equipment list and pricing for the utility portion of the system.
 205

Utility System Evaluation - Single Source, Single Transformer

Once the utility system configuration is selected and the installed cost is known, you can
proceed to the “Utility System Evaluation” folder under the study. Select one of the
following 3 types of default weighting factors and press OK.

Each type of default weighting factor emphasizes different aspects that affect the decision.
The default weighting factors come from Tables 1, 3 and 7 of John E. Propst and Daniel R.
Doan’s paper.

Adjust the “Value” and “Weights %” for each aspect that affects the system evaluation,
based on the particular needs of your business or system. The total system value is 140 in
the configuration. This is a relative value to be compared with other proposed
configurations.

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You can customize “Value” and “Weights %” in each default configuration by modifying
them and choosing “Save As Template”.

Copy, Paste and Rename a Study

To compare the simple configuration you selected with a more complex one, rename the
study “study1” we just created to “Single SRC-TX” by clicking on the study name (two
single clicks), or by using the “Rename” feature from the menu item. Then “Copy” the
study and select the root of the tree to “Paste” the study. The copy and paste functions are
available from the Right Mouse menu and also from the Edit menu. Notice that you are not
allowed to paste a study under another study, you must paste with the main Root
(Reliability Analysis) selected. Rename the study you just copied to “Dual SRC-TX, Ring
Bus”. You should see two different study folders displayed as follows:

Utility System Installed Cost - Dual Source, Dual Transformer with Ring
Bus

Select the “Dual Source, Dual Transformer with Ring Bus” utility system configuration for
the new study, and overwrite the old evaluation data.
 207

You can see that the total utility system cost changed from $880,000 for the single source,
single transformer case to $ 2,670,000 for the dual source, dual transformer with ring bus
case.

Once again, select the “Reliability Dominated Weighting” as the default weighting factors
for the new study and press OK.

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Utility System Evaluation - Dual Source, Dual Transformer with Ring Bus
Proceed to the “Utility System Evaluation” folder under the “Dual SRC-TX, Ring Bus”
study to adjust the “Value” and “Weights%” for each aspect that affect the system value.

Utility System Evaluation - Result Comparisons

After an increase of capital investing from k$880 for the single source, single transformer
case to k$2670 for the dual source, dual transformer with ring bus case, how much have
we improved in terms of system reliability, maintainability, recovery, and operability? The
Study shows that the “System Evaluation value” increased from 140 to 230. Remember
that these are relative numbers to help you compare qualitative factors in a quantitative
manner.

For more in-depth discussion on the weighting factors and financial risk using this
evaluation model, refer to IEEE paper No. PCIC 2000-02 “Improvements in Modeling and
Evaluation of Electrical Power System Reliability” by John E. Propst and Daniel R. Doan.
 209

Distribution System Evaluation

Select the “Distribution System Installed Cost” under the “Cost Evaluation” folder will
bring up the following dialog to select a Distribution system configuration. There are 8
choices ranging from the simple radial (least expensive, and least reliable) to the most
complex (most expensive, and most reliable) Double Bus/Breaker Primary Selective
configuration. As you select a different configuration, a one-line next to the selection will
show its general design. Alternatively, you can build a detailed one-line that includes the
entire distribution system.

Distribution System Installed Cost - Single Radial

Under the “Distribution System Installed Cost” folder of “Single SRC-TX”, choose
“Single Radial” and press OK. The following table will appear as the typical single radial
distribution system installed cost list.

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Distribution System Installed Cost – Load Data From Database
The most useful option on top of the 8 fixed configurations is “Load Data from Database”.
Once you select this option, the check box “Auto Sync. Data with Database” will be
enabled.

The Distribution System Installed Cost folder will show all equipments/devices in this
project with the cost of each (including whether there is a spare or not) reading from the
components you entered in the project database. If you choose to let the program
automatically synchronize the data, the distribution installed cost list becomes read only.
Any changes made to project (add/destroy components, or change cost data from
component editor) will be updated to the distribution installed cost list automatically.
 211

Distribution System Evaluation - Single Radial

Proceed to the “Distribution System Evaluation” folder under study “Single SRC-TX”.
Select the “Reliability Dominated Weighting” as the default “Value” and “Weights%”.

The following distribution system evaluation results will appear. Again, you can
customize the distribution installed cost list or the distribution system evaluation Value and
Weights % in each default configuration by making your modifications and choosing
“Save As Template”.

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Distribution System Installed Cost - Dual Supply Radial with Tie Breaker
For the purpose of comparison, select “Dual Supply Radial with Tie Breaker” as the
distribution system configuration for the “Dual SRC-TX, Ring Bus” study folder, and
choose the “Reliability Dominated Weighting” option.

You will get the following distribution system evaluation results. Comparison of the two
distribution system configurations “Single Radial” and “Dual Supply Radial with Tie
Breaker” show that the installed cost jumps from k$2310 to k$3088, and the overall system
evaluation value improved from 128 to 268.
 213

Custom Damage Function Library

To display the custom damage function library, select Library under the Document menu
and choose the PTW Library. The custom damage function library is part of the PTW
library under the Reliability folder.

Al l library related features you have learned from other library types apply here. These
include copy, paste with in the same library or between different libraries, etc.

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A typical custom damage function library follows. Each row in the table represents failure
duration and it’s associated cost per kW for not being able to supply power to the load.
The table shows for longer failure durations, cost may increase. For example, in some
process facilities, the costs from a short loss of power may be minimal, but a for longer
power losses the lost product costs could be extremely large.

The advantage of having such a user definable library allows you to model your plant
accurately. You can select the same library for all loads with the same characteristic. If
you need to modify or update your damage function, you can simply change the library
without changing any of the loads.
 215

Custom Reliability Data Library

The custom reliability data library is right next to the custom damage function library. A
long list of existing library entries is shipped with the program. Most data comes from
IEEE papers including: “Survey of Reliability and Availability Information for Power
Distribution, Power Generation, and HVAC Components for Commercial, Industrial, and
Utility Installations” by Peyton S. Hale and Robert G. Arno. The libraries are completely
user-definable and should be updated as more historical data pertinent to your own
industry becomes available.

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Reliability Data Page
The custom reliability data for all equipment types are kept in the same library. There are
no sub-categories to distinguish them. It is therefore important that you enter a meaningful
name and description for each entry.

The Failure Rate Units are useful only for cables and transmission lines that have a length
in the component. Pi-equivalents using a single core or pipe type library also have a length
in the component to adjust the selected failure rate unit. For all other components, choose
no unit, which simply means failures per year for the component.

The failure rate aging factor equation is defined as:

Failure Rate Aging Factor = C5X5 + C4X4 + C3X3 + C2X2 + C1X1 + C0

The total failure rate is calculated as:

Total Failure Rate = Failure Rate * Multiplying Factor * Failure Rate Aging Factor

The repair time aging factor equation is defined as:

Repair Time Aging Factor = C5X5 + C4X4 + C3X3 + C2X2 + C1X1 + C0

The total repair time is calculated as:

Total Repair Time = Failure Rate * Multiplying Factor * Repair Time Aging Factor

The parameters C5, C4, C3, C2, C1, C0 are disabled because they are calculated from
historical data entered on the “Failure Rate Aging Factor” page, and “Repair Time Aging
Factor” page. If no historical data are entered on the 2nd and 3rd pages, these parameters
will be enabled for the user to enter.
 217

Failure Rate Aging Factor

Enter the Year (number of years in service) and its associated Failure Rate in the table.
The longer the equipment has been in service, the more likely it is going to fail in most
cases. The aging factor can also be used to adjust for different levels of maintenance and
environmental factors. Choose a Fitting Model to find a set of equation parameters that
would best fit the original data. In the following example, we choose a 3-Order fitting
model, which implies that C5 and C4 are zero. The original data is plotted in blue, the
curve fitting result is plotted in red, and the calculated aging factor equation parameters are
displayed.

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Repair Time Aging Factor
Enter the Year (number of years in service) and its associated Repair Time in the table.
The equipment may not necessarily take longer to repair even though it has been in service
longer. Choose a Fitting Model to find a set of equation parameters that best fit the
original data. In the following example, we chose a 2-Order fitting model, which implies
that C5, C4 and C3 are zero. The original data are plotted in blue, the curve fitting result is
plotted in red, and the calculated aging factor equation parameters are displayed.

This completes the Reliability section of the Tutorial.

 219

Part 11 - Advanced Topics and

Helpful Hints
Make sure that you completed Tutorial - Part 1 successfully before beginning this section.

This section describes functions that will increase your efficiency with the PTW software.
Topics include Customizing the One-line diagrams; Running Queries; Applying Custom
Datablocks; Making Custom Symbols; Adding User-Defined Fields; Project Backup,
Managing Multiple Scenarios, Cloning and Copying Component Data, Using Project
Templates, and Exporting One-Lines and TCC Drawings. This section provides a simple
over-view of several important features and concepts. For more detailed information about
any of the topics, refer to the Users Guide and Reference Manuals supplied on the PTW
CD.

Project Options
1. The Project menu lets you set project-related options. There is a function to make a
copy of your project. There is another option to make a backup copy of your project.
Project>Copy As copies only the project files, whereas Project>Backup makes a copy
of your project, library, datablocks and custom forms necessary for someone else to
use your project. There is also an option to Merge two projects together. To explore
additional options, select the Project>Options menu item.

Fig. 242. Project Options.

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2. Under Project>Options there are several categories listed in the Option Groups. Scan
through the option groups to familiarize yourself with the capabilities. For example,
the Application group is used to specify ANSI/IEC and English/Metric formats for the
input screens and symbols. The One-Line group is used to specify fonts for
component names and datablocks, select default symbol rotation orientation, bus and
connection line thickness and default symbol assignments as shown in Fig. 243.

Fig. 243. Project One-Line Options

3. The Project>Options Library group is used to specify the libraries used for each
project. Each project can reference it’s own custom libraries or share common
libraries.

Fig. 244. Project Library Specification

 221

4. The TCC Option Group is used to specify default colors, time and current axis ranges,
reference voltage and current scale, use of fault current, grid density, color and line
style as shown in Fig. 245, pen with, and label options. Most of these options are
default settings that can be over-ridden for each individual TCC drawing.

Fig. 245. Project Options for TCC Defaults.

Document Export
1. Any one-line diagram or TCC drawing can be exported to WMF and DXF files for
inclusion in Word documents and CAD drawings. To export a drawing, open the one-
line or TCC drawing you wish to export and choose the Document>Export option as
shown in Fig. 246.

Fig. 246. Document>Export Option

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One-line diagrams, TCC drawings, schedules and reports can be exported to DXF,
Enhanced Metafile and Clipboard formats. When multiple documents are selected for
export, the file names will match the document name with the export format extension.

Form Print
1. Another important feature to understand is the Form Print capability. This feature
allows you to print multiple documents on a single pre-defined form. For example,
you can print a one-line diagram, TCC drawing, Titleblock and Company Logo all on
the same page with a single function. To define a new form or change an existing
form, select the Document>Form Layout option shown in Fig. 247.

Fig. 247. Defining Printing Forms

 223

2. To edit an existing form, select the form description. Buttons are also available to add
new forms or delete existing forms.

Fig. 248. Edit Printing Forms

3. The tabs across the top of the Form Edit window are used to define the page size,
assign the document types and areas on the page, and custom settings for each
document type. The print form shown in Fig. 249 includes areas for a TCC drawing,
One-line diagram and Title block.

Fig. 249. Print Forms Area definition.

4. Customization options for the TCC area are shown in Fig. 250. The options include
specifications for grid density, fonts, colors, margins, and datablocks.

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Fig. 250. TCC Area Specification in Print Forms.

5. An example of the Print Form output is shown in Fig. 251. In this form, the TCC
drawing, One-line diagram and Title-block are specified. Datablocks are turned-on
for the TCC drawing and One-line.

Fig. 251. Sample Form Print

 225

Custom Symbol Creation

1. Custom systems can be added to the one-line symbol library using the Symbol
Generator program. Refer to the PTW Users Guide for more details.

Fig. 252. Symbol Generator Program.

Custom Datablock Formats

1. With any one-line open and in focus, select the Run>Datablock Format option as
shown in Fig. 253.

Fig. 253. Datablock Format Definitions

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2. To add a new datablock format, select the New button as shown in Fig. 254.

Fig. 254. Create New Datablock Format

3. Enter a new format name, for example, type My Format as shown in Fig. 255. The
datablock format can display any combination of data fields for each component type.
For this example, we will display the initial symmetrical three-phase fault current at
each bus.

Fig. 255. Enter Name for new Datablock Format

4. Select Bus under Component Type (this is the default). Next select the InitSymRMS
3P option in the Available Attributes column. Click on the Add button to transfer the
field to the Displayed Attributes column. With InitSymRMS 3P selected in the
Displayed Attributes column, change the Attribute Template to Isc 3P %1.0 %2mps.
This will display the description Isc 3P in front of the fault value at each bus. The
%1.0 will display the fault value with no digits beyond the decimal place, and the units
will be displayed as Amps. %2 is the placeholder for the Units of the selected field.
 227

%a will append multiple datablock fields on a continuous line rather than plotting each
field on a separate line. When complete, click on the OK button.

Fig. 256. Edit Attribute Template

5. With your new format definition selected, click on the Apply button to apply your
datablock to the one-line. Click on the Close button to close the Datablock Format
selection window.

Fig. 257. Apply Datablock Format

6. The three phase symmetrical fault current should be displayed on your one-line along
with the attribute template text as shown in Fig. 258. Datablocks can be displayed on
One-line diagrams, TCC drawings and in the Component Editor.

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Fig. 258. Datablock Format display on One-line.

7. For datablock fields that are calculated from the unbalanced calculations, such as load
flow current, you can choose vector specifications from Phase Summation, Maximum
phase, ABC Phases, AB, BC, CA, A, B, or C Phases.

Fig. 259. Datablock Format display on One-line.

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8. You can also choose from Real and Imaginary, Magnitude and Angle, Magnitude and
Power Factor, or Magnitude only formats.

Fig. 260. Datablock Format display on One-line.

One additional customization option is to append multiple datablock fields to a single line.
In the following example, note that the %a in the attribute template field indicates that the
following field will be appended to the same line. In this case the Quantity per Phase and
the Size will be displayed on the same line in the datablock.

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Custom Queries
1. With the Component Editor open and in focus, select the Run>Query option as shown
in Fig. 261.

Fig. 261. Run Query in Component Editor

2. Select the pre-defined query “All 2 Winding Transformers”. Click on the Run button
to run the query and the Close button the close the Query window.

Fig. 262. Run the Query and Close the Window

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3. All of the transformers in the project will appear in the Component Editor list as
shown in Fig. 263. The queries allow you to select any group of components that
match a specific set of criteria. For large projects, the queries are very useful.

Fig. 263. Results from Query displayed in Component Editor.

4. Next we will use the results from the query with a datablock format to create a
transformer list. Select the Run>Datablock Format menu item as shown in Fig. 264.

Fig. 264. Run Datablock Format in Component Editor

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5. Select a pre-defined format called “Input Data”. Click on the Apply button to apply
the datablock and click on the Close button to close the Datablock window.

Fig. 265. Apply the Input Data Format

6. Select the Run Datablock Report option to generate a spread-sheet style report for the
selected transformers. The datablock report will display information only the
components listed in the Component Editor

Fig. 266. Run Datablock Report.

7. The fields specified in the datablock format appear in a spreadsheet format as shown
in Fig. 267. In practice, you will make your own datablock format to include
 233

Component Name and Connected Bus when generating a transformer list, cable list or
transformer list. The datablock format we selected was designed for the one-line or
Component Editor display where you visually see the component name and connected
bus.

Fig. 267. Datablock Report

User Defined Database Fields

1. Custom database fields can be added to the PTW project database. These fields can be
used to keep track of part numbers, serial numbers, installation dates, maintenance
schedules, replacement costs and any other information you may want to store. The
custom database fields are added using the Project>Options>User Defined Fields as
displayed in Fig. 268.

Fig. 268. User-Defined Fields

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2. Custom fields can include text, numbers, dates, times or currency. The user-defined
fields can be used in Queries and Datablocks just like standard PTW fields.

Fig. 269. User-Defined Fields

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Component Clone
1. One of the most useful time-saving features in PTW is the Component Clone option.
Component Clone makes a copy of a selected group of components, assigning new
names to the components and copying the data assigned to the original components.
To use the clone feature, select the group of components you want to clone as shown
in Fig. 268.

Fig. 270. Select components for cloning.

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2. Use the Component>Clone menu item and a new set of the selected components will
appear as shown in Fig. 271.

Fig. 271. Clone the Selected Components.

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3. With the new components highlighted, position your cursor over the top of one of the
symbols (until the 4 arrow cursor appears), depress the left mouse button and drag the
selected components to an empty space on the one-line. Once the components are in
position, you can release the left mouse button. Connect the new group of
components as shown in Fig. 272.

Fig. 272. Position and Connect the new components.

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Copy Data / Paste Data
1. The Copy Data / Paste Data function can save you time when entering component
data. For example, select transformer XF2-0003 on the one-line and use the
Component>Copy Data command as shown on Fig. 273. You can then select any
other transformer or group of transformers and use the Component>Paste command.
The information entered for transformer XF2-0003 will be copied to the selected
transformers.

Fig. 273. Select component to copy data from.

 239

Default Project Data

1. When new components are added to a project, default data is assigned to the
component from the “Default Project”. The default project is installed in the Library
folder and read from the Miscellaneous Files path specification. The default project
contains one of each component type. You can edit the default project to specify
default values that will minimize data entry when building a new project. You can
also assign new data to the default project using the Component>Save as Default
menu item.

Fig. 274. Default Component Data in Default Project.

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Template Files
1. Another time saving concept is to use template projects rather than a blank project
when creating a new project. A template project contains groups of components and
data that are typical for new projects you will likely work on. For this example, the
template project contains two typical substation templates that can be used, cloned and
modified as needed.

Fig. 275. Sample Substations from Template Project

2. The same template project can contain medium voltage switchgear templates as shown
in Fig. 276.
 241

Fig. 276. Sample Switchgear Lineups in Template Project

3. Each time you want to start a new project, you open your template project and save it
as the new project. You then open the new project and clone, modify and delete the
template components as needed. A little effort spent customizing your template
project will pay large dividends in future projects. A typical template project
including Substations, Medium Voltage Switch gear and Low voltage motor lineups is
shown in Fig. 277.

Fig. 277. Sample Template Project

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Managing Multiple Scenarios
1. Efficiently managing multiple scenarios in complex projects requires some advanced
planning. Multiple one-lines can be a useful tool for switching efficiently between
various plant configurations and operating scenarios. The following example shows a
system with several breaker combinations. To switch between the different breaker
combinations it is useful to display and label the switches on a separate one-line.

Fig. 278. Sample One-line with multiple switches

2. The breakers can be grouped together and labeled with a text block instruction for
switching some breakers in service and other breakers out of service for a given
scenario. Groups of components can be switched in or out of service using the
Component>In service and Component>Out of Service menu commands. Adding
instructions to the one-line is a reminder to you and can be followed by others who
may use your project in the future. Displaying only the components that change status
for a given operating scenario simplifies the process of switching from one scenario to
another.
 243

Fig. 279. Separate One-lines used to manage Multiple Operating Scenarios

Database Utilities
In the rare event that a project database becomes corrupted, database utilities are available
to recover and re-index the database files. To access the database utilities, close all
projects and use the Project>Database Utilities Option:

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Registry Entries (Error on Startup)
PTW Setup information and default application settings are stored in the Windows
Registry. An example of Registry Entries viewed through the Windows REGEDIT
program follows:

A
separate set of Registry Settings is stored for each PTW installation. The settings can be
found under HKEY_CURRENT_USER : Software : SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. The
two important items to be familiar with are the ProjectStartup and Protection Settings.
ProjectStartup=1 remembers the state of the project when you closed PTW. In rare
circumstances the remembered state may not be valid and will cause an error on startup. If
you cannot open PTW and no meaningful message is displayed, set ProjectStartup=0 to
open PTW without any project. Protection=1 is for a hardware key and Protection=2 is for
a software key. If you ever need to switch from one type of key to another, the Protection
setting must be changed.
An alternative to editing the Registry is to use a utility program supplied with PTW that
deletes the PTW Registry entries and returns them to default values. The utility program is
called [Link] and can be found in the PTW32\BIN folder. The “Delete PTW32
Registry Key” utility program is also available under the Start>Power*Tools for Windows
menu. The RegDel utility has options to reset several common settings.
 245

On-Line Help
1. Familiarize yourself with the on-line help options. The on-line help can provide
guidance in the efficient use of PTW. The on-line help icon displays an arrow and
question mark as shown in Fig. 280.

Fig. 280. On-Line Help

2. The on-line help can be called from anywhere in the program and tries to bring up
relevant information to your location in the program. In the following example,
clicking the On-line help button while displaying a motor in the Component Editor
and clicking the mouse anywhere on the Component Editor retrieves information
about the entry fields available for motor specification.

Fig. 281. Select components for cloning.

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User’s Guide and Reference Manuals on CD
1. In addition to the context sensitive on-line help, a complete Users guide and Reference
manual is supplied on the PTW CD. The CD has an auto-start feature and the last
option on the first screen is View User’s Guide and Reference Manuals.

Fig. 282. Users Guide and Reference Manuals are on the PTW CD.

2. Selecting the View User’s Guide and Reference Manuals option will generate a list of
the various CD-based documents. The documents include a Users Guide, this
tutorial, and reference manuals for each of the PTW study modules.

Fig. 283. Documents Supplied on the PTW CD

 247

3. The Tools>Find function can be used to search for key words in the documentation.
With a little practice, you will be able to locate information on the CD faster than from
a printed manual. You can review the information on the screen or print selected
pages for further study. The documents can be shared on a network drive if don’t
have convenient access to the PTW CD.

Fig. 284. Use the “Find” function to Search for Key Words.

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Managing Libraries
1. The key to managing libraries is the knowledge that you can have multiple libraries
open and can copy and paste between them. As you add new entries to a library or
modify an existing library, you should mark the entries with your initials or an
identifier. If you add a ~ at the beginning of the Catalog Number field, clicking on the
Catalog No. heading will sort the entries by this field. Entries beginning with ~ will
appear at the bottom of the list. This process makes it easier to identify the library
entries you’ve modified and copy them to other libraries.

Fig. 285. Identify and Sort Library Entries

2. To copy library entries from one library to another, open the source library and a
destination library, highlight the library entries you want to copy and use the
Device>Copy function as shown in Fig. 286. Next, position the destination library to
the category that matches the copied devices and use the Device>Paste menu item.

Fig. 286. Select library entries to copy

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3. It is important to note that each project stores a reference to a specific library. The
projects can share a master library or reference a local library customized for each
project. The project library is specified in the Project>Options>Library menu as
shown in Fig. 287.

Fig. 287. Library Specification for each Project

4. Upon completion of each project and at intermediate stages, you should use the
Project>Backup function to make a backup copy of your project. The Project Backup
feature copies your project and library files to a new folder that can be backed-up to a
different drive, floppy disk, CD, or other backup media. The backup library contains
only the library entries used in the project.

Fig. 288. Project Backup.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Congratulations on Completing the PTW Tutorial:
Thank you for taking the time to complete the SKM PTW tutorial. Review the User’s
Guide and Reference Manuals supplied on the CD for a more detailed description of PTW
features and application. If you have questions that were not answered in the tutorial or
reference materials, please contact the SKM Technical Support staff at (310) 698-4700.
Index
A F
A_FAULT, 37 Filter, 136
Analysis, 37 Filter Design, 133
Arc Flash Evaluation, 85 Form Print, 68, 222

B G
Build a System, 19 Go-To Navigation, 9

C H
Cable, 29 Harmonic Analysis, 125
capacitor, 132 Harmonic Source, 126
CAPTOR, 49

I
Clone, 235
Clone Components, 219
Comprehensive Short Circuit, 38
Copy Data, 238 I*SIM, 143
Crystal Report, 76 IEC_FAULT, 37
current distortion, 127 Important Concepts, 5

D L
DAPPER, 37 Libraries, 248
Database, 5 Load, 34
Database Utilities, 243 Load Flow, 38
datablock, 10, 11, 12, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40,
41, 45, 46, 47, 73, 74, 75, 81, 108,
138, 139, 226, 227, 231, 232
M
Datablock, 34, 225 motor starting, 112
datablock report, 44 Motor Starting, 103
Datablock Report, 47, 75 Multiple One-line Diagrams, 6
Datablocks, 10, 11
default values, 239
Demand Load, 38
Document Export, 221
N
Navigation between Windows and
Documents, 8
E
Equipment Evaluation, 77
error on startup, 244
O
export, 221 On-Line Help, 243, 244, 245
Output Forms, 12

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

P V
Paste Data, 238 voltage distortion, 127
Print, 67
Project Files, 5
Project Options, 219

Q
Queries, 230

R
Reference Manuals, 246
Registry Entries, 244
Report, 42
reports, 41
Reports, 12, 14, 15
Rotate, 50

S
scenarios, 242
Scenarios, 242
stability, 143
Start Power*Tools for Windows, 18
Study menu, 38
Study Messages, 39
Symbol Creation, 225
Symbol Rotation, 50

T
TCC report, 69
TCC Report, 71
Template Files, 240
template project, 240
TMS, 103
TMS Study dialog, 122
transformer, 32
Transient Motor Starting, 114
Transient Stability, 143

U
User Defined Database Fields, 233
User’s Guide, 246
Utility, 33