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 CBSE Class 11 Physics
NCERT Exemplar Solutions
Chapter 2
Units and Measurement

Exercise

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS-I

2.1. The number of significant figures in 0.06900 is:

(a) 5

(b) 4

(c) 2

(d) 3

Main concept used: In a number less than one (i.e; a decimal).

The zeroes on the left of non zero number are not significant figures, and zeroes to the right
side of nonzero number are significant figures.

Ans. (b): In the number 0.06900, two zeroes before six are not significant figure and two zero
on right side of 9 are significant figures. Significant figures are underlined, so verifies option
(b).

2.2. The sum of the numbers 436.32, 227.2 and 0.301 in appropriate significant figures is

(a) 663.821

(b) 664

(c) 663.8

(d) 663.82

Main concept used: In addition, the final result should retain as many decimal places as are
there in the number with least decimal places.

[Link] 1
 Study Materials
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
Revision Notes for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
RD Sharma Solutions for Class 6 to 12 Mathematics
RS Aggarwal Solutions for Class 6, 7 & 10 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9, 10 & 12 (Math &
Science)
Important Formula for Class 6 to 12 Math
CBSE Syllabus for Class 6 to 12
Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 & 10
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CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper
JEE Main & Advanced Question Paper
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[Link]
Ans. (c): On adding the given numbers result is 663.821, but in given numbers the minimum
number of place after decimal is one (663.8) so the final result in significant figure is 663.8.
(upto one place of decimal after rounding off).

2.3. The mass and volume of a body are 4.237 g and 2.5 cm3, respectively. The density of
the material of the body in correct significant figures is:

(a) 1.6048 g cm-3

(b) 1.69 g cm-3

(c) 1.7 g cm-3

(d) 1.695 g cm-3

Main concept used: In multiplication or division, the final result should retain as many
significant figures as are there in the original number with the least significant figures.

Ans. (c): the significant figures in given numbers 4.237 g and 2.5 cm3 are four and two
respectively so result must have only two significant figures.

Density= = , Density =1.6948=1.7 g cm-3 rounding off upto 2 significant figures.

2.4. The numbers 2.745 and 2.735 on rounding off to 3 significant figures will give.

(a) 2.75 and 2.74

(b) 2.74 and 2.73

(c) 2.75 and 2.73

(d) 2.74 and 2.74

Main concept used: (i) If the preceding digit of dropped out digit 5 is even there will be no
change in rounding off.

(ii) if the preceding digit of dropped out digit is 5 is odd then preceding digit is increased by

[Link] 2
one.

Ans. (d):(i) In given number 2.745 it is round off upto 3 significant figure, IVth digit is 5 and
its preceding digit is even; so no change in 4 and hence the answer is 2.74.

(ii) Given figure 2.735 is round off upto 3 significant figure here IVth i.e., next digit is 5 and its
preceding digit is 3 (odd). so 3 is increased by 1 and answer becomes 2.74.

Hence, verifies the option(d).

2.5. The length and breadth of a rectangular sheet are 16.2 cm and 10.1 cm respectively.
The area of the sheet in appropriate significant figures and error is

(a)164±3 cm2

(b)163.62±2.6 cm2

(c)163±2.6 cm2

(d)163.62±3 cm2

Main concept used (i) Significant figures in the result multiplication (or division) is the
minimum number of significant figures in given number.

(ii) If x is error is quantity x then relative error or error is .

Ans. (a): l = 16.2 cm l = 0.1

b = 10.1 cm b = 0.1

l = 16.2 ± 0.1

b = 10.1 ± 0.1

A = Area = l X b = 16.2 X 10.1 =163.62 cm2

=164 cm2 (in significant figures)

[Link] 3
 A=2.63cm2

Now rounding off upto significant figures in l and b i.e., one

A=3cm2

A=(164±3) cm2. Hence, verifies the option (a).

2.6. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities does not have same dimensional
formula?

(a) Work and torque

(b) Angular momentum and Planck’s constant

(c) Tension and surface tension

(d) Impulse and linear momentum.

Main concept used: In a formula dimensions of each term should be same.

Ans. (a): Work = Force × displacement =[MLT-2][L]=[ML2T-2]

Torque =force × distance=[MLT-2][L]=[ML2T-2]

Both have same dimensions.

(b) Angular momentum L=mvr=[M][LT-1][L]=[ML2T-1]

Planck’s constant ( E=hv)

[Link] 4
= = [ML2T-1]

Dimensions of h and L are equal.

(c) Tension = force = [MLT-2]

Surface tension=

Dimensions of both are not same.

(d) Impulse = F × t=[MLT-2][T]=[MLT-1]

Momentum=mv=[MLT-1]

Both have same dimensions.

Hence, verify the option (c).

2.7. Measure of two quantities along with the precision of respective measuring

instrument is A = 2.5 ms-1± 0.5 ms-1 and B = 0.10 s± 0.01 s. the value of AB will be:

(a) (0.25 ± 0.08) m

(b) (0.25 ± 0.5) m

(c) (0.25 ± 0.05) m

(d) (0.25 ± 0.135) m

Main concept used: Rules of significant figure in multiplication and addition.

Ans. (a) A=(2.5 ± 0.5)ms-1

B=(0.10± 0.01)s

X= AB=2.5 X 0.10=0.25 m

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 = , x=0.007 0.08

(Rounding off upto 2 significant figures)

AB=(2.5 ± 0.08) m.

Hence, verifies the option (a).

2.8. You measures two quantities as A=(1.0±0.2) m, B=2.0 m ± 0.2 m. we repot correct
value of as:

(a) 1.4 m ± 0.4m

(b) 1.41 m ± 0.15m

(c) 1.4m ± 0.3m

(d) 1.4m± 0.2m

Main concept used: In significant figures of measured quantities zeroes are included in
significant figures.

Ans. (d): Quantities A and b are measured quantities so number of significant figures in 1.0
m and 2.0 m are two.

= = =1.414 m.

rounding off upto minimum numbers of significant figure in 1.0 and 2.0 result must be in 2
significant figures

x= =1.4

[Link] 6
=

x=0.2 m rounding off upto 1 place of decimal.

Verifies the option (d).

2.9. Which of the following measurement is most precise?

(a) 5.00 mm

(b) 5.00 cm

(c) 5.00 m

(d) 5.00 km

Main concept used : In these problems units must be least and in digits number of digits
including zeroes after decimal must be zero.

Ans. (a): All the measurements are upto two places of decimal, least unit is mm. so 5.00 mm
measurement is most precise. Hence, verifies answer (a).

2.10. The mean length of an object is 5 cm. Which of the following measurement is most
accurate?

(a) 4.9 cm

(b) 4.805 cm

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(c) 5.25 cm

(d) 5.4 cm

Main concept used: Absolute error ( -ai) must be minimum for more accuracy.

Ans. (a): Error or absolute error

is minimum. Hence verifies option (a).

2.11. Young’s modulus of steel is N/m2. When expressed in CGS units of

dyne/cm2. It will be equal to (1N=105 dynes, and 1 m2=104 cm2).

(a) 1.9 × 1010

(b) 1.9 × 1011

(c) 1.9 × 1012

(d) 1.9 × 1013

Ans. (c): Y=

Y=1.9×1011+5-4

Y=1.9×1012 dyne/cm2

Verifies the option (c).

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2.12. If the momentum (P), area (A) and time (T) are taken to be fundamental
quantities, then energy has dimensional formula.

(a) [P1A-1T1]

(b) [P2A-1T1]

(c) [P1A-1/2T1]

(d) [P1A1/2T-1]

Ans. (d): Let the dimensional formula for energy in fundamental quantities P, A and T is

[Pa Ab Tc].

Dimensional formula of E = [Pa Ab Tc] dimensional formula of momentum P=mv = [MLT-1].

Area A= [L2]

Time T= [T1]

Energy=f.s=[MLT-2L]=[ML2T-2]

[ML2T-2]=[MLT-1]a[L2]b[T]c

[M1L2T-2]=[MaLa+2bT-a+c]

Comparing the powers

Dimensional formula of energy is [P1A1/2T-1].

Verifies the option (d).

[Link] 9
 MULTIPLE CHOCIE
QUESTIONS-II

2.13. On the basis of dimensions, decide which of the following relations for the
displacement of particle undergoing simple harmonic motion is not correct.

(a) y=a sin

(b) y=a sin vt

(c) y=

(d) y=

Main concept used: Displacement y and amplitude a has same dimensions, angle of sin and
cos is dimensionless. So dimensions in both side must be equal by the principle of
homogeneity.

Ans. (b,c): In option (a) and (d) the dimensions of y and a in L.H.S and R.H.S. are equal to L
and while in option (b) angle is v.t (where v is velocity)

dimension of v.t is [LT-1][T] = [L].

So sin vt is not dimensionless so option (b) is wrong. In option (c) in R.H.S. dimension of

amplitude which not equal to the dimension of y i.e., L and angle

is not dimensionless. Hence, verifies the option (b) and (c).

2.14. P,Q, Rare physical quantities, having different dimensions, which of the following
combinations can never be a meaningful quantity?

(a)

[Link] 10
(b) (PQ-R)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Main concept used: Addition or subtraction may be possible of the same physical quantity.
But multiplication can be possible for different physical quantities or different dimensions.
After multiplication or division of two quantities their dimension may be equal to IIIrd and
can be added or subtracted.

Ans. (a, e): In option (a) and (e) there is term (P – Q) and (R +Q) as different physical
quantities can never be added or subtracted so option (a) and (e) can never be meaningful.

In option (b), the dimension of PQ may be equal to dimension of R so option (b) can be

possible . similarly dimensions of PR and Q2 may be equal and gives the possibility of option
(d).

In option (c), there is no addition subtraction gives the possibilities of option (c). Hence,
verifies the right option (a) and (e).

2.15. Photon is quantum of radiation with energy E=hv, where v is frequency and h is
Planck’s constant .The dimensions of h are the same as that of:

(a) Linear impulse

(b) Angular impulse

(c) Linear momentum

(d) Angular momentum

Main concept used: Dimensional formulae.

[Link] 11
Ans. (b, d): E=hv

Linear impulse = F.t =

= mv = [MLT-1]

Angular impulse =

= [M][LT-1][L] = [ML2T-1]

Linear momentum = mv = [MLT-1]

Angular momentum L = mvr = [ML2T-1]

So the dimensional formulae of h, Angular impulse and Angular momentum are same.

Hence, verifies the option (b) and (d).

2.16. If the Planck’s constant (h) and the speed of light in vacuum (c) are taken as two
fundamental quantities, which one of the following can, in addition, be taken to
express length, mass and time in terms of the three choosen fundamental quantities.

(a) Mass of electron (me )

(b) Universal gravitational constant (G)

(c) Charge of electron (e)

(d) Mass of proton (mp)

Ans. (a, b, and d): dimension of

[Link] 12
hc = [ML2T-1] × [LT-1]=[ML3T-2]

c = [LT-1] = [G1/2 h1//2 c-3/2 T-1]

Hence, physical quantities (a, b and d) can be used to represent L, M,T in terms of the
choosen fundamental quantities.

2.17. Which of the following ratios express pressure?

(a) Force/Area

(b) Energy/volume

(c) Energy/Area

(d) Force/Volume

Main concept used: Ratio can be express as pressure (P) if the dimension of ratio is same as
P.

Ans. (a, b): Dimension of pressure

Dimension of pressure P= [ML-1T-2]

[Link] 13
(a) Dimension of = dimension of P

(b) Dimension of = dimension of P

(c) Dimension of dimension of P

(d) Dimension of dimension of P

Hence, required option are (a) and (b).

2.18. Which of the following are not unit of time?

(a) Second

(b) Parsec

(c) Year

(d) Light year

Main concept used: Dimension of time is [T].

Ans. (b, d): the second, and year measures the time so their dimension is [M0L0T1] or unit of
time. But Parsec and Light year measures the distance and dimension of distance is [L] which
is not equal to the dimension of Time [T]. Hence, (b) and (d) are not unit of time.

[Link] 14
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS

2.19. Why do we have different units for same physical quantity?

Ans. Same physical quantity measures the different orders of the quantity e.g., velocity is a

physical quantity which measures the speed of light m/s, speed of a person 100 cm/s,

speed of bus 101 km/h, speed of a particle measured in terms of speed of light.

So, we have the different units of same physical quantity. So we have different units of
velocity cm/s, m/s, km/hr velocity of light.

2.20. The radius of atom is of the order of 1 and radius of nucleus is of the order of
fermi. How many magnitudes higher is the volume of atom as compared to the volume
of nucleus?

Ans. Radius (R) of atom= 1 =10-10 m

Radius (r) of nucleus =1 fermi =10-15 m

Ratio of volume of atom to nucleus

2.21. Name the device used for measuring the mass of atoms and molecules.

Ans. Deflection of a charge particle or ionized atom or molecule depends on the magnitude
of either magnetic or electric field. Mass and Charge of a particle by using this principle can
be measured by using spectrograph or spectrometer which measures the mass of atoms and
molecules.

[Link] 15
2.22. Express unified atomic mass unit in kg.

Ans. Unified atomic mass unit (amu) or (u)= the mass of one carbon (C12) atom.

By Avogadro’s number 6.023 × 1023 we know that mass of 6.023 x1023 atoms of carbon ​​
12 is equal to 12 gm.
6C

So mass of one atom of

1 amu = mass of one 6C12 =

= 1.66×10-24 gm

1 amu =1.66×10-27kg

2.23. A function f( ) is defined as:

Why is it necessary for f( ) to be a dimensionless quantity?

Ans. is represented by angle which is equal to so angle is dimensionless physical

quantity.

First term is 1 which is dimensionless, next term contain only powers of , as is

dimensionless so their powers will also be dimensionless. Hence, each term in R.H.S.
expression are dimensionless so left hand side f( ) must be dimensionless.

2.24. Why length, mass and time are chosen as base quantities in mechanics?

Ans. The length, mass and time cannot be derived from any other physical quantities and all
physical quantities of mechanics. So length, mass and time are chosen as the base quantities
in mechanics.

[Link] 16
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS

2.25. (a) The earth-moon distance is about 60 times the earth radius. What will be the
diameter of earth (approximately in degrees) as seen from the moon.

(b) Moon is seen to be of (1/2)0 diameter from the earth. What must be the relative size
of the moon as compared to the earth.

(c) From parallax measurement, the sun is found to be at a distance of about 400
times of earth-moon distance. Estimate the ratio of sun-earth diameters.

Ans. (a):

The angle from the moon to the diameter of earth

(b) As moon is seen from earth (diametrically) angle=

If earth is seen from moon the angle = 2o

Size of moon is the size (diameter) of earth.

(c) Let the distance between earth and moon rem = x m

[Link] 17
Then the distance between earth and sun rse = 400×m. On the complete solar eclipse sun

disappear or covered by moon completely. So the angle formed by the diameters of moon
and sun on earth are equal

m = ​s​. Where angle from earth to moon =

Angle from earth to sun=

​m = ​s

4Dm = De or Dm=

2.26. Which of the following time measuring devices is most precise?

(a) A Wall clock

(b) A stop watch

(c) A digital watch

(d) An atomic clock

[Link] 18
Give reason for your answer.

Ans. (d): The least count of a wall clock, stop watch, digital Watch and atomic clock are 1
sec, sec, sec and sec respectively. So atomic clock is most precise.

2.27. The distance of galaxy is of the order of 1025 m. Calculate the order of magnitude
of time taken by light to reach us from the galaxy.

Ans. Distance travelled by light from galaxy to earth = 1025m

Speed of light = 3×108 m/s

So, Required time = seconds.

Required time = seconds.

2.28. The Vernier scale of travelling microscope has 50 divisions which coincide with 49
divisions of main scale divisions. If each main scale division is 0.5 mm, calculate the
minimum inaccuracy in measurement of distance.

Main concept used: Inaccuracy or L.C. of measuring student when all n parts of Vernier
scale coincide with (n – 1) part of M.S (main scale)

L.C.=

Ans. Here, parts on Vernier scale = n =50 parts

No. of division of M.S. coinciding with n parts of V.S =(n-1)

L.C. of instrument=

Or minimum inaccuracy = 0.01 mm.

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2.29. During a total solar eclipse the moon almost covers the sphere of the sun. Write
the relation between the distances and sizes of the sun and moon.

Dm=2Rm

Ds=2Rs

Ans. On total solar eclipse, solid or areal angle of sun

And moon on earth will be equal

Taking square roots both side

Or the ratio of size of sun to moon is equal to the ratio of the distances of sun to moon from
earth.

2.30. If the unit of force is 100 N, unit of length is 10 m and unit of time is 100 s. What is

[Link] 20
the unit of mass in this system of units?

Main concept used: After writing dimensions of given physical quantities, than co-relate
them.

Ans. Dimension of force = [M1L1T-2] =100 N …(i)

Dimension of length= [L1] =10 m …(ii)

Dimension of time = [T1]=100 s …(iii)

Substituting (ii), (iii) in (i)

M (10) (100)-2 =100

M = 105Kg L=101m

F=102N T=102 sec

2.31. Give an example of:

(a) A physical quantity which has a unit but no dimension

(b) A physical quantity which has neither unit nor dimension

(c) A constant which has a unit

(d) A constant which has no unit

Ans. (a): Plane angle = in radian and solid angle - Steradian has units but no
dimensions.

(b) Relative density , Strain are ratio of same physical quantity so does not have any unit
or dimension.

(c) Gravitational constant ‘G’ = 6.67 10-11 has unit N-m2-kg-2 Dielectric constant k = 9

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109 (vacuum) has unit N-m2 C-2

(d) Reynolds number, Avogadro’s number are constant and has no units.

2.32. Calculate the length of the arc of a circle of radius 31.0 cm which subtends an
angle of at the center.

Ans. Angle=

2.33. Calculate the solid angle subtended by the periphery of an area 1 cm2 at a
point situated symmetrically at a distance of 5 cm from the area.

Ans. solid angle steradian.

2.34. The displacement of a progressive wave is represented by y = A sin ( t-kx), where

is distance and t is time. Write the dimensional formula of (i) (ii) k.

Main concept used: By principal of homogeneity, the trigonometrical ratio has no

dimensions.

Ans. Dimensional formula in L.H.S. and R.H.S. by principal of homogeneity are equal

Dimension of y = dimensions of A sin ( t- )

[L] = [L] x dimensions of ( t- )

as t- are angle of sin (Trigonometrical ratio)

So t- = No dimension or dimensions of t = dimensions of

[Link] 22
Hence, Dimension of k = , Dimesion of = No dimesion

2.35. Time for 20 oscillations of a pendulum is measured as t1=39.6 s; t2=39.9 s; and

t3=39.5 s. What is the precision in the measurements? What is the accuracy

of measurement?

Ans. t1​=39.6 s, t​
​ 2=39.9 s, and t3=39.5 s

the least count of instrument is 0.1 s

Hence precision (LC)=0.1 s

Mean value of time for 20 oscillations

= s

Absolute errors in measurement

Mean absolute error =

Accuracy of measurement = 0.2 s.

[Link] 23
 LONG ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS

2.36. A new system of units is proposed in which unit of mass is kg unit of length m
and unit of time s. How much will 5 j measure in this new system?

Ans. Dimension of Energy = [ML2T-2]

n2u2 = n​1u1

n2 ​= New system of unit = ? n1= S.I system of unit = 5 j

M2 = kg M1 = 1 Kg

L2 = m L1 = 1 m

T2 = s T​1 = 1 second

New system =

2.37. The volume of a liquid flowing out per second from a pipe of length and radius
is written by a student as where P is the pressure difference between two

ends of pipe and is coefficient of viscosity of the liquid having dimensional formula

[ML-1T-1]. Check whether the equation is dimensionally correct or not.

[Link] 24
Main Concept used: Principle of homogeneity, for dimensionally correct equation the
dimensions of each term in the both sides of the equation should be same.

Ans. Dimension V = Volume per second =

Dimension of P =

Dimension of = [L]

Dimension of = [ML-1T-1]

Dimension of = [L]

Dimension of R.H.S.=

Dimension of L.H.S. V = [MoL3T-1]

As dimensions of both sides are equal. Therefore, the equation is dimensionally correct.

2.38. A physical quantity X is related to four measurable quantities a, b, c and d as

follows: X = a2b3c5/2d-2.

The percentage error in the measurement of a, b, c and d are 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%
respectively. What is the percentage error in quantity X? If the value of X calculated on
the basis of the above relation is 2.763, to what value should you round off the result?

Ans.

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Mean absolute error =

= 0.24 (rounding off in significant figure)

Again rounding off X = 2.763 in two significant figure=2.8

2.39. In the expression , E, l, m and G denote energy, angular

momentum, mass and gravitational constant respectively. Show that P is a
dimensionless quantity.

Ans. Since E, and G have dimensional formulas:

E [ML2T-2]

[ML2T-1]

G [M-1L3T-2]

Hence, P = E 2m-5G-2 will have dimensions:

Thus, P is a dimensionless quantity.

2.40. If velocity of light C, Planck’s constant h and gravitational constant G are taken as
fundamental quantities then express mass, length and time in terms of dimensions of
these quantities.

Main concept used: Homogeneity of dimensions in R.H.S and L.H.S. of equation separately
in each terms.

Ans. Dimension of h=

Dimensions of C = [LT-1]

Dimension of G = N-m2 Kg-2 = [MLT-2] [L2][M-2] = [M-1L3T-2]

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(i) Let Mass m [h]a[C]b[G]c

[M1L0T0] = k [ML2T-1]a [LT-1]b[M-1L3T-2]c

[M1L0T0] = k [Ma-c L2a+b+3cT-a-b-2c]

Comparing the powers of M, L,T both side by principle of homogeneity, powers must be
equal.

a-c = 1---------------(i)

2a+b+3c = 0-------------(ii)

-a -b -2c = 0-------------(iii)

a = c+1 …from equation (i)

by putting the value of a in equation (ii) & (iii)

2(c+1)+b+3c = 0

2c+2+b+3c = 0

b+5c = -2------------(iv)

-(c+1)-b-2c=0

-b-3c = 1---------------(v)

from equations (iv) & (v)

adding

c =

Put the value of c in equation (iv)

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(ii) Let L Ca hb Gc

[M0L1To-] = k[LT-1]a[ML2T-1]b[M-1L3T-2]C

[M0L1T0] = k[Mb-cLa+2b+3cT-a-b-2c]

By the principal of homogeneity powers of M, L and T in both side must be equal.

b – c = 0-----------(i)

a+2b+3c = 1----------(ii)

-a-b-2c = 0------------(iii)

b=c …from equation (i)

a+2b+3b = 1

a+5b = 1-----------(iv)

from equation (iii)

a+b+2c = 0

from equation (i)

[Link] 28
a + b+2b = 0

a+3b = 0---------(v)

from equation (v)

(iii) Let T GahbCc

[M0L0T1] = k [M-1L3T-2]a[ML2T-1]b[LT-1]c

[M0L0T1] = k [M-aL3aT-2a][MbL2bT-b][LcT-c]

[M0L0T1] = k [M-a+bL3a+2b+cT-2a-b-c]

-a+b = 0------------------(i)

3a+2b+c = 0-------------(ii)

-2a-b-c = 1---------------(iii)

from equation (ii) & (iii)

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from equation (i) & (iv)

b =

a =

By putting the value of a and b in equation (ii)

c =

2.41. An artificial satellite is revolving around a planet of mass M and radius R in a

circular orbit of radius r. From kepler’s Third law about the period of satellite around a
common central body, square of the period of revolution T is proportional to the cube
of the radius of the orbit r. show using dimensional analysis, that:

Where K is a dimensionless constant and g is acceleration due to gravity.

Main concept used: Principle of homogeneity.

Ans. By Kepler ‘s third law of planetary motion

T 2

We know that T also depends on radius R and g

T = K[LT-2]a[L]b[L]3/2

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By principle of homogeneity comparing powers of M, L and T

a+b+ = 0---------(i)

-2a = 1---------(ii)

a =

from equation (i)

b+1 = 0

b = -1

-2a = + 1

Hence proved.

2.42. In an experiment to estimate the size of a molecule of oleic acid, 1mL of oleic acid
is dissolved in 19mL of alcohol. Then 1 mL of this solution is diluted to 20 ml by adding
alcohol. Now 1 drop of this diluted solution is placed on water in a shallow through. The
solution spreads over the surface of water forming one molecule thick layer. Now,
Lycopodium powder is sprinkled evenly over the film and its diameter is measured.
Knowing the volume of the film its diameter is measured. Knowing the volume of the
drop and area of the film we can calculate the thickness of the film, which will give us
the size of oleic acid molecule.

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

(a) Why we dissolve oleic acid in alcohol?

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(b) What is the role of lycopodium powder?

(c) What would be the volume of oleic acid in each ml of solution prepared.

(d) How will you calculate the volume of drops of this solution of oleic acid?

(e) What will be the volume of oleic acid in one drop of this solution?

Ans. (a): To get a molecular level we have to reduce the concentration of oleic acid by
dissolving it in a proper solvent. Oleic acid is an organic compound so cannot be dissolve in
ionic solvent water. It can dissolve in organic solvent alcohol.

(b) Lycopodium prevent to mix oleic acid in water, when drop of oleic acid is poured on
water. So lycopodium powder spread on water surface first and then thin layer of diluted
oleic acid is made on surface of lycopodium spread on water.

(c) The concentration of oleic acid in solution of alcohol in V volume solution is

ml if V = 1 ml then required concentration in one ml solution = as
given in question.

(d) Volume of n drop solution can be calculate by burette, by dropping 1 ml, solution drop by
drop in beaker and counting its number of drops. If n drops are in 1 ml, then volume of 1
drop=

(e) The volume of 1 drop of solution is . If n drops are measured in one ml in part (d).
Then concentration of oleic acid in one drop solution = oleic
acid.

2.43. (a) How many astronomical units (A.U) make 1 parsec?

(b) Consider a sun like a star at a distance of 2 parsec. When it is seen through a
telescope with magnification, what should be angular size of the star? Sun appears to
be from the earth due to atmospheric fluctuations, eye cannot resolve objects
smaller than 1 arc minute.

(c) Mars has approximately half of earth’s diameter. When it is closest to earth, it is at

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about A.U. from the earth. Calculate what size it will appear when seen through the

same telescope. (Comment: This is to illustrate why a telescope can magnify planets but
not stars.)

Ans. (a): One parsec is the distance at which 1 A.U. long arc subtends angle of 1 s or 1 arc
sec.

Angle 1 sec =

1 parsec =

But 1 arc sec =

1 parsec =

1 parsec=

1 parsec = 2 105 A.U.

(b) 1 A.U. subtends angle of sun’s diameter= As the distance from sun increases angle
subtended in the same ratio.

So 2 105 A.U. (one parsec) distant star will form an angle of

so angle subtended by 1 parsec on earth of size (diameter of sun) is as the sunlike

star’s diameter is same as sun . If sun like star is at 2 parsec then angle at earth by star
becomes

Angle = (1.25 10-6) minute

= (75 10-6) min

When these sun like star is seen by telescope of magnification 100, then angle formed by sun

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like star becomes 75 10-6 100 = 75 10-4 = 7.5 10-3 minute which is very less than 1
minute as eyes cannot resolve object or image smaller than one minute. So cannot be
observed by given telescope.

2.44. Einstein’s mass energy relation emerging out from this famous theory of relativity

relates mass (m) to energy (E) as E=mc2, where c is speed of light in vacuum. At the
nuclear level, the magnitude of energy is usually measured in MeV where 1 MeV=1.6

10-13 J; the mass is measured in unified atomic mass unit (u) where 1 u= 1.67 10-27 kg.
(a) Show that energy equivalent of 1 u is 931.5 MeV
(b) A student writes the relation as 1 u = 931.5 MeV

The teacher points out that the relation is dimensionally incorrect. Write the correct
relation.

Ans. (a) m = 1 u = 1.67 10-27kg

c = 3 108 m/s

By mass energy relation given by Einstein E = mc2

E =1.67 10-27 3 108 3 108J

=1.67 10-27+16 9J

(b) 1 amu = 931.5 MeV is dimensionally incorrect, but if in general represents 931.5 MeV
energy will released if 1 u mass converted totally into energy

E = mc2

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 1 u c2 931.5 MeV

is dimensionally correct.

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