Chapter 5 Spacecraft Environmental Conditions

Table of Contents

5 Spacecraft Environmental Conditions .......................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Mechanical Environment ..................................................................................... 5-1

5.1.1 General .................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 Quasi-Static Accelerations....................................................................... 5-2
5.1.3 Low Frequency Vibration ......................................................................... 5-3
5.1.4 Acoustic Noise ......................................................................................... 5-4
5.1.5 Random Vibration .................................................................................... 5-5
5.1.6 Shock....................................................................................................... 5-5
5.1.7 Loads during Ground Operations ............................................................ 5-7
[Link] Handling Loads During Ground Operations ............................ 5-8
[Link] Spacecraft Container Railway Transportation Loads .............. 5-8
[Link] Roadway Autonomous Transportation in Archangel and
Plesetsk Cosmodrome ............................................................ 5-9
[Link] Loads during Transport in Upper Composite......................... 5-10
5.2 Thermal Environment ........................................................................................ 5-11
5.2.1 Environmental Conditions in the Integration Facility.............................. 5-11
5.2.2 Pre-Launch Temperature Control within the Fairing.............................. 5-11
5.2.3 In-flight Temperature under the Fairing ................................................. 5-13
5.2.4 Aerothermal Flux at Fairing Jettisoning ................................................. 5-14
5.2.5 Heat Impact during Coasting Phase ...................................................... 5-14
5.3 Fairing Static Pressure during the Ascent ......................................................... 5-14
5.4 Contamination and Cleanliness......................................................................... 5-15
5.5 Electromagnetic Environment ........................................................................... 5-15
5.5.1 Launch Vehicle Electro-Magnetic Emissions......................................... 5-15
5.5.2 Spacecraft Electro-Magnetic Emissions ................................................ 5-17

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List of Figures

Figure 5-1 Launch vehicle and payload coordinate system............................................5-1

Figure 5-2 Typical axial payload interface acceleration..................................................5-2
Figure 5-3 Typical radial payload interface acceleration. ...............................................5-3
Figure 5-4 Low frequency vibration environment at the separation plane. .....................5-4
Figure 5-5 Composite noise spectrum under the Rockot payload fairing during
flight given in 1/3 octave band referenced to 2 x 10-5 Pa RMS. ....................5-4
Figure 5-6 Typical shock environment for diverse separation systems. .........................5-6
Figure 5-7 Transportation of the spacecraft in the spacecraft container. .......................5-7
Figure 5-8 Spacecraft transportation as part of the upper composite.............................5-7
Figure 5-9 Random vibration power spectrum acting at spacecraft container base
during autonomous railway transportation. ...................................................5-8
Figure 5-10 Random vibration spectrum for autonomous roadway transportation. .............9
Figure 5-11 Random vibration power spectrum acting on the spacecraft during
upper composite transportation......................................................................10
Figure 5-12 Thermal conditioning of the upper composite during transportation. ..........5-12
Figure 5-13 Thermal conditioning of the upper composite at the launch pad.................5-12
Figure 5-14 Variation of fairing inner static pressure during ascent. ..............................5-15
Figure 5-15 Field strength of launch vehicle and cosmodrome electromagnetic
emissions in the adapter plane without payload fairing...............................5-16
Figure 5-16 Allowable spacecraft emissions at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. ........................5-17

List of Tables

Table 5-1 Quasi-static loads experienced by an average payload during ascent. ........5-3
Table 5-2 Low frequency vibration environment............................................................5-3
Table 5-3 Composite noise spectrum under the fairing during flight. ............................5-5
Table 5-4 Typical shock environment for diverse separation systems. .........................5-6
Table 5-5 Maximum handling loads...............................................................................5-8
Table 5-6 Shock loads during autonomous railway transportation................................5-8
Table 5-7 Random vibration power spectrum acting at spacecraft container base
during autonomous railway transportation. ...................................................5-8
Table 5-8 Quasi-static accelerations for autonomous roadway transportation at
wind velocities ≤ 20 m/s. ...............................................................................5-9
Table 5-9 Random vibration power spectrum for autonomous roadway
transportation. ...............................................................................................5-9
Table 5-10 Accelerations during upper composite transportation at wind velocities ≤
20 m/s..........................................................................................................5-10
Table 5-11 Random vibration power spectrum acting on the spacecraft during
upper composite transportation...................................................................5-10
Table 5-12 Air conditioning systems performance data. ...............................................5-13
Table 5-13 Ranges of measured parameters under the payload fairing. ......................5-13
Table 5-14 Launch vehicle and cosmodrome electromagnetic emissions. ...................5-16
Table 5-15 Allowable spacecraft emissions at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. ........................5-17

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5 Spacecraft gime, or may be due to loading induced by
the operation of the propulsion systems
Environmental due to longitudinal acceleration, thrust
Conditions build-up or tail-off transients, structure-
propulsion coupling, attitude control opera-
tion, etc.
This section describes the environment to
which the spacecraft is exposed during the The various types of mechanical environ-
launch site operations and its transport into ment experienced by the payload are
orbit with the Rockot launcher as well as described in the following paragraphs.
accelerations occurring during ground Typical data are given for sine, random
transportation and handling. and shock environments. If not explicitly
stated, all mechanical loads are defined as
maximum operational loads. They are
5.1 Mechanical Environment
estimated with 90% confidence and their
levels will not be exceeded in 99% of all
5.1.1 General
flights. For different dispenser types, dedi-
During flight, the payload is subjected to cated environments have to be defined on
static and dynamic loads induced by the a case-by-case basis.
launch vehicle. Such excitation may be of
For the launch vehicle and payload coordi-
aerodynamic origin, especially wind and
nate system refer to Figure 5-1.
gusts, buffeting in the transonic flight re-

X Y

Z Y0
X0

Z0

Figure 5-1 Launch vehicle and payload coordinate system.

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The spacecraft coordinate system without The low-frequency or quasi-static compo-
index may be selected with the origin at the nent of dynamic loading, which is the fre-
CoM of the spacecraft or in the attachment quency component below 100 Hz is used
plane and with axes parallel to the launch as the dimensioning factor when selecting
vehicle coordinate system, if the satellite is technical solutions aimed at ensuring
clocked orthogonally. The orbital block adequate strengths of the payload and
coordinate system with the index "O" is a adapter system structures.
useful tool for the definition of the loads
Figure 5-2 and Figure 5-3 show typical low-
and performance of the coupled loads
frequency spacecraft interface accelera-
analysis (CLA). Its origin lies in the Breeze-
tions during powered flight of stages 1 and
KM / payload adapter interface plane. The
2. Payload accelerations during powered
Y and Z axes concur with the launch vehi-
flight of the upper stage are much smaller
cle stabilisation axes III and IV respec-
and, thus, of no concern for the structure’s
tively.
load capability.
5.1.2 Quasi-Static Accelerations Quasi-static loads experienced by the
spacecraft are largely determined by the
During ascent, the payload will experience
spacecraft mass and stiffness properties.
dynamic loads generated by
The loads given in Table 5-1 can be used
• the operating launch vehicle propulsion as preliminary dimensioning inputs to the
unit, design of the spacecraft. These loads are
the worst-case limit loads that do not
• the aerodynamic forces appearing as necessarily apply to any spacecraft.
the launch vehicle traverses dense Instead, they are obtained for an average
atmospheric layers, and spacecraft and shall be subject to updates
by a dedicated CLA for each particular
• the operating launch vehicle navigation
mission.
system.

80
Axial acceleration, m/s2

60

40

20

-20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time, s

Figure 5-2 Typical axial payload interface acceleration.

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 4
Radial acceleration, m/s2

-2

-4

-6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time, s

Figure 5-3 Typical radial payload interface acceleration.

axial, g
Seq. Event max min radial, g

1 Lift-off + 3.6 0 ± 0.7

2 Worst-case dynamic pressure qmax + 2.8 + 2.4 ± 0.9
3 Peak stage 1 thrust Pmax + 8.0 + 6.2 ± 0.5
4 Worst-case axial stage 1 structural acceleration nXmax + 8.1 + 6.3 ± 0.5
5 Stage 1 shutdown + 8.1 – 1.5 ± 0.7
6 Stage 2 powered flight + 3.0 0 ± 0.4
7 Upper stage powered flight + 1.6 0 ± 0.4
Note:
1) "+" means compression, "-" means tension
2) Axial and radial loads may exist simultaneously.

Table 5-1 Quasi-static loads experienced by an average payload during ascent.

These values are subject to revision after

5.1.3 Low Frequency Vibration
the performance of a CLA with a dedicated
The low frequency longitudinal and lateral structural mathematical model of the
vibration environment spectra experienced spacecraft.
at the spacecraft separation plane are
A notching to design loads can be allowed
presented in Table 5-2 and Figure 5-4
based on controller data at the adapter
respectively.
interface to the spacecraft or at the inter-
Acceleration, g face to Breeze-KM whichever is more
Frequency,
Hz Longitudinal Lateral
critical.

5 - 10 0.8 0.5 For test approaches and factors please

10 - 20 0.8 - 1.2 0.5 refer to chapter 6.
20 - 40 1.2 - 0.8 0.5
40 - 100 0.8 0.5
Table 5-2 Low frequency vibration environ-
ment.

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 10
Longitudinal vibrations
Lateral vibrations
Acceleration, g

0.1
1 10 100

Frequency, Hz

Figure 5-4 Low frequency vibration environment at the separation plane.

5.1.4 Acoustic Noise pressure of 2 x 10-5 Pa = 0 dB. Noise is

substantially lower outside these periods.
The spacecraft is exposed to an acoustic
environment throughout the boost phase of The composite noise spectrum at lift-off is
flight until the vehicle is out of the atmos- given in Figure 5-5 and Table 5-3. The
phere. Acoustic noise is generated by given spectra reflect the guaranteed upper
engine noise, buffeting and boundary layer limit, including the worst case fill factor for
noise. The level is highest at lift-off (137.9 spacecraft within the payload fairing. The
dB OASPL) and in the transonic phase composite duration is 10 seconds.
(135 dB OASPL) with a RMS reference

135

130

125

120
SPL, dB

115

110

105

100
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz

Figure 5-5 Composite noise spectrum under the Rockot payload fairing during flight given in 1/3
octave band referenced to 2 x 10-5 Pa RMS.

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 1/3 octave band random vibration depends on specific
centre frequency, Hz Sound pressure level, dB payload configuration, e.g. fill factor, pay-
25 120.7 load adapter, payload surfaces. Therefore
31.5 123.3
a generic random vibration environment is
40 123.5
not defined here. In the case of small
50 124.2
compact satellites it may be more conven-
63.5 125.0
80 127.4
ient to perform a random vibration test. In
100 128.7 this particular case, the customer is asked
125 127.4 to contact EUROCKOT directly for defini-
160 126.8 tion of the appropriate random vibration
200 130.4 test levels.
250 126.7
315 124.7 5.1.6 Shock
400 122.8
500 124.4 The spacecraft is subjected to a shock
630 121.5 environment during separation of the fair-
800 118.6 ing and launch vehicle components as well
1000 120.7 as spacecraft separation.
1250 114.3
1600 111.1 The shock levels at the spacecraft separa-
2000 111.1 tion plane experienced during the separa-
2500 114.4 tion from the Breeze-KM upper stage are
3150 112.4 associated with the separation system
4000 111.4 selected (section 4.2).
5000 110.4
6300 108.9 The shock levels are also dependent on
8000 107.4 the pre-tension of the bolts for the MLS
10000 106.9 system or the pre-tension of the band for
OASPL 137.9 the clamp band systems. Pre-tensions are
Note:
determined according to the spacecraft
• The acoustic loads are referenced to the RMS
acoustic pressure of 2x10-5 Pa and interface characteristics such as
• Test duration and factors are defined in chapter 6 spacecraft CoM and interface diameter in
• Composite duration is 10 seconds
relation to the separation system following
Table 5-3 Composite noise spectrum under
the fairing during flight. qualified standards. Table 5-4 and Figure
5-6 show the shock specifications for the
fairing separation as well as the MLS and
5.1.5 Random Vibration
EADS CASA clamp band systems with
typical pre-tensions.
Random vibration is mainly generated by
the acoustic noise field under the payload For detailed information for other sizes,
fairing and is also transmitted via the special pre-tensions and low shock sys-
launcher structure. Random accelerations tems, please contact EUROCKOT.
excited by the launch vehicle engines can
be neglected for spacecraft design. The Shock loads are defined as worst value
applicable to all three axes and they act

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 simultaneously. For clamp band systems note that the second stage separation
the shock loads are measured in radial, shock levels are lower than the specifica-
tangential directions to the clamp band and tions given here, thus not to be considered
normal to the separation plane. Please in the shock environment.

Acceleration, g (SRS, Q=10)

Small
Mechanical satellite
Fairing Lock CASA CRSS CASA CRSS separation
Frequency, Hz Separation** System* 937 SRF* 1194 system
100 50 50 80 80 40
700 700 800 1000 1000 400
1000 1000 2000 1800 1800 600
1500 1000 2000 2800 2800
2000 1000 2800 2800 1500
4000 1000 4000 2800 2800
5000 1000 4000
6000 1000 1800
10000 1000 2000 1800
* Shock values for separation systems are measured 40 mm above the separation plane.
** Fairing separation shock is defined at the base of the payload adapter. Hence, for taller payload adapters
shock at the spacecraft to adapter interface plane will be lower.
Table 5-4 Typical shock environment for diverse separation systems.

10000

1000
Acceleration, g

100
Fairing Separation
Mechanical Lock System
CASA CRSS 937, 1194
Small Satellite Separation System
10
100 1000 10000

Frequency, Hz

Figure 5-6 Typical shock environment for diverse separation systems.

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 spacecraft container. Section [Link] con-
5.1.7 Loads during Ground Operations tains the loads given for spacecraft con-
tainer transportation with a railway wagon
This section presents the ground loads the as per the co-ordinate definitions in Figure
spacecraft or its container is subjected to 5-7. Similarly, section [Link] provides
on the EUROCKOT standard ground loads for short duration truck transport from
transportation route from the port-of-entry the Archangel airport to the railhead in
Archangel Talagi Airport to Plesetsk Cos- Plesetsk and within the Cosmodrome, if
modrome by lorry and railway. The right- applicable. Finally, section [Link] provides
handed co-ordinate systems used for the the loads on the spacecraft during railway
different ground operations are defined in transportation to the launch pad as part of
Figure 5-7and Figure 5-8. All loads that are the Rockot launch vehicle upper compo-
specified in this section are 3 sigma values site. The specific measurement plan and
with 90% confidence. The accelerations positions of the instrumentation (Figure
during the transportation are defined for 5-7, Figure 5-8) can be customised for
wind velocities less than 20 m/s. each customer's individual project.
Section [Link] provides the maximum
handling loads to be expected on the

SC container
Three-Axis-
Accelerometer Direction of
Transportation car transportation

Z
X

Figure 5-7 Transportation of the spacecraft in the spacecraft container.

Direction of
transportation
Z
X

Y
Three-Axis-
Accelerometer 1
Transportation Unit
Three-Axis-
Accelerometer 2

Figure 5-8 Spacecraft transportation as part of the upper composite.

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[Link] Handling Loads During Ground Amplitude, Impulse Number
Operations Direction
g duration, s of loads

X 1.0
The maximum handling loads acting at the
Y 1.0 0.16 - 0.035 100
spacecraft CoM during the ground opera-
tions, e. g. hoisting, are presented in Table Z 0.5
5-5. While the gravity acceleration acts Note: The impulse form can either be a triangle or
half-sine.
continuously in the vertical direction, other
operational loads may act simultaneously Table 5-6 Shock loads during autonomous
railway transportation.
along the other directions.

Quasi-static loads Fre- Power spectral density, g²/Hz

quency, direction
Vertical Lateral
Safety factor Hz X Y Z
direction directions
1±0.5 ±0.3 1.5 2 1.5E-4 7.5E-4 6.0E-4
Table 5-5 Maximum handling loads. 4 8.0E-4 1.0E-2 8.0E-4
8 3.0E-3 1.0E-2 1.0E-3

[Link] Spacecraft Container Railway 10 1.0E-3 1.0E-2 3.0E-3

Transportation Loads 14 8.0E-4 3.0E-3 1.0E-3
20 8.0E-4 1.0E-3 1.0E-3
The location of the accelerometers and the
25 8.0E-4 8.0E-4 1.0E-3
co-ordinate system for the load measure-
ment during the spacecraft container trans- 30 8.0E-4 1.5E-3 1.0E-3

port by railway are defined in Figure 5-7. 35 1.2E-3 8.0E-4 1.0E-3

The loads for railway transportation from 40 4.0E-4 6.0E-4 1,5E-4
Archangel to Plesetsk are defined in Table 45 4.0E-4 4.3E-4 1.5E-4
5-6, Table 5-7 and Figure 5-9. 50 4.0E-4 2.8E-4 1.5E-4
Time, min 420 420 420

Table 5-7 Random vibration power spec-

trum acting at spacecraft con-
tainer base during autonomous
railway transportation.

10-1 10
-1
10
-1

10-2 10-2 10 -2
SX , g2/Hz

SY, g /Hz

S Z, g 2/Hz

10-3 10-3 10 -3
2

10-4 10-4 10 -4

-5
10 10-5 10 -5
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz

Figure 5-9 Random vibration power spectrum acting at spacecraft container base during autonomous
railway transportation.

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[Link] Roadway Autonomous Transportation
in Archangel and Plesetsk Cosmodrome
Power spectral density, g2 Hz
Frequency, direction
The quasi-static acceleration loads for the Hz X Y Z
short duration roadway transportation in
2 5.0E-5 7.0E-4 4.0E-4
Archangel are defined Table 5-8, and 4 1.2E-4 3.0E-3 5.5E-4
Figure 5-10. The random vibration loads 8 3.0E-4 3.0E-3 7.0E-4
are defined in Table 5-9. These spectra 10 3.0E-4 3.0E-3 7.0E-4
apply also to the short road transportation 14 3.0E-4 3.0E-3 7.0E-4
at the launch site in the Plesetsk Cos- 20 1.0E-4 4.0E-4 3.0E-4
modrome. The reference coordinate sys- 25 4.0E-5 1.5E-4 1.0E-4
tem definition given in Figure 5-7 also 30 1,3E-5 5.0E-5 4,5E-5
35 6.0E-6 2.0E-5 2.0E-5
applies to the roadway autonomous trans-
40 3.0E-6 1.0E-5 1.0E-5
portation.
45 2.0E-6 6.0E-6 6.0E-6
Quasi-static accelerations, g Safety 50 1.0E-6 3.2E-6 3.2E-5
X Y Z factor Time, min 10 10 10
±1.0 1±1.0 ±0.5 1.5 Table 5-9 Random vibration power spec-
Note: For transportation regimes the loads are trum for autonomous roadway
applied according to the coordinate system of the transportation.
transportation system. The loads may apply at the
same time on axes X, Y and Z.
Table 5-8 Quasi-static accelerations for
autonomous roadway transporta-
tion at wind velocities ≤ 20 m/s.

10-2 10-2 10 -2

10-3 10-3 10 -3
SX , g /Hz

SY, g /Hz

S Z, g2/Hz

10-4 10-4 10 -4
2

-5
10 10-5 10 -5

-6 -6 -6
10 10 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz

Figure 5-10 Random vibration spectrum for autonomous roadway transportation.

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 Power spectral density, g2 /Hz
[Link] Loads during Transport in Upper
Frequency, direction
Composite
Hz X Y Z

The location of the accelerometers and the 2 6.0E-5 6.0E-5 1.2E-4

co-ordinate system for spacecraft transport 4 2.0E-4 1.0E-4 1.5E-4
8 4.5E-4 5.0E-4 2.0E-4
within the upper composite are defined in
10 1.5E-4 5.0E-4 3.0E-4
Figure 5-8. The upper composite is trans-
14 1.2E-4 5.0E-4 1.0E-4
ported over a distance of 7 km at 3 to 5 20 1.2E-4 1.5E-4 1.0E-4
km/h. The corresponding loads are defined 25 1.2E-4 1.2E-4 1.0E-4
in Table 5-10, Table 5-11 and Figure 5-11. 30 1.2E-4 1.5E-4 1.0E-4
The loads may act simultaneously in the 35 2.0E-4 1.1E-4 1.0E-4
respective axes. 40 1.5E-4 1.0E-4 3.7E-5
45 1.0E-4 8.3E-5 3.7E-5
Quasi-static accelerations ,g Safety 50 1.0E-4 7.5E-5 3.7E-5
X Y Z factor Time, min 18 18 18

±1.0 1±0.5 ±0.3 1.5 Table 5-11 Random vibration power spec-
trum acting on the spacecraft dur-
Table 5-10 Accelerations during upper com- ing upper composite transporta-
posite transportation at wind ve- tion
locities ≤ 20 m/s.

10-3 10
-3
10
-3
SX, g2/Hz

SY, g2/Hz

SZ, g2/Hz

-4
10 10-4 10-4

10-5 10
-5
10
-5

10-6 10
-6
10
-6

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz

Figure 5-11 Random vibration power spectrum acting on the spacecraft during upper composite trans-
portation.

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5.2 Thermal Environment 5.2.2 Pre-Launch Temperature Control
within the Fairing
This section describes the thermal envi-
After encapsulation and upper composite
ronment of the spacecraft before and after
integration, conditioned air to the fairing is
launch. For the definition of the spacecraft
supplied either by a mobile thermal condi-
thermal environment, three phases of the
tioning system on a railcar or a stationary
mission are considered:
thermal conditioning system at the launch
• The spacecraft preparation phase pad. A removable thermal cover is installed
within the preparation buildings, on the outer fairing surface for the duration
of the upper composite transportation from
• transportation to the launch pad, when
the integration facility to the launch site, the
the spacecraft is encapsulated inside
upper composite lifting into the service
the fairing, and
tower, and the upper composite installation
• the in-flight environment phase after on the booster unit. A supplementary
mating the upper composite with the spacecraft battery air conditioning system
launch vehicle. can be provided as an optional service.

The upper composite air conditioning

5.2.1 Environmental Conditions in the
configuration during transportation from the
Integration Facility
integration facility to the launch pad and
The payload is processed in clean rooms while at the launch pad is shown in Figure
of the integration facility MIK. The clean 5-12 and Figure 5-13.
rooms are compliant with ISO Standard
The basic performance data of the mobile
14644-1 Class 8 (former FED-STD-209
air conditioning system, the characteristics
Class 100,000) with a regulated tempera-
of the air supplied by the upper composite
ture of 18 to 25 °C and relative humidity
stationary air conditioning system, and the
between 30 and 60%. EUROCKOT can
characteristics of the air supplied by the
also provide ISO Class 7 cleanliness (for-
optional spacecraft battery air conditioning
mer Class 10,000) as an optional service.
system are shown in Table 5-12.

The mobile and stationary air conditioning

systems are compatible with ISO Class 8
cleanliness, ISO Class 7 can be provided
as an optional service. The mean air veloc-
ity induced by the thermal conditioning
system within the fairing does not exceed 3
m/s.

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 Fairing with inner
Upper
Upper composite
Composite thermal insulation

Air
Airducts
Ducts Mobile thermal
Thermal conditioning
Conditioning Unit unit

Thermal
Thermal cover
Cover

Transportation
unit Unit
Transportation

Figure 5-12 Thermal conditioning of the upper composite during transportation.

Temperature and relative humidity

sensors in the payload fairing
Air
Air Duct
duct
Temperature and relative humidity
Umbilical
Umbilical Connect
connector sensors at the payload adapter

Stationary Air Inlet

thermal
(Ø 200mm)
conditioning unit

Channel
(5 Places)(5 places)
Channel
Stationary column
Stationary Mast
Air Outlet
(4
AirPlaces)
outlet (4 places)

Figure 5-13 Thermal conditioning of the upper composite at the launch pad.

The air temperature inside the fairing is metric mathematical models to be provided
between 10 and 25°C during active tem- by the Customer. The adapter hardware
perature control, and between 5 and 30°C temperature, fairing inside air temperature
when no active temperature control is and humidity will be measured and re-
provided. These ranges will be updated on corded by the ground measurement sys-
the basis of thermal analysis results. The tem during the upper composite transporta-
thermal analysis will be performed by tion en route to the launch pad and during
means of the spacecraft thermal and geo- processing on the launch pad (Table 5-13).

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 Mobile thermal Stationary thermal SC batteries system
Parameter conditioning unit conditioning unit (optional service)

10..25 10..25 7…20

Temperature of supplied air, °C
(adjustable) (adjustable) (adjustable)
Dew point of supplied air, °C ≤ -20
Relative humidity of supplied
30* - 60 ≤ 30
air, %
Air flow rate, m3/h ≥ 4,000 ≥ 4,000 200
Static overpressure inside
2,000 2,000 12,000
payload fairing, Pa
ISO Class 8 ISO Class 8
Cleanliness of supplied air ISO Class 8
(ISO Class 7 optional) (ISO Class 7 optional)
* Optionally, a relative humidity of less than 30% can be maintained.

Table 5-12 Air conditioning systems performance data.

Number of Measurement Measurement

Parameter sensors range accuracy

Fairing internal air temperature within approx.

2 - 40 … 80°C ± 0.7°C
3 m of fairing separation plane
Fairing internal air humidity within approx. 3 m
2 5 … 90 % ±3%
of fairing separation plane
Adapter hardware temperature at 1/2 adapter
2 - 40… 80°C ± 0.7°C
height

Table 5-13 Ranges of measured parameters under the payload fairing.

Air conditioning of the upper composite is the required thermal status of the upper
provided up to approximately 30 seconds composite is maintained due to the thermal
before lift-off and is restarted in about 1 inertia of the thermal cover, the fairing and
minute in case of a launch abort. The total the upper composite itself as well as due to
number of thermal conditioning interrup- the heat resistance of both the thermal
tions is four: cover and the fairing internal thermal blan-
ket. This will be verified by thermal analy-
• Upper composite lifting into the service
ses carried out for each phase of ground
tower
processing.
• Upper composite installation on the
booster unit 5.2.3 In-flight Temperature under the
Fairing
• Stiffness ring removal
The payload fairing protects the payload
• Installation of LTC extension during the ascent to a nominal altitude of
about 120 km.
The duration of each interruption period
does not exceed 1 hour. In these periods

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The in-flight adapter hardware temperature flux, terrestrial albedo and terrestrial infra-
lies within the range -50°C to +40°C range red radiation. The nominal orientation of
without considering the payload-induced the upper composite during the coasting
environment. During the ascent, the net phase is described in chapter 3.4. The heat
flux density radiated by the fairing does not impact to the spacecraft during the coast-
exceed 500 W/m2 at any point. ing phase is determined during the dedi-
cated mission analysis. Within the re-
Since the upper stage employs an internal
quirements of the upper stage, the mission
temperature control system to keep the
profile takes into account the spacecraft
temperature of the equipment bay that
thermal requirements.
directly interfaces the payload below 50°C,
no induced heat load from here is to be
5.3 Fairing Static Pressure during
expected. After the fairing has been jetti-
the Ascent
soned, the payload is exposed to the Free
Molecular Heating (FMH) flux (section The payload compartment is vented during
5.2.5), solar radiation and terrestrial infra- boosted flight. The payload compartment
red. pressure and the depressurisation rate are
a function of fairing design and flight trajec-
5.2.4 Aerothermal Flux at Fairing tory. The nominal predicted pressure
Jettisoning
decrease profile for the Rockot payload
The time for jettisoning the fairing is deter- fairing is shown in Figure 5-14. The maxi-
mined to ensure that the aero-thermal flux mum depressurisation rate will not exceed
of 1135 W/m2 will not be exceeded. This 4 kPa/s. The static pressure within the
flux is calculated as free molecular heating fairing is measured during flight and trans-
acting on a plane surface perpendicular to mitted to the ground using the on-board
the velocity direction. telemetry system.

5.2.5 Heat Impact during Coasting Phase

After the fairing has been jettisoned, the

spacecraft is exposed to solar radiation

Rockot User's Guide, EHB0003, Issue 5, Revision 0, August 2011 5-14

 x 105
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Pressure, Pa

InnerPressure under
pres s ure payload
under fairingfairing
0.6
0.5
0.4
4
0.3
Atm os pheric pres s ure
0.2 during flight
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time, s

Figure 5-14 Variation of fairing inner static pressure during ascent.

5.4 Contamination and

Cleanliness 5.5 Electromagnetic Environment

The pyrotechnic systems used for stage, 5.5.1 Launch Vehicle Electro-Magnetic
Emissions
fairing and payload separation are leak
proof and do not cause any organic con-
The launch vehicle is equipped with the
tamination or debris. Several pyrotechnic
following transmission and reception sys-
device operations occur during the
tems:
Rockot/Breeze-KM flight. In all cases,
contamination of the spacecraft is avoided • Two telemetry systems with transmit-
either by hermetically closed containment ters and antennas, one in the inter-
of the pyro charge or via the geometry of stage and one in the second stage
the plume relative to the payload. For • A telemetry system with two transmit-
payloads that are sensitive to organic ters and antennas in the Breeze-KM
stage
contamination, a dedicated contamination
• A transponder tracking system with a
analysis will be performed. The implemen-
transmit-receive antenna.
tation of the required measures is to be
negotiated and will be defined in a con- During on-ground testing and during flight,
tamination control plan. All non-metallic the transmission systems create electric
materials in the upper composite are se- and magnetic fields. Their characteristics
lected according to the Russian GOST are presented in Table 5-14 and Figure
standard, which specifies the use of mate- 5-15 that define also the necessary
rials with acceptable outgassing properties. immunity of the spacecraft against the
ISO Standard 14644-1 Class 8 air cleanli- launch vehicle and cosmodrome emissions
ness is provided and continuously moni- during all operations. In all frequency por-
tored in the payload preparation rooms and tions not explicitly described in Table 5-14
inside the fairing until lift-off. the electrical field intensity is 90 dBμV/m.

Rockot User's Guide, EHB0003, Issue 5, Revision 0, August 2011 5-15

 Max. antenna Calculated level of electrical field
Radio Emission emissive power, intensity in adapter plane, dBμV/m
transmitter frequency, MHz dBWt with fairing without fairing

Telemetry 1 120 - 130 12.3 107 119

Telemetry 2 1030 - 1050 10.0 105 117
Telemetry 3 1015 -1025 7.8 100 112
Telemetry 4 1015 - 1025 7.8 100 112
20.0
Tracking 2700 - 3000 107 119
(pulsed mode)

Table 5-14 Launch vehicle and cosmodrome electromagnetic emissions.

160
1015 - 1050 MHz
140 120 - 130 MHz 117 dBμV/m
119 dBμV/m
2700 - 3000 MHz
Field strength, dBμV/m

120 119 dBμV/m

100
90 dBμV/m

80

60

40

20

0
100 1000 10000 100000

Frequency, MHz

Figure 5-15 Field strength of launch vehicle and cosmodrome electromagnetic emissions in the adapter
plane without payload fairing.

Rockot User's Guide, EHB0003, Issue 5, Revision 0, August 2011 5-16

 To ensure electromagnetic compatibility
5.5.2 Spacecraft Electro-Magnetic
Emissions (EMC) between the launch vehicle and the
spacecraft, a frequency plan is prepared
In order to avoid electromagnetic interfer- for each launch. The Customer shall
ence with the launch vehicle, the space- supply all data needed to support appro-
craft radio frequency emission during all priate EMC analyses.
operations should not exceed the levels
defined in Table 5-15 and Figure 5-16.

Frequency band, MHz Allowable field strength, dBμV/m

120 - 130 80

1015 - 1050 80

2700 - 2900 70

Table 5-15 Allowable spacecraft emissions at Plesetsk Cosmodrome.

160

140
125 dBμV/m
Field strength, dBμV/m

120

100

80

60 120 - 130 MHz

80 dBμV/m 2700 - 2900 MHz
1015 - 1050 MHz 70 dBμV/m
40 80 dBμV/m

20

0
100 1000 10000

Frequency, MHz
Figure 5-16 Allowable spacecraft emissions at Plesetsk Cosmodrome.

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Rockot User's Guide, EHB0003, Issue 5, Revision 0, August 2011 5-18