Signals &

Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives
Signals
Classifying
signals

Signals’ NGUYEN Hong Thinh

Operation

Signals’ Signal and System Laboratory

Transforma- FET-UET-VNU
tions

Elementary
August 27, 2018
Signals

Homework

1/47
 Signals
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh 1-dimensional: Temp(t)

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma- Figure: Temperature in a day
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

2/47
 Signals
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh 1-dimensional: a EEG signal

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

3/47
 Signals
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh 1-dimensional
2-dimensional: a photo
Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

4/47
 Signals
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh 1-dimensional
2-dimensional
Objectives
3-dimensional: a video
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

5/47
 Signals
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh 1-dimensional
2-dimensional
Objectives
3-dimensional
Classifying
signals During the course: signal is function of time
Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

6/47
 Signals
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh 1-dimensional
2-dimensional
Objectives
3-dimensional
Classifying
signals During the course: signal is function of time
Signals’ Notation: x(t) or x(n); t: continuous time, n: discrete
Operation time
Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

6/47
 Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
1 Objectives
Hong Thinh

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Operation
Signals’
Operation 4 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’
Transforma-
tions 5 Elementary Signals
Elementary
Signals 6 Homework & The Mini-Test
Homework

7/47
 Today Objectives
Signals &
Systems At the end of this lesson, you should be able to
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Distinguish different kinds of signals: continuous,
discrete, analog, digital...
Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

8/47
 Today Objectives
Signals &
Systems At the end of this lesson, you should be able to
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Distinguish different kinds of signals: continuous,
discrete, analog, digital...
Objectives
Apply signals’ transformations: time shift, time reversal,
Classifying scaling
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

8/47
 Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
1 Objectives
Hong Thinh

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Continuous-time
Classifying
signals Analog
Continuous- Periodic
time
Analog
Even & Odd
Periodic Energy and Power Signals
Even & Odd
Causal/non-causal signals
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal 3 Signals’ Operation
signals

Signals’
Operation 4 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’
Transforma- 5 Elementary Signals
tions 9/47
 Signals &
Systems There are many ways in which signals can be classified:
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
1 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals
2 Analog and digital signals
Objectives
3 Periodic and aperiodic signals
Classifying
signals
4 Even and odd signals
Continuous- 5 Energy and power signals
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 10/47
 Continuous-time vs Discrete-time Signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 11/47
 Analog vs Digital Signals
Signals &
Systems Continuous-valued vs Discrete-valued Signals
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Analog signal= Continuous in times and in values
Causal/non-
causal Digital signal= Discrete in times and in values
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 12/47
 A quick summary
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 13/47
 Periodic vs Aperiodic Signals
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
A signal x(t) is said to be periodic if for a positive
Objectives constant T0 : x(t) = x(t + T0 ) for all t
Classifying A signal x(n) is said to be periodic if for a positive,
signals integer, constant N0 : x(n) = x(n + N0 ) for all integer n
Continuous-
time Doest not exist T0 (positive) or N0 (positive, integer) :
Analog
Periodic
Aperiodic Signal
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 14/47
 Periodic vs Aperiodic Signals
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
A signal x(t) is said to be periodic if for a positive
Objectives constant T0 : x(t) = x(t + T0 ) for all t
Classifying A signal x(n) is said to be periodic if for a positive,
signals integer, constant N0 : x(n) = x(n + N0 ) for all integer n
Continuous-
time Doest not exist T0 (positive) or N0 (positive, integer) :
Analog
Periodic
Aperiodic Signal
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 14/47
 Periodic vs Aperiodic Signals
Signals &
Systems
Exercises
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Periodic or Aperiodic Signals ? Period T=? (N=?)
Objectives a) x(t) = (cos(2πt))2
Classifying b) x(n) = cos(2n)
2
signals c) x(n) = (−1)n
Continuous- (
time
1 −4 < n < 4
Analog d) x(n) =
Periodic 0 otherwise
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 15/47
 Even and Odd Signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN Definition
Hong Thinh
A signal x(t) is said to be
Objectives even if:
Classifying
signals x(t) = x(−t)
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 16/47
 Even and Odd Signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN Definition
Hong Thinh
A signal x(t) is said to be
Objectives even if:
Classifying
signals x(t) = x(−t)
Continuous-
time
Analog
and odd if:
Periodic
Even & Odd x(t) = −x(−t)
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 16/47
 Even and Odd Signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN Definition
Hong Thinh
A signal x(t) is said to be
Objectives even if:
Classifying
signals x(t) = x(−t)
Continuous-
time
Analog
and odd if:
Periodic
Even & Odd x(t) = −x(−t)
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 16/47
 Even and Odd Signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous- Figure: Even or Odd ?
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 17/47
 Even and Odd Signals
Signals &
Systems Property: Every signals are sum of an even signal and an
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
odd signal:
x(t) = xe (t) + xo (t)
Objectives
Proof:
Classifying x(−t) = xe (−t) + xo (−t) = xe (t) − xo (t)
signals
Continuous-
So:
time xe (t) = 21 (x(t) + x(−t))
xo (t) = 21 (x(t) − x(−t))
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd In the even signal: the odd part equals 0; in the odd signal:
Energy and
Power Signals
the even part equals 0.
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 18/47
 Exercises
Signals &
Systems
Determine even and odd part of these signals:
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
a) x(t) = cos(t) + sin(t) + cos(t)sin(t)
Objectives
b) x(t) = 1 + t + 3t 2 + 5t 3 + t 4
Classifying
signals
c) x(t) = 1 + tcos(t) + t 2 sin(t) + t 3 sin(t)cos(t)
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 19/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Energy of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
Objectives
Z +∞
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt
Classifying −∞
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 20/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Energy of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
Objectives
Z +∞
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt
Classifying −∞
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog Definition
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as
Energy and
Power Signals +∞
X
Causal/non-
causal
Ex = |x[n]|2
signals −∞
Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 20/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Energy of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
Objectives
Z +∞
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt
Classifying −∞
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog Definition
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as
Energy and
Power Signals +∞
X
Causal/non-
causal
Ex = |x[n]|2
signals −∞
Signals’
Operation
Definition
Signals’
Transforma- A signal having finite energy is called an energy signal.
tions 20/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Power of a signal is defined as the average energy of that
signal over time.
Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 21/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Power of a signal is defined as the average energy of that
signal over time.
Objectives

Classifying Definition
signals
Continuous-
Power of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
time
Z +T /2
Analog 1
Periodic Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
Even & Odd T →+∞ T −T /2
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 21/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Power of a signal is defined as the average energy of that
signal over time.
Objectives

Classifying Definition
signals
Continuous-
Power of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
time
Z +T /2
Analog 1
Periodic Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
Even & Odd T →+∞ T −T /2
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal Definition
signals

Signals’
Power of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as
Operation
+N
1 X
Signals’ Px = lim |x[n]|2
Transforma- N→+∞ 2N + 1
tions −N 21/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh An energy signal can not be a power signal. A power signal
also can not be an energy signal.
Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 22/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh An energy signal can not be a power signal. A power signal
also can not be an energy signal.
Objectives

Classifying Definition
signals
Continuous- A periodic signal is a power signal. Its power is energy in a
time
Analog
period.
1 T
Z
Periodic
Even & Odd
Px = |x(t)|2 d(t)
T 0
Energy and
Power Signals or :
Causal/non- N
causal 1 X
signals Px = |x(n)|2
N
Signals’ n=0
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 22/47
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Power or energy signal?
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh 
t
 0≤t≤1
Objectives a) x(t) = 2 − t 1 ≤ t ≤ 2

Classifying 
0 Otherwise
signals
Continuous- b) x(t) = 5cos(πt), −∞ < t < ∞
time (
Analog sin( π2 n) −4 ≤ n ≤ 4
Periodic c) x(n) =
Even & Odd
0 Otherwise
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 23/47
 Causal/non-causal signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
A signal is causal if ∀t < 0, x(t) = 0.
Objectives A signal is anti-causal ∀t > 0, x(t) = 0.
Classifying A signal is non-causal if it is not causal signal
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
Causal/non-
causal
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions 24/47
 Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
1 Objectives
Hong Thinh

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Operation
Signals’ Multiple with contant k
Operation Sum of two signals
Multiple with
contant k
Multiplication of signals
Sum of two
signals
Multiplication 4 Signals’ Transformations
of signals

Signals’
Transforma- 5 Elementary Signals
tions

Elementary 6 Homework & The Mini-Test

Signals
25/47
 Multiple with contant k
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation
Multiple with
contant k
Sum of two
signals
Multiplication
of signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals
26/47
 Addition of Signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation
Multiple with
contant k
Sum of two
signals
Multiplication
of signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals
27/47
 Multiplication of signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation
Multiple with
contant k
Sum of two
signals
Multiplication
of signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals
28/47
 Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
1 Objectives
Hong Thinh

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Operation
Signals’
Operation 4 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’ Time Reversal
Transforma-
tions
Time Scaling
Time Reversal Time Shift
Time Scaling
Time Shift
5 Elementary Signals
Elementary
Signals
6 Homework & The Mini-Test
Homework
29/47
 Time Reversal Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Given a signal x(n) (or x(t)), the time reversal signal is
defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(−n)
Classifying
signals (or y (t) = x(−t))
Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
30/47
 Time Reversal Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Given a signal x(n) (or x(t)), the time reversal signal is
defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(−n)
Classifying
signals (or y (t) = x(−t))
Signals’
Operation Examples
Signals’ Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
Transforma- ↑
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
30/47
 Time Reversal Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Given a signal x(n) (or x(t)), the time reversal signal is
defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(−n)
Classifying
signals (or y (t) = x(−t))
Signals’
Operation Examples
Signals’ Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
Transforma- ↑
tions
Time Reversal
x(−n)
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
30/47
 Time Reversal Summary
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
31/47
 Time Reversal Summary
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
32/47
 Time Scaling Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Given a signal x(n) (or x(t)), the time scaling signal is defined
as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(kn)
Classifying
signals (or y (t) = x(kt))
Signals’
Operation Examples
Signals’ Given x(t)
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift
Determine x( 32 t)
Elementary
Signals

Homework
33/47
 Time Scaling Summary
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
34/47
 Time Scaling on discrete signal
Signals &
Systems Becareful
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
35/47
 Time Shift Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
Given a x(n), the time shift signal is defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(n − n0 )
Classifying
signals
, n0 : integer
Signals’
Operation Given a x(t), the time shift signal is defined as:
Signals’ y (t) = x(t − t0 )
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
36/47
 Time Shift Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
Given a x(n), the time shift signal is defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(n − n0 )
Classifying
signals
, n0 : integer
Signals’
Operation Given a x(t), the time shift signal is defined as:
Signals’ y (t) = x(t − t0 )
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling Examples
Time Shift
Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
Elementary ↑
Signals
x(n - 2)
Homework
x(n+3)
36/47
 Combination of operations
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh Given x(t). Plot:
a). x(3t-5)
Objectives
b). x(2t+3)
Classifying
signals c). x(-t+1)
Signals’ d). x(t/2 - 1)
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
37/47
 Combination of operations
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
38/47
 Combination of operations
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
Time Shift

Elementary
Signals

Homework
39/47
 Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
1 Objectives
Hong Thinh

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Operation
Signals’
Operation 4 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’
Transforma-
tions 5 Elementary Signals
Delta Signal
Elementary
Signals Unit Signal
Delta Signal Real Exponential Signals
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential
Signals
6 Homework & The Mini-Test
Homework 40/47
 Other names: Dirac Delta, Impulse
Signals &
Systems
Delta Signal
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
(
Objectives
1 if n = 0
δ[n] =
0 6 0.
if n =
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation 2
Signals’ 1.5
Transforma- 1
tions
0.5
Elementary 0
Signals −2 −1 0 1 2
Delta Signal
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential
Signals

Homework 41/47
 Other name: Step Signal
Signals &
Systems
Unit Signal
NGUYEN
Hong Thinh
(
Objectives
1 if n ≥ 0
u[n] =
0 if n < 0.
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’ 2 2
Transforma- 1.5 1.5
tions
1 1
Elementary 0.5 0.5
Signals
0 0
Delta Signal
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2
Unit Signal
Real t t
Exponential
Signals

Homework 42/47
 Real Exponential Signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN Definition
Hong Thinh
The continuous-time
Objectives real exponential signal is
Classifying of the form:
signals

Signals’
x(t) = Ce at
Operation
where C and a are real
Signals’
Transforma- numbers.
tions

Elementary
Signals
Delta Signal
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential
Signals

Homework 43/47
 Real Exponential Signals
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN Definition
Hong Thinh
The continuous-time
Objectives real exponential signal is
Classifying of the form:
signals

Signals’
x(t) = Ce at
Operation
where C and a are real
Signals’
Transforma- numbers.
tions

Elementary
Signals
Delta Signal
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential
Signals

Homework 43/47
 Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
1 Objectives
Hong Thinh

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Operation
Signals’
Operation 4 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’
Transforma-
tions 5 Elementary Signals
Elementary
Signals 6 Homework & The Mini-Test
Homework

44/47
 Mini-Test
Signals &
Systems

NGUYEN
Hong Thinh

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Operation

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

45/47