La Consolacion UniversityPhilippines
(Formerly University of Regina Carmeli)
City of Malolos, Bulacan
Earth & Life Science
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter
Week 1 Activity
Geologic Time Scale
1. What is used by the scientists to identify the events in Earth's history of life forms?
2. What are the time intervals of geologic time?
3. What methods were used to determine the time interval of events?
1. The geologic time scale is a scale which geologists and paleontologists categorize periods and
eras where a group of life forms are present. Based on our research, the geologic time scale is
divided into four large segments called Eons. This Eons were the Hadean, the Archean, the
Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic. 2. Eons are the largest intervals of geologic time and are
hundreds of millions of years in duration. Eons are divided into smaller time intervals known as
eras. Eras are subdivided into periods. Periods can be divided into epochs. Subdivision of periods
into epochs can be done only for the most recent portion of the geologic time scale. This is because
older rocks have been buried deeply, intensely deformed and severely modified by long-term earth
processes. As a result, the history contained within these rocks cannot be as clearly interpreted. 3.
This is how scientists differentiate each events in the geologic time scale. Using these principles for
relative dating of geological features, scientists divided each time scales. •Law of Superposition -
For sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it.
•Principle of Original Horizontality - Layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal
position. This is useful even if beds of sedimentary rock have been subsequently tilted. •Principle of
cross - cutting relationships. A fault or intrusion is younger than the rocks affected by it. Inclusions:
the rock mass containing the inclusions is older than the rock providing the included material.
•Unconformities - interruptions of sedimentation with removal of material by erosion and then a
resumption of deposition can place rock strata in contact that have a gap of time and material
between them. •Principle of fossil succession - fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite
order. The fossils observed help to identify the time period in which the organism lived.
References: 1.
[Link]
rEvolutionaryEventsInFossilRecord_KruczynskiFletcher.pdf
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
Grade 11-HUMSS 5-B
Group no. 5
Leader:Ran Dave Catindig Torres
Group Members: Justine Dayao, Kyla Bulus,Alyssa Mae De Leon, Allianna Mae Bituin, Angelica
Labios, Caren Claro, Ran Dave Catindig Torres
La Consolacion UniversityPhilippines
(Formerly University of Regina Carmeli)
City of Malolos, Bulacan
Earth & Life Science
1st Semester, 2nd Quarter
Week 1 Activity
Fossils
1. What is the definition of fossils?
2. What are the types of fossils?
3. How does an organism can turn into fossils?
4. What is the importance of those fossils?
5. Examples of important fossil discoveries.
1. Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms (plants, animals, etc) that lived in the
distant past. 2. Fossils can be divided into two categories, fossilized body parts (bones, claws, teeth, skin,
embryos, etc.) and fossilized traces, called ichnofossils (which are footprints, nests, dung, toothmarks, etc.),
that record the movements and behaviors of the dinosaurs. The four types of fossils are: •mold fossils (a
fossilized impression made in the substrate - a negative image of the organism) •cast fossils (formed when
a mold is filled in) •trace fossils = ichnofossils (fossilized nests, gastroliths, burrows, footprints, etc.) •true
form fossils (fossils of the actual animal or animal part). 3. There are six ways that organisms can turn into
fossils, including: •Unaltered Preservation (like insects or plant parts trapped in amber, a hardened form of
tree sap) •Permineralization=Petrification (in which rock-like minerals seep in slowly and replace the original
organic tissues with silica, calcite or pyrite, forming a rock-like fossil - can preserve hard and soft parts -
most bone and wood fossils are permineralized) •Replacement (An organism's hard parts dissolve and are
replaced by other minerals, like calcite, silica, pyrite, or iron) •Carbonization=Coalification (in which only the
carbon remains in the specimen - other elements, like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are removed)
•Recrystalization (hard parts either revert to more stable minerals or small crystals turn into larger crystals)
•Authigenic preservation (molds and casts of organisms that have been destroyed or dissolved). 4. Fossils
tell us when organisms lived, as well as provide evidence for the progression and evolution of life on earth
over millinons of years. It serves as important evidence for evolution because they shows that life forms on
earth has differences from their own time periods. Paleontologists can determine the age of fossils using
methods like radiometric dating and categorize them to determine the evolutionary relationships between
organisms. 5. Example of important fossils that were found : •Archaeopteryx lithographica is theorized by
paleontologists to be a transitional fossil, or “missing link,” between dinosaurs and modern birds, thus
making it the first bird. The fossil was discovered in Germany in 1860 and with its combination of feathers
and reptilian features had long been considered the first true bird. Archaeopteryx is the marriage between
two words from ancient Greece translating to either “ancient wing” or “ancient feather.” Before going extinct,
Archaeopteryx lived in what is now present-day Bavaria, Germany, during the late Jurassic period about
150 million years ago. This was a time when Europe was much closer to the equator than it is now and thus
was an archipelago due to the warmer [Link] weighed approximately 0.8–1.0 kilograms
(1.8–2.2 lb) and was very comparable in size to a crow or raven. The animal had a tail that was unusually
long for its body at 50 centimeters (20 in). Paleontologists theorize that the animal may have had some
flight capabilities based on its feathers and wings. • Hylonomus lyelli, which lived 315 million years ago
during the late Carboniferous period, is the first known reptile to exist. In addition, it is the first creature
known to have adapted to life completely on land. During this time period, also known as the Coal Age or
the Pennsylvanian, Hylonomus grew to around 20 centimeters (8 in) in length including the tail. Chiefly
insectivores, these reptiles were lizard-like and probably fed on small prey such as snails, millipedes, and
other small [Link] is theorized that females most likely deposited their eggs on land in humid, protected
places. Found in petrified stumps on sea cliffs near Joggins, Nova Scotia, the fossilized remains of
Hylonomus lyelli are mentioned in On the Origin of Species, the famous book by Charles [Link]
Dawson, a geologist and former principal of McGill University, discovered Hylonomus in 1852. The name
Hylonomus is a marriage of two words, one from ancient Greece translating to “wood” and the Latin word
for “forest mouse.”A few fossil bones of Hylonomus were discovered inside the remains of some hollow
“scale trees,” which were enormous club mosses. Scale trees had diameters of 1 meter (3 ft), grew to be
almost 30 meters (100 ft) tall, and were common in swamps and along rivers in eastern North America.
References: 1. [Link]
2 & 3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. [Link]
Grade 11-HUMSS 5-B
Group no. 5
Leader:Ran Dave Catindig Torres
Group Members: Justine Dayao, Kyla Bulus,Alyssa Mae De Leon, Allianna Mae Bituin, Angelica
Labios, Caren Claro, Ran Dave Catindig Torres
[Link]