De

f.T
hef
unc
ti
onf
:(
a,b)
→Ri
ssa
idt
obedi
ff
ere
nti
abl
eatx∈(
a,b)i
f

(
ft)(
-fx)
l
im =L
t
→x t
-x

e
xis
ts.

Byde
fini
ti
ont
hisme
anst
hatLi
sar
eal
numbe
randf
ore
achϵ>0t
her
eex
ist
saδ>0s
ucht
hat

0<|
t-
x|<δ⇒ |(
ft)
-
t
-
f
x
(
x)
|
<ϵ
.

Theli
mitList
hede r
iva
tiv
eoffa tx
,wr i
tt
ena
sf'
(x)
.Incal
cul
us,Δx=t-xist
hec ha
ngeinthe
i
ndepende
ntva
ria
blex,whil (
e Δf=ft)-f
(x) ist
heres
ult
ingcha
ngei
nthedepe
ndentva
ria
ble
y=f(x).S
o

' Δf
(
fx)=l
im
→0Δ
Δx x

I
ffhasader
iva
tiv
eatx,the
nt hefunct
ionfi
sdif
fer
ent
iabl
eatx
.Thi
siss
amea
ssa
yingt
hatt
he
g
raphy=f(
x)hasata
ngenta (
tx .
fx
( )
)withsl
ope f
'(x
).

I
ffi sdiff
e r
enti
ableateverypointof( a
,b)[i.e.f'
(x)e x
ist
s∀x∈( a,
b)],thenfissaidtobe
dif
fere
ntiabl
eon( a,
b)andt hefuncti
on f':x→f'(
x )iscal
ledthedi f
fer
enti
abl
efunc
tion. T
he
operat
ionofobt ai
ningf
'(x
)f rom f
(x)iscal
leddiff
e r
enti
ati
[Link] ema r
kthatanyoneofthe
fol
lowingnotat
ionsmayal
sobeus edins
teadoff'
(x)forthederi
vat
iveof=f(x):

dy ' 1
Df
(x, ,y,f(
) x
)
dx

dy
Not
e:Itisi
mport
antt
oremarktha
tthesy
mbol i spur
elyanot
ati
ona
nddoe
snotme
ans
ome
dx
qua
nti
tydy“di
vi
dedby
”anot
herquant
it
ydx.

Re
mar
k:Ata
nis
ola
tedpoi
ntdi
ff
ere
nti
ati
onofaf
unc
ti
onc
annotbede
fine
d.

Pr
ope
rti
es

Theorem:L etfbedefi
nedona nopeni nt
erval
(a ,
b),andx∈ ( a,b)I
.ffi
sdi
ff
erent
iabl
eatx
,thenf
i
sc onti
nuousatx.
Proof:Forh≠0wec ons
idertheidenti
ty
( [(
fx+h)-
f(x
)]
f +h)-f
x ()=
x ×h
h
Takingh→0
li
m[
h→0
(
fx+h)-(
fx)]=li
m
h→0( (
fx+h)
h
-
f(
)
x
) '
h=f(x
).0=0

i
.e.
limf(x+h)=f (
x)
h→0
So,fi
sconti
nuousatx.
Buttheconver
seisnott
rue.F
ore x
ampl
e,ifweconsi
derthef
unc
ti
onfx
()=|
x|,
x∈(-1,
1)wes
ee
tha
tfiscont
inuouson(-1,
1)i
.e.
at0buti
snotdi
ffer
enti
ablea
t0asf
orh≠0wehav
e
 (
f0+h)
h
-f0) |
( h| 1,
= =
h -
i
1,
fh>0
i
fh<0{
' '
i
.
e.f
+
(0)=1whe
rea
sf(
-0)=-
1.

Note:I
ffisnotc
onti
nuousa
txt
henfc
annotbedi
ff
erenti
abl
eatx
.
Exa
mple:Def
inef:R→Rby

f
(x)=
xs

0,
i
1
n ,x
x
x
≠0

=0
{
T
henfi
scont
inuousa
t0butf
'doe
snote
xis
tat0.

S
ol.L
etϵ>0beg
ive
[Link]
|
f(x
)-f
( |= xs
0) i| |
1
n ≤|
x|<ϵ
x
whenever|
x-0|<δ=ϵ .S
o,fisconti
nuousat0.
Butfi
snotdif
fer
ent
iabl
eator
igi
nastheli
mi t
f(0+h)-
f(0) 1
li
m =lms
i i
n
h→0 h h→0 h
doesnotex
ist
.

Algebraofderi
v a
t i
ves
LetI⊆ Rbea nint erval,l
etc∈Ia ndl e tf:I→Ra ndg: I→Rbef unc ti
onsthataredif
ferenti
abl
eatc
.
Then
(a)Ifα∈R, thent hefuncti
onαfi sdiffer
entiablea tc ,a nd( αf)'
(c)=αf '(c)
nd( )(
' '
(b)T hefunctionf+gi sdiff
ere ntiablea tca f+g c)=f (c)+g '
(c)
nd( )(
' '
(c)T hefunctionf gisdiff
erentiablea tca fg c)=f (c gc
)( )+f (c)g'
(c)

()
' ' '
f f f(c gc
)( -fc
)( )g(c)
(d)Ifg(c)≠0, the nthefunction i sdi f
ferenti
a blea tca nd ( )=
c
g g (gc
())
2

' f(x fc
)(
- ) ' g(x)-g(c)
[Link] ssumpt ion f c
()=l im , g( c)=l im
x→c ( x -
c) x
→c x-c
(a)Wes eetha tforα∈R, x∈I ,x≠c
αf( x)
-αf(c) f(x)(
-fc )
lim =αl im =αf '
(c)
x→c x
-c →c x
x -c
Hence,αfi sdi f
ferenti
ablea tc .
(b)He re
, f
orx∈I ,x≠c
(
f+g)(x)
-(f+g )(c ) (
fx)(-fc ) g(x)-g(c) '
lim =l i
m +l i
m =f ()+g
c '
(c)
x
→c x-c x→c x -c x→c x-c
(c)F orx∈I ,x≠c ,weha ve,
fg(x)-f
g(c) (
f x gx
)( )(
-fc gc
)( ) f(x gx
)( )(
-fc gx
)( )+fc
( gx
)( )(
-fc gc
)( )
l
im =lim =l i
m
x→c x-c x→c x-c x→c x-c
f(x fc
)(
- ) g(x)-gc
()
=l im limg (x)+f (c)l
im
x→c x -c x→c x→c x-c
=f
'
(c gc
)( )+f( c
)
'
g([c)a sgi sc oninuous
x
→c
,li
mg (x)]
=g(c)
He
nce
,fgi
sdi
ff
ere
nti
abl
eatc
.
 (
d)Si
ncegisdi
fferent
iabl
ea tc,i
tiscont
inuousatthatpoi
[Link]
efore,asg()≠0t
c her
eexi
st
s
anbdof, s
a yJ(⊆I)suchthatg(x
)≠0, ∀x∈Ja ndc∈J .Now, forx∈J ,x≠c,weha
ve,

(
f f
x
(
g g
)-( c
) ) [
=
1 f (x)f
-
(c) 1 f
= ] [
(x gc
)( )(
-fc
]
gx
)( )
x-c x-cg (x)g(c) x -
c gx
()g (
c)
fx
( gc
)( -fc
)( gc
)( )+fc
( gc
)( -fc
)( gx
)( )
=
g(x gc
)( )(x
-c)
=
(
gx
1 f
gc
)( ) x
x
()(
-
-c[
fc)
g(c-fc
)( )
g(x)
x
-
-
(
g
c]
c)

Asgisc
ontinuousatc,weha ve,limg (x)=g(c).
Thustaki
ngli
mi tx→c,weget
x
→c
f f
x
()-(c
) '
g g fc
( gc
)( -
fc
)( )g'
(c)
l
im =
x
→c x-
c (
g(c)
)2

f
He
nce
, i sdi
ff
ere
nti
abl
eatc
.
g

Da
rboux
’st
heor
em[I
nte
rme
dia
tev
aluepr
ope
rtyoff
']

I
ffi
sdiff
ere
nti
abl
eon[a,
b]andki
sanumbe
rbe
twe
enf
'(
a)a
ndf
'(
b)t
hent
her
eex
ist
sapoi
nt
'
c∈(
a,b)suc
hthatf
(c)=k.

'
Proof
:Letussuppos
et hatf
(a)<k<f'(b).L
etusdefi
neafunc
ti
ong :
[a,
b]→Rby
g(x
)=f x
()-kx
Cl
e ar
lygisdi
ffer
ent
iableon[a,
b]andhe nc
ei sc
onti
nuouson[a,
b].So,gatta
insi
tsmini
mum on
' '
[a
,b].Nowg( a)=f(a)-k<0.T he
ref
ore,gisdecr
easi
[Link]
st
ssomet1
∈(a
,b)s
uch
t
ha (t1)<g(a). Si
tg mil
arl
y,g(
b)=f
(
'
b)-k>0i
'
mpl
i
est
hatgi
sinc
rea
singa
tbi
.
e.t
her
eex
ist
s
t
2
∈(
a,b)s
ucht
ha (t2)<g(b).Thusmi
tg ni
mum ofgc
annotbea
tta
ine
dataorb.S
o,ga
tta
insi
ts
'
minimuma tsomec∈( a,
b). T
husweha v
eg( )=0i
c .e.
'
fc
()=k
'
As i
mila
rresul
tholdsforfa
( )>k>f '
(b).
Cor:I
ffbede ri
vablei
na ninterv
a l
Ithenf'(
I)i
seit
heras i
ng l
etonsetorani
nter
val
.
' '
Proof:Iff
(x)=x ,∀x∈It he nf(x)=1, ∀x∈Ii.e.f(I)={1} ,
as i
ngle
tonset
.
I
ff '
(I)i
snotas i
nglet
onset, f
ortwodi s
ti
nctel
eme nt
sy1,y2 ∈f'(
I),
thereex
istt
wodis
ti
ncte
leme
nts
x,x ∈Is
1 2
ucht
hatf
((x1)=y1,f(x2)=y2.Letx1<[Link] [x1,
'
'
x2
]⊂I
.Ify1<y<y2,byDa
rboux
’s
t
heor
emt
her
eex
ist
sx∈(
x ,)
x s
1 2
uc
htha
tf'
(x)=y.
Henc
ey∈f
'(
I).
He
ncef
'(
I)i
sani
nte
rva
l.

E
xampl
e:T
hef
unc
ti
ong:
[-1,
1]→Rby

g
(x
1f
)= 0f
-
1f
{
or0<x
orx
or-
=0
≤1

1≤x<0

'
Doe
sthe
ree
xis
taf
unc
ti
onf
:[-1,
1]→Rs
ucht
hatf=g
.
 '
[Link],l
etthe rebeaf uncti
onf: [-1,1]→Rs uchthatf=g . Now,
1
g( 1)=-
- 1< <1=g (1)
2
1
Butthe r
eisnox∈[-1, 1]suchtha tg x
( )= . Thusf' f
ail
stos a
tisf
yDa rboux’
st heore m.
2
Hencegi snott hede rivati
veofa nyfunc tionon[-1, 1].
[Link]' e
xist
sa ndi smonot onicon( a,
b)t henshowt hatf'iscontinuouson( a,b).
Solut
ion.I fpos s
ibl
e,l etf'hasadi scontinuitya tsomec∈( a,
b).Le tuschooseac loseds ubi
nter
v a
l
[α,β]of( a,b)whi c
hc ontainscini tsinte r
[Link]'ismonot onicon[ α,β]t hedi scont
inuit
yatc
mus tbeaj umpdi scontinuit
[Link] ncef 'omi tssomev al
uebe twe enf '
(α)a ndf (
'
β) ,contra
dict
ing
Darbouxe’st heorem.

Rol
l
es’
the
ore
m

L
etf:
[a,
b]→Rbeaf unct
ionsuc
hthat
(i
) fi
sconti
nuouson[a,
b],
(i
i) f'
exi
stsin(a
,b),
(i
ii
) f a
()=f (
b)
'
Thenther
eexi
s t
ssomec∈( a,
b)suc
htha
tf(c)=0.

Proof:L e
tusc onsi
derthefunct
ionF: [
a,b]→Rby
F(x)=f(x)-f(a
)
ThenFi scont
inuouson[ a,b]
,di
ffe r
enti
ablein(a,
b)andF( )=F(
a b)=0[us i
ng(iii
)].
' '
I
fF( )=0on(
x a ,
b),t
henF( x)=f (x)=0, ∀x∈( a,
b)a ndtheres
ultisprov
e d.
So,letF(x)≠0f orsomex∈( a,
b) .Si
nceFi scont
inuousonac l
oseda ndbounde dinte
rvali
tat
tai
ns
i
tsma ximuma ndmi ni
mum, s
aya tx1
andx 2
res
pecti
velyin[
a,b]
.SinceF(x)isnotidenti
cal
l
yzer
oon
)=F(
b)=0,a .AsF( )=f' '
[
a,b]a
ndF(
a tle
astoneofx
1
a
ndx
2
,s
ayx
1
∈(
a,b) x1
(x1
)e
xis
ts,byl
oca
l
eF( )=f' '
e
xtr
emumt
heor
emweha
v x1
(x1
)=0a
sde
sir
ed.

Note:1.I nthes tat

eme ntofRolles
’theor em ,thedif
fer
enti
abi
l
ityoffin(a,b)i
se s
sential
.For
exampl e
,ifweconsidert
hef unct
ionf:[-1,
1] →Rby
f
(x)=1-| x|
thenfi sconti
nuouson[-1, 1]anddi ff
erentia
blee ve
rywher
ein(a,b)exce
pta tt
heinter
iorpoint
'
x=0. However,ther
ee x
istsnopointxsucht hatfx
( )=0.
[Link] tofcondi
tionsofRoll
e s
’theorema r
es uff
ici
entbutnotnec
ess
ar y
.Forexa
mple,l
etusc onsi
der
thefuncti
onf:[0,1]
→Rby

f
(x)=1i
f0≤x<1a (
ndf1)=2

T
henfi
snotc
ont
inuouson[
0,1]a
siti
sdi
scont
inuousa
t1butwes
eet
ha
'1

2
1
tf =0, ∈(
2
0.1)
. ()
Ge
ome
tri
cal
int
erpr
eta
tionofRol
l
es’
the
ore
m.

I
fwecons
idert
hecont
inuousgr
aphofaf
uncti
onfde
finedoveracl
osedandboundedinte
rva
l[a
,b]
s
ucht
hattange
ntsc
anbedr awnate
achpoi
ntoft
hecurv
ee x
ceptpos
sibl
yatt
woe ndpoint
sandthe
or
dinat
esoftheendpoi
ntsa
ret
hes
amet
hent
her
eisapoi
ntont
hec
urv
eta
nge
nta
twhi
chi
s
pa
rall
elt
othex-a
xis
.

Remark:[Link]
iesthest
ate
mentasf'
exi
st
son[a,
b]the
ncondi
ti
on(
i)ca
nbedroppedbut
thi
ssta
tementc a
nnotbea c
c e
ptedase
xis
tenc
eofder
iva
tiv
eoffatendpoi
ntsisnotr
equi
redin
Rol
les
’theor
em.

[Link]
le
’stheor
emg uar
ant
eest
hatt ntce
hepoi xis
tss
ome
whe
re,a
lthoug
hitg
ive
snoi
ndi
cat
ionof
howtofi
ndsuchapoint
.

3.I
ff(
x)i
sapoly
nomia
lsuchtha
tf(a
)= f (
b)= 0,t
henf'
(x)=0ha sarooti
n(a
,b)i
.
[Link]
twe
en
'
anyt
woreal
root
sofapol
ynomial
equat
ionf()=0t
x her
eisarootoff
(x)=0.

Me anvaluetheorems
L
a gr
ange s’
MVT
L
e tf:[
a,b]→R (a<b)beaf unct
ionsuc
ht ha
t
(i
) fisconti
nuouson[a,b]
(i
i) f'ex
ist
sin(a,
b)
Thenthe r
ee xi
st
sapointcin(a,
b)suchthat
(
fb)-
f(a
)
=f'
(c).
b-
a

Pr
oof
:Le
tusc
ons
ide
raf
unc
ti [
onϕ:ab]
, →Rby
f(
b)-f(a)
ϕ(x)=f x
( )-fa
( )- (x-
a).
b-a
Then( a)ϕi scont i
nuouson[ a,
b](by( i))
' ' (
fb)-
f(a)
(b)ϕ( )=f
x x
()- showst ha tϕ'ex i
s t
sin( a,b)[by(i
i)]
b-
a
(c)ϕ( a )=ϕ( b)=0.
'
So,byRol l
es’the oremthe r
ee x
ist
sc∈( a,b)s ucht hatϕ( c )=0i .
e.
' f(b) -
f(a)
f(c)= .
b-a
Note1.I fwet ak eb=a+h( h>0)t hent he r
ee xistsare alnumberθ∈( 0,1)sucht
hat
f(a+h)=f (a)+hf
'
(
a +θh).
'
2.I
fwet akef(a)=f (b)weg etRollet
she or em.
[Link] tiffisdi
ffer
enti
ableatct he nfisa pproxima te
lyaline
arfunct
ionnearc
.Tha
tist
he
equati
on f x
()=f (c)+f'(c)
(x-c)isappr oximatelyc orrectwhe nx-cissmall
.

Rema rk: Wa tchingnot e2onema ythinkt ha tRolles’t heoremi sas pecialcaseofL agrang es
theoremorL a g
r anget he or
emi sag eneral
isati
onofRol les’theor embutt hisisnott ruea sLagrang e
theoremc annotbepr ov edwithoutRolles’the orem.T husnot heoremi stheg ene r
a l
i
sationoft he
othe r
.
Ge ome tri
calint
e rpre t
ation
I
fwec onsi
de rthec onti
nuousg raphofaf unc tionfde finedonac los
eda ndbounde di nterval[a,b]
sucht hattang entsc anbedr awna teachpoi ntont hec urv ee xceptpos s
iblyattwoe ndpoi ntsthe n
thereisapoi ntont hec urvetangentatwhi chispa ral
leltot hec hordjoi
ningt hee ndpoints .
'
The orem:I faf unc ti
onfi sdif
ferenti
ablein(a ,
b)a ndf (x)=0, ∀x∈( a,
b)t henfi sconstanton( a,b).
Proof:L e
tx 1
an d x2
bea nytwo poi
ntsin(a ,
b )s uchthat
a< x 1
<x 2
<b.
The nfisdiff
e re
nt iableon( x ,x
1 2
) andcontinuou so n[x ,x]
1 2
,ands obyt heme a
nv aluethe orem,
f
(x2
)-f (x1
)=( x2
-x1
)f'
(c)
f
orsomec∈ (x ,x)
1 2
.S
incef(c
'
)=0,weha
v (x2)=f(x1)whi
ef chi
str
uef
ora
rbi
tr
arypoi
ntsx
1
a
nd
x
2
i
n(a,
b).T
h us
,fiscons
tanton(a
,b)
.

Probl
e [Link]|s
inx -s
iny|≤ |x y|f
- orall
x,y∈R.
'
Solut
[Link]
tf ()=s
t i
nt,t∈R.T henfe xi
stsonR.
Letx,
y∈Rwi thy<x(thecasex<yi ssi
milar
).Thenusi
ngMVT,weha
ve
'
f
(x)-f(y)=(x -
y)fc
( ,whe
) rey<c<x
Thus,|fx
()-
f( |=|
y) x
-y||
cosc|≤ |x-y| [as|cosc |
≤1]

[Link] oprovetha
tl ogx<x-1f orx>1.
' 1
Solut
[Link]
()=logx ,x∈[ 1,
∞) .Thenf(x)= ,x≥1
x
Letx>1.T he
nf '
exi
st [
son 1, ]
x.T husbyMVT ,fx
( (
)-f1)=(x1)
- f
'(
c)f
or1<c<x
.He
nce
,
ogx-l
l og1=( x
-
1
1) <(
c
x1) a
- [
sc
1
>1=> <1
c ]
Whi c
hs howst
hatlogx<x-1f orx>1.

CauchyMe anVa lueT heorem [Ge nera

liz
edMVT ]
Letf,
g: [
a,b]→R, ( a<b)bet wof unc t
ionssuc
ht hat
(a)f,
ga r
ec ont i
nuouson[ a,b],
(b)f',
g 'exi
s tsin( a,
b)
'
(c) g(x)≠0f ora l
lx∈( a,b)
Thent her
ee xis
tsc∈( a,b)sucht hat
f(
b)-
f(a) f
'
(c
)
=' .
g(
b)-
g(a ) g( c)
Proof:Obviousl
y, g(a )≠g (b),othe r
wisebyRolle
s ’t
heoremg 'woul
dv ani
shsomewhe
rei
n(a
,b)
.
Letusdefi
neaf unc tionh: [a,
b]→Rby
h(x)=f (x)[
g(b)-
g(a)]-g(x[
)f(
b)-f(a]
)
Clear
ly,(
i)hiscont inuouson[ a,
b]( using(a))
(i
i)
'
h(x)=f
'
( x[
)g (
b)-g(a)]-g'(
x [
)f(
b)-f(a)]
.S oh'exi
stsi
n(a,b)[by(b)
]
(i
ii) h( a) =h ( b)=f a
()g (
b )-f(b)ga
().
'
HencebyRoll
es’
theor
emthereexi
st
sc∈( a
,b)suc
ht hath(
c )=0i.e
.
f(
b)-(
fa) f
'
(c)
=' .
g(
b)-g(a
) g (c)
Note:(
1)Ifwetakeb=a+ht henthereexi
stsare
al numberθ∈( 0,
1)s
uchtha
t
(
fa+h)-
f(a) f (
'
a+θh)
='
g(a+h)-
g(a) g ( +θh)
a
[Link] akeg(x)=xintheabovetheorem,weobt a
inL
a gr
ang
eMVT ,moreov
er,i
fwet
ake
fa
()=f(b),wegetRol
l
es’t
heorem.

Ge ometri
cal
l
y,itiss i
milartothatofL agr
angeMVT .T hefuncti
onsfa ndgc anbev i
eweda s
determini
ngac urveintheplanebyme a
nsofthepa r
a metri
cequationsx=f (
t),y=g(t)wher
e
a≤t≤b. Thent heconcl
us i
onofthetheoremisthatthereexis
tsapoi nt((
fc gc
)(
, )ont
) hecurv
e
'
forsomec∈( a,b)suchthatthesl
opeg '(c
)/(
fc)ofthel i
netangenttot hecurv
ea tt
hatpoi
ntis
equaltotheslopeofthelinesegmentjoi
ningt
hee ndpointsofthecurve.

T
ayl
or’
sthe
ore
m.

L
etf:
[a,
a+h]
→Rbeaf
unc
ti
ons
ucht
hat
 n-
1
(
i) fi sconti
nuouson[a,a+h]
n
(
ii
) fexis
tsin(a,a+h)
Thenther
ee xi
st
satle
astonenumbe
rθ∈( 0,1)suchtha
t
2 n-1 n
h( θ) n
n-
p
h '' h n-
1 1-
f(
a+h)=f a
()+hf
'
a
()+ f( a)+…+ f( a
)+ f(
a+θh)
.
2! (n-1)! (n-1)!
p

Pr
oof:Le
tusconsi
derafunc
ti
onϕ:[a,a+h]
→Rbede fi
nedby
(a+h-)
x2
(a+h-x)
n-
1
n-1
)+( ) )+A( )
' '
' p
ϕ(x)=f(x a+h-
x (
fx)+ f( x)+…+ f( x a+h-x
2! ( 1)
n- !
whereAisacons
tantt
obede t
ermi
nedsuchtha tϕ()=ϕ(
a a+h) .T hus, Typee qua
tion
her
e.

ϕ(
a+h)=ϕ(
a).
T
husAi
sgi
venby
2 n-
1
h '' h n-
1 p
(
fa+h)=f
(a
'
)+hf
(a)+ f( a)+…+ f( a
)+Ah…(1)
2! ( 1)
n- !
Now,
(
a+h-x)
n-
1
n
)-pA( )
' p-
1
x
ϕ()= f( x a+h-
x .
( 1)
n- !
Thef unc ti
onϕi s
(a)Cont inuouson[ a,a+h] ,
(b)ϕ' existsin(a ,a+h)
(c)ϕ( a+h)=ϕ( a)
So,byRol les’theoremt hereex i
stsθ∈( 0, 1)s ucht ha t
ϕ( +θh)=0.
'
a
n-
1
h ( 1-θ)n-
1
n 1 p-1
i.
e . f( a+θh)-pA( 1-θ)p-
h =0
(n-1)!
n-
p
h ( θ) n
n-p
1-
i
.
e .A= f(a +θh) ,( 1-θ)≠0, h≠0
(n-1)!p
Putti
ngt hev alueofAi n(1)weg et
2 n-1 n
h( θ) n
n-
p
h '' h n-
1 1-
f(
a +h)=f (a )+hf
'
(a)+ f( a)+…+ f( a)+ f(
a+θh).
2! ( n-1)! (n-1)!
p
Note: [Link] ma i
ndera fternt erms .Thet e
rm
n
h( θ) n
n-
p
1-
Rn= f(a +θh)
(n- 1) !p
i
sk nowna stheT ayl
or’srema inderRna f
ternt e rmsa ndi sduet oS chlomi l
cha ndRoche.
[Link] t
ingp=1, weg et
n
h( 1- θ) n-
1
n
Rn= f( a+θh)
( n- 1) !
Whi chformofr ema inde risduet oCa uchy .
[Link] ti
ngp=n, weg et
 n
h n
Rn= f( a+θh)
n!
whi
chi oL
sduet a
gra
nge.

[Link] heinter
val[ a,a+h].Le
tfs atis
fyt hecondi
tionsofT a
ylor’
sthe
ore
min
[a,
a+h]s ot
hati
tsa
tis
fi
esthec ondi
ti
onsf or[
a,x]al
so.
Chang
inga+ht oxi.
[Link]-a ,weg e t
' x
(-a)2
'
' (x-a
)n-
1 n-1 (x-a
)n
(1-θ)
n-
p
f
(x)=f()+(
a x-a)
f(a )+ f( )+…+
a f( a)+ ( ) p. (
n-1)!)
2! (n-1)!