Chapter 1

Introduction to IoT

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 Outline

• Definition of IoT
• Characteristics of IoT
• Physical design of IoT
• Logical design of IoT
• IoT protocols
• IoT levels and deployment templates

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 IoT
By Mrs. K.M. Sanghavi
 IoT

• [Link]
• [Link]
 IoT
• Internet Of Things is Fully Networked and Connected Devices sending
analytics data back to cloud or data center.
• The definition of Internet of things is that it is the network in which
every object or thing is provided unique identifier and data is
transferred through a network without any verbal communication.
• Scope of IoT is not just limited to just connecting things to the
internet, but it allows these things to communicate and exchange
data, process them as well as control them while executing
applications.
 Formal Definition of IoT

• A dynamic global network infrastructure with self- configuring capabilities

based on standard and interoperable communication protocols, where

physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes, and use

intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into information

network that communicate data with users and environments.

 Characteristics of IoT
• Dynamic Global network & Self-Adapting : Adapt the changes w.r.t
changing contexts
• Self Configuring : Eg. Fetching latest s/w updates without manual
intervention.
• Interoperable Communication Protocols : Communicate through
various protocols
• Unique Identity : Such as Unique IP Address or a URI
• Integrated into Information Network : This allows to communicate
and exchange data with other devices to perform certain analysis.
 Physical Design of IoT

• Things in IoT
• IoT Protocols
 Things in IoT

• Refers to IoT devices which have unique identities that can perform
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.

• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices or collect
data from other devices and process the data either locally or send
the data to centralized servers or cloud – based application back-ends
for processing the data.
 Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of

several interfaces for
connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for internet
connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 IoT Protocols
• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
• Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…Ethernet

[Link] Standard Shared medium

1 802.3 Coaxial Cable…10BASE5

2 802.3.i Copper Twisted pair …..10BASE-T

3 802.3.j Fiber Optic……10BASE-F

4 [Link] Fiber…..10Gbits/s

Data Rates are provided from 10Gbit/s to 40Gb/s and higher

IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiFi
[Link] Standard Operates in
1 802.11a 5 GHz band

2 802.11b 2.4GHz band

and 802.11g
3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands

4 [Link] 5GHz band

5 [Link] 60Hz band

• Collection of Wireless LAN

• Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…WiMax
[Link] Standard Data Rate
1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations
1Gb/s for fixed stations

• Collection of Wireless Broadband standards

• Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1 Gb/s
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…LR-WPAN

• Collection of standards for low-rate wireless personal area

networks
• Basis for high level communication protocols such as Zigbee
• Data Rates from 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s
• Provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power
constrained devices
IoT Protocols…Link Layer…2G/3G/4G –Mobile
Communication
[Link] Standard Operates in
1 2G GSM-CDMA

2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000

3 4G LTE

• Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for 4G)

 IoT Protocols…Network/Internet Layer

• Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source to destination

network
• Performs the host addressing and packet routing
• Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such
as IPV4 or IPV6
 IoT Protocols…Network Layer
• IPV4
• Used to identify the devices on a network using hierarchical addressing scheme
• Uses 32-bit address scheme
• IPV6
• Uses 128-bit address scheme
• 6LoWPAN (IPV6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)
• Used for devices with limited processing capacity
• Operates in 2.4 Ghz
• Data Rates of 250Kb/s
 IoT Protocols…Transport Layer

• Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of

the underlying network
• It provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow-
control and congestion control
 IoT Protocols…TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol
• Connection Oriented
• Ensures Reliable transmission
• Provides Error Detection Capability to ensure no duplicacy of packets and retransmit
lost packets
• Flow Control capability to ensure the sending data rate is not too high for the receiver
process
• Congestion control capability helps in avoiding congestion which leads to degradation
of n/w performance
 IoT Protocols…UDP

• User Datagram Protocol

• Connectionless
• Does not ensures Reliable transmission
• Does not do connection before transmitting
• Does not provide proper ordering of messages
• Transaction oriented and stateless
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…Hyper Transfer
Protocol
• Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)
• Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE..etc
• Follows a request-response model
• Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTP resources
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…CoAP

• Constrained Application Protocol

• Used for Machine to machine (M2M) applications meant for constrained
devices and n/w’s
• Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response
model
• Uses client –server architecture
• Supports methods such as GET,POST, PUT and DELETE
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…WebSocket
• Allows full-duplex communication over single socket
• Based on TCP
• Client can be a browser, IoT device or mobile application

IoT Protocols…Application Layer…MQTT

• Message Queue Telemetry Transport , light-weight messaging protocol
• Based on publish-subscribe model
• Well suited for constrained environments where devices have limited processing, low
memory and n/w bandwith requirement
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…XMPP

• Extensible messaging and presence protocol

• For Real time communication and streaming XML data between n/w
entities
• Used for Applications such as Multi-party chat and voice/video calls.
• Decentralized protocol and uses client server architecture.
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…DDS

• Data Distribution service is a data-centric middleware standard for

device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication.
• Publish subscribe model where publishers create topics to which
subscribers can use.
• Provides Quality-of-service control and configurable reliability.
 IoT Protocols…Application Layer…AMQP

• Advanced Messaging Queuing Protocol used for business messaging.

• Supports both point-to-point and publisher/subscriber models, routing
and queuing
• Broker here receives messages from publishers and route them over
connections to consumers through messaging queues.
 Logical Design of IoT
• Logical design of an IoT system
refers to an abstract
representation of the entities and
processes without going into the
low-level specifics of the
implementation.
• An IoT system comprises a
number of functional blocks that
provide the system the
capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation,
communication and management.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 Logical Design of IoT
• Device : Devices such as sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions.
• Communication : IoT Protocols
• Services like device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
device discovery
• Management : Functions to govern the system
• Security : Functions as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity,
and data security
• Applications

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 Request–Response Communication Model
• Request–Response is a
communication model in which
the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to
the requests.

• When the server receives a

request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations, prepares the
response and then sends the
response to the client.

• Stateless communication model

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 Publish–Subscribe Communication Model

• Publish–Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data.
Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware
of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics
which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for
a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 Push–Pull Communication Model

• Push–Pull is a communication
model in which the data
producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull
the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the producers
and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which
helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at
which the producers push data
and the rate at which the
consumers pull data.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 Exclusive Pair Communication Model

• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that
uses a persistent connection
between the client and the
server.
• Once the connection is set
up it, remains open until the
client sends a request to
close the connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 REST-based Communication APIs
• Representational State Transfer
(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can
design web services and web
APIs that focus on a system’s
resources and how resource
states are addressed and
transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request–
response communication
model.
• REST architectural constraints
apply to the components,
connectors and data elements
within a distributed
hypermedia system. Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015
 REST-based Communication APIs Constraints
• Client – Server
Client Server
• Stateless
• Cacheable Request
• Layered System
• Uniform Interface Response
• Code on demand
Request

Response

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 WebSocket-based Communication APIs

• WebSocket APIs allow bi-

directional, full duplex
communication between
clients and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair
communication model.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

Difference between REST and WebSocket-based
Communication APIs
Comparison Based on REST Websocket
State Stateless Stateful
Directional Unidirectional Bidirectional
Req-Res/Full Duplex Follow Request Response Model Exclusive Pair Model
TCP Connections Each HTTP request involves setting Involves a single TCP
up a new TCP Connection Connection for all requests
Header Overhead Each request carries HTTP Headers, Does not involve overhead of
hence not suitable for real-time headers.
Scalability Both horizontal and vertical are Only Vertical is easier
easier
IoT Enabling Technologies

• Wireless Sensor Network

• Cloud Computing

• Big Data Analytics

• Embedded Systems
WSN

• Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental

and physical conditions
• Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinators too
• Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts as gateway that
connects WSN to internet
• Routers route the data packets from end nodes to coordinators.
Example of WSNs in IoT & Protocols used
Example
• Weather monitoring system
• Indoor Air quality monitoring system
• Soil moisture monitoring system
• Survelliance systems
• Health monitoring systems
Protocols
• Zigbee
Cloud Computing

• Deliver applications and services over internet

• Provides computing, networking and storage resources on demand
• Cloud computing performs services such as Iaas, Paas and Saas
• Iaas : Rent Infrastructure
• Paas : supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing,
delivering and managing software applications.
• Saas : method for delivering software applications over the Internet,
on demand and typically on a subscription basis.
Big Data Analytics
• Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is too large and
difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using
traditional databases.
• It involves data cleansing, processing and visualization
• Lots of data is being collected and warehoused
• Web data, e-commerce
• purchases at department/ grocery stores
• Bank/Credit Card transactions
• Social Network
Big Data Analytics

Variety Includes different types of data

• Structured
• Unstructured
• SemiStructured
• All of above
Big Data Analytics

Velocity Refers to speed at which data is processed

• Batch
• Real-time
• STreams
Big Data Analytics

Volume refers to the amount of data

• Terabyte
• Records
• Transactions
• Files
• Tables
 IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

An IoT system comprises the following components:

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities.
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for
accessing, processing and storing sensor information, or for controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the software
components that enable network access for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the
device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data
from the device to the web service and receives commands from the
application (via web services) for controlling the device.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database and analysis components. Web service can be
implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using the
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: This is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and
generating results in a form that is easy for the user to understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also
allow users to view the system status and the processed data.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 IoT Level-1

• A level-1 IoT system has a

single node/device that
performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts
the application.
• Level-1 IoT systems are
suitable for modelling low-
cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data
involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are
not computationally
intensive.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

IoT – Level 1 Example …Home Automation
System
 IoT Level-2

• A level-2 IoT system has a

single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation
and local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud
and the application is usually
cloud-based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions where
the data involved is big;
however, the primary
analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive
and can be done locally.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

IoT – Level 2 Example …Smart Irrigation
 IoT Level-3

• A level-3 IoT system has a

single node. Data is stored
and analyzed in the cloud
and the application is
cloud-based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions
where the data involved is
big and the analysis
requirements are
computationally
intensive.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

IoT – Level 3 Example …Tracking Package
Handling
Sensors used accelrometer and gyroscope
 IoT Level-4

• A level-4 IoT system has multiple

nodes that perform local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and the
application is cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud-
based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive
information collected in the cloud
from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where multiple
nodes are required, the data
involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally
intensive.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 IoT – Level 3 Example …Noise Monitoring
Sound Sensors are used
 IoT Level-5

• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end

nodes and one coordinator node.
• The end nodes perform sensing
and/or actuation.
• The coordinator node collects data
from the end nodes and sends it to
the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud and the application is cloud-
based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the data involved
is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015

 IoT Level-6

• A level-6 IoT system has multiple

independent end nodes that
perform sensing and/or actuation
and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and the
application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes
the data and stores the results in
the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the
cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware
of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to
the nodes.

Book website: [Link] Bahga & Madisetti, © 2015