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 E X p R R ıM E N T N Q 4
A im o f tı
ıe E p e r in t T
o p e r fo r m o p e n c ir c u it te s t o n a s in ı
g e p h a s e tr a n s fo r m e r to c a lc u la te
x ıc n

ı T he i le n t c ir c u it p a r a m e te r s w ith r e s e c t to
e q v a
u
p p r im a ry s id e o í th e tr a n s fo r m e r
2 T he o p e n c ir c u it lo s s o r c o r e ı o s s /ir o n lo s s o f th e tr a n s fo r m e r

A ppa r a tu s R e q u ir e d
S N? ı N a m e o f A p p a r a tu s 1 T yp e R a n ge q u a n tity
: X ÁX
ı s in g ı
e p h a s e T r a n s fo r m er k .'
,
2 V o ltm e te r 1 PM M I 1 0 250 V 01
3 A m m e te r I PM M I I O 2 5 A I Ol
4 W a ttm e te r D yn a m o m e te r 5 A 250 V 团团园区嗳眉目团团
5 I S in g le p h a s e V a r ia c 1 230 V 28 A 50 H z 01
6 r C o n n e c tin g W ir e

T h e o ry
In th is te s t lo in d in g (p r im a r y ) is c o n n e c te d to a s u p p ly o f n o r m a ıv o ı
w v o lta g e w ta g e a n d fr e q u e n c y

i l f h i F i T h e p r im a r y w in d in g
th r o u g h v a r ia c a n d th e h ig h v o lta g e w in d n g (s e c o n a r y ) s
i d t p g
e o e n a s s o w n n u r e

l lo a d c u r r e n t A s s u c h c o p p e r lo s s in th e lo w v o lta g e w in d in g w iı i be
d r a w s v e ry ı y 3 5 % o f fu ı
o w c u r r e n t h a rd ı
i h i it i l
v e ry le s s d u e to v e r y lo w c u r r e n t a n d c a n b e n e g le c te d T h e re fo r e Th e w a ttm e te r c o n n e c te d n t e c r c u m a n y
ı f th c tr a n s fo r m e r u n der lo a d c ir c u it c o n d it io n
in d ic a te s ir o n o ss o no o r o pe n
H e n ce

W a ttm e te r R e a d in g in O p e n C ir c u it C o n d itio n N ı

V o lt m e te r R d in g in O p e n C ir c u it C o n d it io n
ea Vn

A m m e te r R e a d in g in O p e n C ir c u it C o n d it io n lu
th e o p e n c ir c u it e te r s R d }{m can
F ro m th e o b s e r v a t io n o f o pe n c ir c u it t e s t o f s in g le p h a s e tr a n s fo rm e r pa ra m o a n

be c a lc u la te d as fo llo w s

T o ta l ir o n lo ss (W n ) V u /u c o r +u

夕 T hu s N o lo a d po w e r fa c to r c o s Øu ĺ /( V n /ł:)
C o re ı
o ss c o m po n e n t o fN o o ad C
ı u r re n t lr Io c o s +u
t o fN o lo a d C u r r e n t /. . In s in +u
M a g n e t iz in g c ó m po n e n

T hu s,
o ss R
h c o re ı v o / {.
t R e s is ta n c e r e p r e s e n tin g t e
n
E q u iv a le n
V u / ln ,
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e n t R ea c ta n c e re p r e s e n tin g m a g n e t iz in g co m po n e n tX ..

C ir c u it D ia g m

0 2 5 a m p

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E X P E R IM E N T N 0 6

A im o f t lıe E x p e r im e n t T o v e r ify T he v e n in s th e o r e m an dN o r tq n s T h e e re m

ï T ype 1R a n g e Lç m
卜 仁 国
IM C O Bo v I
IM c Jo ıo o m A ı
ı
R e g u la te d I0 30 V

T h e o ry

s th e o r e m d N th e o d to s im p lify p lic a te d n e tw o r k
'
T he T he v en in '
a n o r ta n s re m a re u se a co m

c o n s is tin g o fa n u m be r o f so u r c e s , c ir c u it e le ı
n e n ts a n d lo a d

T hev e n in
'
s th e o r e m s ta te s th a t a n y tw o te r m in a ıı
in e a r h a v in g a n u m b e r o f v o lta g e
n e tw o r k

c u r re n t so u rc e s a n d r e s is ta n c e s ca n be re p la c e d b y a s im p le e q u iv ą ıe ń t c ir c u it c o n s is t in g o f a s in g ı
e

v o lta g e s o u rc e in se r ie s w ith a r e s is ta n c e ,
w h e r e th e v a lu e o f th e v o lta g e s o u r c e is e q u a l to th e o p e n

c ir c u it v o lta g e a c ro s s th e t w o te r m in a ı
s o f th e n e tw o r k , a n d r e s is ta n c e is q u a ıto th e e q u iv a le n t
e

r e s is ta n c e m e a s u re d b e tw e e n th e te rm in a ı
s w ith a ı
l th e e n e rg y s o u rc e s a re r e p la c e d b y th e ir internal

r e s is ta n c e s

N th e o r e m th a t a t e r m in a l i
ı e a r n e tw o r k w ith
'
o r to n s s ta te s n y tw o c u rr e n t so u rc e s , v o lta g e
s o u rc e s an d r e s is ta n c e s c a n be re pı
a c e d by a n e q u iv a le n t c ir c u it c o n s is t in g o f a c u rr e n t s o u rc e in
e ıw ith
p a r a lı a r e s is ta n c e T he v a lu e o f th e c u rr e n t s o u rc e is th e s h o r t c ir c u it c u r r e n t b e tw e e n th e tw o

te r m in a ls o f th e n e tw o r k a n d th e r e s is ta n ce is e qua l to th e e q u iv e n t r e s is ta n c e m e a s u r e
a ı d b e tw ee n th e
te r m in a ı
s w ith a lıth e e n e r g y s o u r c e s a r e re p la c e d b y th e ir internal r e s is ta n c e s
"

R th

R L

T he v ・n ln ı Equ ı
v a le n t C ı
rc u ı
t N o r ta n ť = v a le
Equı n tC ı
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C ir c u it D ia g r a m

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1 C o n n ec t th e c ir c u it as pe r e c tr ic a l n e tw o r k
th e g iv e n e ı

2 R e m o v e th e lo zıd re s is ta n c e n o m n e tw o r k a n d tu r n o n th c su p p ly
3 F in d th e th e v e n in s r e s is ta n c e R n.

4 M e a s u r e th e T he v e n in s v o lta g e V ,I.
5 N o w m e a s u r e th e c u rre n t in th e lo a d r e s is ta n c e d ir e c t ı
y
6 T he o re t ic a ly fin d
ı 7 e c u r r e n t in th e
o u t tı ı
o a d r e s is ta n c e

7 V e r ify th a t th e s e tw o a r e e qu a ı

O b s e r v a t io n T a b le F o r T hev c n in '
s T hco re m

% E rror

c a ı a tio
c u ı n

u (th e o r t c a )
R ,
ii l
V ,h (
th e o r itic a l)

P ro c e du re fo r N o r ta n
'
s th e o r e m

1 C o n n e c t t h e c ir c u it a s pe r th e g iv e n e le c tr ic a l n e tw o rk

2 R e m o v e th e lo a d r e s is ta n c e fr o m n e tw o r k a n d tu rn o n th e su p p ly
o r ta n s s r e s is ta n c e R
'
3 F in d th e N N

4 M e a s u re th e N o r ta n s c u r r e n t IN

5 N o w m e a s u re th e c u rr e n t in th e lo a d r e s is ta n c e d ire c t ly

6 T he o re tic a lly fin d o u t th e c u r r e n t th r o u g h th e lo a d r e s is ta n c e

7 V e r ify th a t th e s e tw o a r e e q u a l

O bse r v a tio n T a b le F o r N o r ta n
'
s T heo re m

1 A ı
lc o n n ec tio n s s ho u ld b e t ig h t a n d c o rre c t

2 S w itc h o ff th e su p p ly w he n n o t in u se

3 R e a d in g sh o u ld b e ta k e n c a re fu lly
c o n cı
u s io n

Q u e s t io n s

Q 1 T o w h a t ty p e o f c ir c u it T h e v e n in s th e o r e m is
'
a ic a b le ?
pp ı
Q 2 W h a t is th e u s e o f T h e v e n in s th e o r e m ?
'

Q 3 H o w R T H is c o n n e c te d w ith th e c ir c u it?

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E X p E R IM E N T N o 7

A im o f th e E x p e r im en t T o v e r ify s u p e r p o s itio n T he o re m

A ppa ra tu s R e q u ir e d

s N o !N a m quipment
e o f 1T y p e 1R a n ge IQ u a n tity

j E ie c tr ic N e tw o r k Ŗ it L
2 IV o ltm e te r łM C O 30V
3 lA m m e te r M C w i0 0 m A U
4 1P o w e r S u p p ly IR e g u la te d 10 3 0 V

T h e o ry

T h is is o n e o f th e fu n da m e n ta l th e o re m s a p p lic a b le to lin e ar n e tw o r k s L in ear

n e tw o r k s a re th o se n e tw o rk s w h ic h a re c o n s tr u c te d w ith lin e a r e le m en ts o n ly T he a c tiv e

s o u rc e s a n d th e p a s s iv e e le m e n ts lik e R ı a n d C a r e a s s u m e d to b e o p e r a te d in th e ir lin e ar

ra n ge s T h e v i, r e la tio n s h ip fo r th e s e e le m e n ts a r e lin e a r
T he su p e r p o s itio n th e o re m s ta te s th a t in a lin e ar b ila te r a l m u lti s o u rc e D C c ir c u it th e
,

t m a y be d e te r m in e d b y c o n s id e r in
c u r re n t th r o u gh o r v o lta g e a c ro s s a n y p a r tic u la r e le m en g
th e co n tr ib u tio n o f e ac h s o u rc e in d e p e n d e n tly w ith th e re m a in in g s o u r c e s r e p la c e d w ith th e ir
,

in te r n a ır e s is ta n c e T he c o n tr ib u tio n s a re th e n s u m d p a y in g
m a tte n tio n to p o la r itie s , to fin d
,

th e to ta l v a lu e S u p e r p o s itio n c a n n o t in ge n e ra l b a p p lie d to n o n lin e ar c ir c u its o r to

n o n lin ea r fu n c tio n s su c h as po w e r

C ir c u it D ia g r a m

e c t r ic a l N
F ig 1 E ı e tw o r k fo r S u p e r p o s itio n T heo rem

P ro ce du re

1 C o n n ec t th e c ir c u it as p e r g iv e n d ia g r a m L ı
Y
2 S h o r t c ir c u it th e V s2 fr o m th e c ir c u it an d tu rn O N th e su p p ly V s 1 an ,

3 S h o r t c ir c u it th e V s l fF o m th e c ir c u it a n d tu rn O N th e s u p p ly V s2 a n d m e a s
c u lr e n t ls 2 th r o u g h lo a d r e s is t a n c e R L 飞į 飞
Ļ
，

YŁ
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4 T um o N th e su p p ly v s l an d V s2 to \ th e r a n d m e a s u re th e c u r r e n t Is 12 th r o u g h lo a d
r e s is ta n c e R L

5 F in a lly v e r ify ls 1 + ls 2 = Is th e o re t ic a lly an d p r a c tic a lly

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A IM o f th e E x p e r im e n t S tu d y o f S e r ie s R L C C ir c u it to
1 C a lc u la te th e v a lu e s o f u n k n o w n p a r a m e te r s o f R L C c ir c u it
2 D e te r m in e th e p o w er ctor o f [h e c ir c u it

3 T o d ra w a pha so r d ia g ra m o f th e c ir c u it bas e d o n p ra c t ic a l d a ta an d fin d o u t th e a p p ı

ie d v o lta g e
an d poer fa c to r fr o m th e ph a s o r d ia g ra m

A ppa ra tu s R e q u ir e d
s N o 1 N a m e o f B q u ip m en t 1 T yp e
A m m e te r ı M l 0 5A

\ In d u c tiv e co il L v a r ia b le 5A ,
2 5 0V
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T h e o ry

In th e p r e s e n t c ir c u it r e s is ta n c e R in d u c to r L an d ca p a c ito r C a r e c o n n e c te d in s e r ie s a c r o s s a v o lta g e
s o u rc e V T h u s th e c u rr e n t in a ll th e e ı
e m e n ts is s a m e w h e re a s v o lta g e a c ro s s e a c h e le m e n t w o u ld b e d iffe r e n t
T he re s u ı
la n t a ı ppı
ie d
ta g e V is th e p h a s o r
v o su m o f a ıt h e
ı v o lta g e s a c r o s s th e s e e le m e n ts In s u c h a s e r ie s

c irc u it folı
owing a s
b ic r e la tio n s c a n b e d e r iv e d

V o lta ge a c ro s s th e r e s is ta n c e V R 1R

V o ı
ta ge a c r o s s th e in d u c ta n c e V L 1X L

V ta g e a c r o s s th e c a
o ı p a c ita nce V c ıX .

Po w er d ra w n b y th e c ir c u it P V lco sø

Po w er fa c to r o f th e c ir c u it C O S P /V I

W h e re X L In d u c t iv e r e a c ta n c e (D し 2 n fL

1
X c c a p a c itiv e r e a c ta n c e
◆C 2n fc

Z m pe da n c e
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I C u r re n t fı
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T he p o w er fa c to r , c o s tp

J n 2' " ) L ・

fa c to r f su c h a c ir c u it is a g g in g
ı he n L > In
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c ir c u it w ill b e le a d in g H en ce by m e a s u r in g th e v o lta g e a c ro ss v a r io u s e lL
flo w in g in th e c irc u it a n d th e p o w er c o n su m ed b y th e c irc u it a ı
l th e p a r a m e te r s o f th e c ir c u it c a n be c a lc u la te d

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 E X P E R IM E N T N D 9

A ı
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ıN S T R U M E N T S R E Q U IR E D

S
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T H EO R Y

S T A E C O N N E C T IO N

L in e V o lta g e V o lta g e b e tw e e n an y tw o in e te r m in a ls
ı

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V " 14 = V. L V
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o s60
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j Jł H y

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V IV A V O IC E Q U E S T IO N S

1 W n ìc h ty p e o fcon n e c tio n is u se d fo r tr a n s m is s io n o e ċ tr ic a l p o
fe ı w e r?

2 W h a t is m ean t by b a la n c e d & u n b a la n ce d lo a d ?
3 W ha t d o y o u m ean b y p h a s e s ęq u e n c e o f 3 p h a s e a c c ir c u it?
4 H o w w ill y o u c o n v e r t a g iv e n s ta r c o n n e c tio n in to d e lta c o n n e c t io n ?

5 W na t w ill ńa p p e n if o n e o f th e p h a s e s is d is c o n n e c te d in s ta r c o n n e c tio n

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 E X p E R ıM R N T N o 10

O BJEC T M Ģa s u n en
rĽ ı to f r e s is ta n c e o f th e a rm a ttır Ľ w in d in g s e r ie s fie ld w in d in g a n d s h u rıl ıd
w in d in g o fa D C m a c h in e

￠A M E P L A T E S P ICC IF IC A T IO N S O F M A C H IN E

B H P /K W : 7 5 H P
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 F ig (c ) M e a s u re m e n to f S h u n t fie ld w in d in g r e s is ta n c e
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T H E O R Y
A c c o r d in g to O h m s la w ,
th e r e s is t a n c e R o f a w in d in g is g iv e n by
V
R

W he re V v o lta g e d r o p a c r o s s th e w in d in g
I c u rre n t th r o u g h th e w in d in g

PR O C E D U R E
1 M e a s u re m e n t o f a rm a t u r e r e s is ta n c e s e r ie s fie lL r e s is ta n c e C o n n ec t io n s a r e m a de a s sho w n

in fig u r e (a ) th e
r e a d in g o f v a r io u s m e te r s a le re c o rd e d fo r d ifk rc n t v a lu e s o f c u rr e n t
,

fıo w in g th r o u g h th e a b o v e w in d in g T h e v a r ia t io n in cu r r e n t is o b ta ih e c l w ith th e h e lp o f la m p
o ad
ba n k ı e d in g s a r e ta k e n u p to 12 5 % o f th e
re a r a te d c u fre n t a f th e n ac
ı h in e
2 M e a s u re m e n t o f s h u n t fie ld r e s is ta n c e C o n n e c t io n s a re m a de a s sho w n in fig u r e (t L th e
re a d in g s o f v a r io u s m e te r s a re n o te d do w n fo r v a r io u s v a ı
u es o f s h u n t fie ld c u rr e n ts Th e
s h u n t fie ld c u r re n t is v a r ie d b y a r h e o s ta t u se d a v a r ia b le r e s is ta n c e

O B S E R V A T IO N S
(a ) A r m a tu r e R e s is ta n c e

S N o I I a m p I V v o ı
ts R A o hm s

m S e r ie s fie ı
d r e s is ta n c e

S N o T i a m p lııM v o lts I R y o hm s

1 1
S h u n t fıe ld r e s is ta n c e

S N o r l a m p I Y v o lts R z o hm s

QU E S T IO N S

1 E x p la in w h y d iffe re n t a rra n ge m en ts fo r c o n tr o lin g th e

ı c u rre n t a re u se d fo r th e m e a s u re m e n ts

o f a rm a tu re a n d s h u n t fie ı d r e s is ta n c e s ?
2 Is th e v a ı
u e o f r e s is ta n c e m e a s tır e d b e tw e e n th e a r m a tu r e te r m in a ls \ W ny?
c o n s ta n t? If n o
o
3 G iv e th e v a lu e s o f r e s is t a n c e te m p e r a tu re c o e ffic ie n t fQ r c o p p e r a n d a lu m in iw n a t 2 0 c

o r k in g r e s i n c e p f th e s h m t fie ld a
°
4 G iv e n th a t t h e ro o m te m p e r a tu r e is 2 0 C ,
c a lc u la te th e w
7 5oc
5 W h y th e r e s is ta n c e o f a r m a tu r e w in d in g a n d s e r ie s fie ı
d w in d in g is so sm a ll a s co m p a r e d to
th e r e s is ta n c e o f s h u n t fie ı
d w in d in g ?

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