Seminiano, Melany Kate D.T.

July 22, 2019

Soriano, Ma Leonora Research Output #2
BSA-BGA 1-1 Science, Technology, and Society
REVOLUTIONS DISCOVERIES/INVENTIONS WEAKNESS

1. INDUSTRIAL ✦ Spinning jenny was a spinning engine invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves. The Industrial Revolution brought huge numbers of
Able to be operated by unskilled workers, it was a key development in the people out of the countryside and into the big cities
industrialisation of weaving, as it could spin many spindles at a time. to work in factories. Their jobs were often dangerous
✦ Watt Steam Engine was the first practical steam engine invented by Scottish and did not pay much and they lived in very poor
Engineer James Watt. This was very similar to Newcomen’s, but it required less housing conditions.
fuel to run and was thus much more efficient and attractive to potential buyers.
It was introduced commercially in 1776 and became the basis for future
developments that saw the steam engine become the main source of power for
a large variety of British industries.
✦ The Locomotive. The first recorded steam railway journey took place on 21
February 1812, when Richard Trevithick’s ‘Pen-y-derren’ locomotive carried ten
tons of iron, five wagons and seventy men 9.75 miles in four hours and five
minutes. The journey had an average speed of c. 2.4 mph. Twenty five years
later, George Stephenson and his son, Robert Stephenson, designed
‘Stephenson’s Rocket’, the most advanced locomotive of its day. The Rocket’s
design – with its smoke chimney at the front and a separate fire box in the rear
– became the template for future steam locomotives for the next 150 years.
✦ Telegraph Communications was demonstrated by William Fothergill
Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, the first electrical telegraph that was installed
in London. The next year they installed the system along thirteen miles of Great
Western Railway and was the first commercial telegraph in the world. Meanwhile
in America, the first telegraph service opened in 1844 when telegraph wires
connected Baltimore and Washington D.C. One of the main figures behind the
invention of the telegraph was the American Samuel Morse, who also went on
to develop Morse Code that allowed the easier transmission of messages across
telegraph lines and is still used to this day.
✦ The Photograph. In 1826, French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce invented
the first permanent photograph of a camera image. He took it from his window
using a camera obscura, a primitive camera, creating the earliest surviving
photograph of a real-world scene.
 REVOLUTIONS DISCOVERIES/INVENTIONS WEAKNESS

✦ The Typewriter was called ‘typographer’, the first type-writer, which was
invented in 1829 by William Burt. Although it was dreadfully ineffective, Burt is
nonetheless regarded as the ‘father of the typewriter’. It was only 38 years later,
in 1867, that the first modern typewriter was invented by Christopher Sholes.
✦ The Electric Generator was invented by Michael Faraday in 1831: the Faraday
Disk. Although it was not very effective, Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetic
induction (the production of voltage across an electrical conductor in a changing
magnetic field) soon led to improvements, such as the dynamo.
✦ The Modern Factory. With the introduction of machinery, factories began
springing up first in Britain and then across the world. The man credited with
inventing the modern factory is Richard Arkwright, after he constructed Cromford
Mill in 1771. It was the first water-powered cotton spinning mill and
initially employed 200 workers running day and night with two 12-hour shifts.

2. SCIENTIFIC ✦ The Heliocentric Theory was one of the most important theories. For many With this revolution, people were really confused and
years, the Church had strongly supported Aristotle's geocentric theory, which overly concerned about the world and their place in
was the center of the universe and therefore the Sun and the other planets it. They tend to more focused on it than in the real
revolved around it. It had not been questioned until the astronomer Nicolaus happenings around them.
Copernicus became interested and came to deduce a new theory about
planetary movement which is the heliocentric theory. It holds that the Sun is
located in the center of the Solar System and that Earth and the other planets
revolve around it in a circular orbit. Copernicus knew that his theory went against
religious beliefs, so he did not publish his findings until the year of his death.
✦ Scientific Method is a logical procedure used to test and gather information and
ideas. The first step is to formulate a problem question. Then, scientists form a
hypothesis of what they predict will happen. The hypothesis is tested with an
experiment; the data is later analyzed and conclusions are drawn. This
conclusion can either prove the hypotheis correct or wrong. It was developed by
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.
✦ Law of Universal Gravitation was studied and developed by the scientist Isaac
Newton. After finalizing his studies at Cambridge University, Newton became
certain that planetary motion, as well as all matter on Earth and space
 REVOLUTIONS DISCOVERIES/INVENTIONS WEAKNESS

✦ was affected by a force called gravity. It explains that every object in the universe
attracts every other object; the degree of attraction depends on the distance
between the objects and each of its masses.
✦ Boyle’s Law was developed by Robert Boyle, a chemist, in which explains the
relationship between volume, temperature, and pressure of gas. It is also known
as Mariotte's law.
3. a) COPERNICAN ✦ In the Copernican System, he proposed that all of the known heavenly bodies Copernicus has rather weak counter to the “falling
actually orbited around the Sun, which did not move at all. His initial vision of the object” argument against Earth’s daily rotation.
universe that was known at the time was surprisingly accurate. He was the first Counters parallax argument against orbital motion of
scientist to propose that the Sun did not revolve around the Earth. His theory, Earth by saying stars are too far away to see change
which ran counter to all scientific claims at the time, was that the Earth was in position. His own system had multiple
actually the center of the solar system and everything orbited around it. All of his shortcomings that would have to be amended by
observations made without the use of a telescope as it hadn’t been invented as later astronomers.
of yet. This system serves today as the beginning of modern astronomy.
✦ The Debasement of Currency. He is also known for his ability to be a clear,
concise administrator. At one point he was responsible for the administration of
several different political and administrative duties while living in Frombork. After
attending several meetings and looking at accounts and records in the region,
he drafted an essay that recommended reforms to the local currency because it
was being debased.
✦ The Commentariolus. Copernicus decided to really pursue the idea of an
orbiting Earth. His very first thoughts that were published on the matter,
however, where printed in 1508 and it was a small manuscript that wasn’t given
any wide circulation. Many believe that these observations that were written in
this initial manuscript came about when he decided to move to Frombork, away
from his uncle, and built his own observatory.
✦ The Elimination of the Ptolemy Equant. The idea that the Earth was the center
of the known universe came from this in the 2nd century. His theory was that in
order to account for the movement of celestial bodies in orbit, an equant, or a
second orbital revolution, must be taking place as the orbit around the Earth
continued. Each planetary had a point that was orbited around and this helped
to keep the idea of geocentrisim alive for another 1,200 years.
 REVOLUTIONS DISCOVERIES/INVENTIONS WEAKNESS

b) DARWINIAN ✦ Principles of Geology 1830-33), Darwin's contemporary Charles Lyell revived It does not explain how life itself comes about,
Hutton's principle of slow geological change, and presented a classic there’s a lack of evidence from the fossil records, and
explanation of development over millions of years. Among scientists at least, his life is so incredibly complex, statistically, it could not
account soon came to be widely accepted. Darwin took Lyell's book with him on have just happened without creator.
his trip to South America on the Beagle. is theory of long-term, gradual
geological change inevitably made the theory of common descent seem much
more likely.
c) FREUDIAN ✦ Conception of the Unconscious. The claim that people could accumulate real His basic operating model was a passive reflex
knowledge about themselves and their world, and exercise rational control over apparatus with no energies of its own, his unclear
both. Freud, however, suggested that these claims were in fact delusions and and ambivalent handling of the mind-body problem,
often act for reasons that have nothing to do with our conscious thoughts. The alternating between psychophysical parallelism and
concept of the unconscious was groundbreaking in that he proposed that interactionism.
awareness existed in layers and there were thoughts occurring "below the
surface." Dreams, called the "royal road to the unconscious" provided the best
examples of our unconscious life, and in The Interpretation of Dreams Freud
both developed the argument that the unconscious exists, and developed a
method for gaining access to it.

d) INFORMATION ✦ The Digital or Information Revolution began between the late 1950’s and This revolution showed that we can still improve.
1970’s. It is the development of technology from mechanical and analog to But the disadvantage of having advanced
digital. During this time, digital computers and digital record keeping technology makes humans more lazy doing their
became the norm. The introduction of digital technology also changed the works.
way humans communicate, now via computers, cell phones, and the
internet. This revolution led way to the Information Age.
e) MESO- ✦ Chocolate. The ancient Maya were the first to discover the many uses A group of characteristic traits of several cultural
AMERICAN of the cacao bean between 250 and 900 AD. They mixed the cacao bean traditions has historically been at the root of the
with pepper and cornmeal to make a fiery chocolate drink. Sugar was term Mesoamerica, but the functionality of the term
rare in those days, which was a blessing considering there was no dental itself was meant to be as a heuristic device. Here, a
commentary on its usefulness highlights both some
care to speak of. As a consequence, the Maya did not suffer from sugar-
advantages and disadvantages that resulted from
related conditions such as diabetes or obesity. However, sugary modern- grouping different historical trajectories into a single
day chocolate and chocolate drinks can be traced back to the Maya. broad cultural realm.
REVOLUTIONS DISCOVERIES/INVENTIONS WEAKNESS

Cacao beans were also used as glue by being boiled and mixed with
different bases, and were even considered valuable enough to be used
as currency.

✦ Law and Order. In the Mayan Empire, laws were standardized

across every state and were applicable to all levels of society. If
someone broke the law, they would go to court where punishments
were meted out according to the crime. Victims of theft were
personally involved in the process of justice. Murder was uncommon
because the punishment was so extreme. If you were found guilty of
murder, you would face execution and reparations from the victim’s
family in terms of goods or land. The families could be granted a
house, goods, cattle, or land, which might leave the perpetrator’s
whole family with nowhere to live as a consequence of a guilty verdict.

✦ Mathematics. The Maya had an extremely accurate numerical

system. It had only three symbols: 0 (shell shape), 1 (a dab) and 5 (a
bar). They used these three symbols to express numbers from 0 to
19; numbers after 19 were composed vertically in groups of 20, using
place markers. The Maya, therefore, used a base 20 or vigesimal
numbering system. The use of place markers and 0 made this system
much the same as the one we use today. With the base-20 system,
the second position was worth 20 times more than the numeral, the
third position had 202 or 400 times the value, etc. The Maya likewise
used shorthand to express extensive numbers like [Link].9 where
the numbers 2, 4, 1, 9, and 9 are coefficients before forces of 20.
Similarly fascinating is that the Maya had built the concept of 0 into
their numbering system by 36 BC. While not primarily known for their
advances in science, they did have a working knowledge of it, and a
large number of their dates and estimations are shockingly accurate.
 REVOLUTIONS DISCOVERIES/INVENTIONS WEAKNESS

f) ASIAN ✦ Paper Making. The invention of paper greatly affects human history. Asia was in a state of equilibrium, with its agrarian
Paper already existed in China since 105 A.C, however, a eunuch named societies relying for survival on a delicate balance
between land and population. Land suitable for rice-
Cai Lun (ca. 50 AD – 121) made significant innovation and helped drive its
widespread adoption. His advanced paper-making technology then spread growing was limited and rice-eating populations
to central Asia and the world through the Silk Road. struggled for subsistence; they had neither the time,
ability nor energy to think of governing themselves
✦ Alcohol. The inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were widely believed to or even of participating in government.
be the first brewers. However, in 2013, a 9000-year-old pottery found in
Henan province revealed the presence of alcohol, 1000 years before
Arabian. Alcohol is known as Jiu in Chinese and is often used as a
spiritual offerings to Heaven and the Earth or ancestors in ancient China.
Study shows that beer with an alcoholic content of 4% to 5% was widely
consumed in ancient China and was even mentioned on oracle bone
inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC–1046 BC).

✦ Mechanical Clock. The world’s first mechanical clock -Water-driven

Spherical Birds – was invented by Yi Xing, a Buddhist monk in 725 A.D.. It
was operated by dripping water which powered a wheel that made one
revolution in 24 hours. Hundreds of years later, the inventor Su Song
developed a more sophisticated clock called the Cosmic Empire in 1092,
200 years earlier before the mechanical clock was created in Europe.

✦ Umbrella. The inventions of umbrella can be traced back as early as 3500

years ago in China. Legend has it, Lu Ban, a Chinese carpenter and
inventor created the first umbrella. Inspired by children using lotus leaves
as rain shelter, he created umbrella by making a flexible framework
covered by a cloth.
g) MIDDLE-EAST ✦ Surgery. Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi The Arab world is at a crossroads, facing enormous
published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used challenges as well as opportunities that can lead to
in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many either a gradually improving democratic path, or an
inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch authoritarian retrenchment. In the absence of an
wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove understanding of the social,
 REVOLUTIONS DISCOVERIES/INVENTIONS WEAKNESS

sutures. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and political, and economic transformations that have
created the first pair of forceps. led to the recent uprisings
sweeping across the region, it will be diffcult for the
✦ Coffee. Now the Western world's drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in analyst to try and predict
Yemen around the 9th century. In its earliest days, coffee helped Sufis the future, and for the policy analyst to provide
stay up during late nights of devotion. Later brought to Cairo by a group of useful policy advice.
students, the coffee buzz soon caught on around the empire. By the 13th
century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start
boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.

✦ University. In 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the

first degree-granting university in Fez, Morocco. Her sister Miriam founded
an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin
Mosque and University. Still operating almost 1,200 years later, Hassani
says he hopes the center will remind people that learning is at the core of
the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire
young Muslim women around the world today.
h) AFRICAN ✦ CAT Scan. The Computed Axial Tomography Scan or CAT was Economic growth, where it exists, is in any case
developed by Cape Town physicist Allan Cormack and his associate slow and deformed. Most often it is not even
Godfrey Hounsfield. He provided the mathematical technique for the succeeding in keeping up with the growth of the
CAT scan, in which an X-ray source and electronic detectors are population.
rotated about the body and the resulting data is analysed by a
computer to produce a sharp map of the tissues within a cross-
section of the body. This resulted in a Nobel Prize in Physiology and
Medicine.

✦ Heart Transplant. The world’s first heart transplant was performed

by Dr Chris Barnard in Cape Town on 3 December 1967. The
patient Louis Washkansky was suffering heart failure at the time and
Dr Barnard took the chance to operate him. After that, Barnard
became an international celebrity. He went on to perform more than
 REVOLUTIONS DISCOVERIES/INVENTIONS WEAKNESS

10 other heart transplants, with one of the recipients surviving a

further 23 years.

✦ Speed Gun. This invention could only come from a cricket loving
country. Henri Johnson invented the Speedball in 1992. The device
accurately measures the speed and angles of speeding objects
such as cricket and tennis balls.

✦ Smartlock Safety Syringes. Smartlock safety syringes provide

improved protection against needlestick injury and contamination by
Ebola virus, Hepatitis and HIV. This invention has saved countless
lives.

References

Industrial Revolution [Link]

gVU0u9vWURLZUWJQcikniM

Industrial Revolution [Link]

427673?fbclid=IwAR39tDc3tBHMMFBLvmnru-z-uIy2C7Py32RX6rqYwru9ib0bvEBKmuEszCw

Scientific Revolution [Link]

X_RVjCdHAYPImcHUkX12FDB0MsxYb2sJHFX02KLw
Scientific Revolution [Link]
revolution/?fbclid=IwAR1p0VW9NxooCwMEPORMf_ddFOr_zfOBNDRzflPEmK87ywl1zYLQXYLUdRE

Copernican Revolution [Link]

inventions/?fbclid=IwAR0xC9RHbqvxFPf70nFKPHw3BVOQ4X6KYMuWxU_HdMu8o2pNGQzDbhGVEqw

Copernican Revolution [Link]

4DLCG2nvSro21C0

Darwinian Revolution [Link]

Darwinian Revolution [Link]

4CC_4KGMcoVcpwVpCTCDwtHf8QsFYcOvGP15nD9Js5UFoHfEmrzCs

Freudian Revolution [Link]

_AdZ0uYPRo4Jc4APLJPWa_hDw3NH4Fh8

Freudian Revolution [Link]

freud?fbclid=IwAR33XU_FgArIbmC25F5MbemCEt1OGAK9xgLQPbEFPbJJBnfqIZ3S89k3Duk

Asian Revolution [Link]

[Link]

Middle East Revolution [Link]

[Link]

African Revolution [Link]

[Link]

Information Revolution [Link]

Meso American [Link]