4/7/2016
Internet Technology
Chapter 2: Internet Protocol Overview
2.1 TCP/IP & the IP Layer overview
2.2 IPv4 & IPv6 Address Type & Formats
2.3 IPv4 & IPv6 Header Structures
2.4 Internet RFCs
IP Overview
Continuing from TCP/IP & the IP layer overview…
1
4/7/2016
IP Overview
IPv4 Address Types & Formats…
•Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast Address
•Class A, B, C, D, E
• Public / Routable / Global IP Address
• Private IP Address
[Link] – [Link]
[Link] – [Link]
[Link] – [Link]
• Subnetting – 3 levels of hierarchy
• VLSM /CIDR implementation with Packet Tracer
3
IP Overview
IPv4 Header Structure
• Packet capturing & analysis with Wireshark
2
4/7/2016
The IP Protocol
The IPv4 (Internet Protocol) header.
The IP Protocol (2)
Some of the IP options.
5-54
3
4/7/2016
IP Addresses
IP address formats.
IP Addresses (2)
Special IP addresses.
4
4/7/2016
Subnets
A campus network consisting of LANs for various
departments.
Subnetting in Class C IP Address
/ Decimal Block Size Actual Size
/25 128 128 126
/26 192 64 62
/27 224 32 30
/28 240 16 14
/29 248 8 6
/30 252 4 2
10
5
4/7/2016
Subnets (2)
A class B network subnetted into 64 subnets.
NAT – Network Address Translation
Placement and operation of a NAT box.
6
4/7/2016
IPv6
Features of IPv6
•Larger addresses -128 bits long
• Extended address hierarchy of ISPs & within a given site
•Variable header format - defines a set of optional headers
•Facilities for many options
•Provision for protocol extension
•Support for auto configuration and renumbering
•Support for resource allocation – flow abstraction & differentiated service
•Security…
13
IPv6
Fig. General form of an IPv6 Datagram
•Base header required
•Extension headers optional
14
7
4/7/2016
IPv6
15
Extension Headers
5-69
IPv6 extension headers.
8
4/7/2016
IPv6
IPv6 Extension Headers
•Sender chooses zero or more extension headers
•Only those facilities that are needed should be included
IPv6 Fragmentation And Reassembly
•Like IPv4
– Ultimate destination reassembles
•Unlike IPv4
– Routers avoid fragmentation
– Original source must fragment
How Can Original Source Fragment?
•Option 1: choose minimum guaranteed MTU of 1280
•Option 2: use path MTU discovery
17
IPv6
IPv6 Address Types and Formats
•Three types
•Unicast - single host receives copy
• Multicast - set of hosts each receive a copy
• Anycast - set of hosts, one of which receives a copy(nearest in terms of routing distance)
•Note: no Broadcast, but special multicast addresses (e.g.‘‘all hosts on local network’’)
•Refer RFC 2373
18
9
4/7/2016
IPv6
Unicast Address
Hierarchy
[Link] level- globally known public topology eg. ISPs & Exchanges
Exchange performs
• As NAP interconnecting ISPs & passing traffic betw. them
• Assign addresses to subscribers
2. Individual site level
[Link] network interface
19
IPv6
Unicast Address Types
•Global Unicast Address
- Publicly Routable Addresses
•Link-local Address
-Restricted to a single network
•Unique-local or site-local Addresses
- Routable throughout private intranet or multiple local networks
20
10
4/7/2016
IPv6
21
IPv6
22
11
4/7/2016
IPv6
Shortened Exp.
2001:db8:3c4d:12::1234:56ab
2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab ?
23
IPv6
Special Addresses
•2000::/3 - Global Unicast range
•FC00::/7 - Unique Local range
•FF00::/8 - Multicast range
•FE80::/10 - Link-Local Unicast range
•2002:/16 - Transition System (6to4)
•::1 - Loopback Address
24
12
4/7/2016
Auto configuration
Corp(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
Corp(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:3c4d:1::/64 eui-64
25
Migrating to ipv6
1. Dual Stacking
• Common strategy
• Communicating using either ipv4 or ipv6
26
13
4/7/2016
Migrating to ipv6
2. 6to4 tunneling
• Carrying ipv6 data over still ipv4 network
• Communicating using either ipv4 or ipv6
• Encapsulation of ipv6 into ipv4 packet
27
Migrating to ipv6
28
14
4/7/2016
Migrating to ipv6
3. NAT-PT
• Last resort
• Ipv4 hosts talk only with other Ipv4 hosts and
those with native ipv6 host with other IPv6 hosts
• No encapsulation- the data of the source pkt is removed
from one IP type & repackaged as the new destination
IP type
29
RFC
•Protocols documented in series of reports
•Documents known as Request For Comments (RFCs)
•Series of reports that include
– TCP/IP protocols
– The Internet
– Related technologies
•Checked and edited by IESG, but not peer-reviewed like scientific journals
•Contain:
– Proposals
– Surveys and measurements
– Protocol standards
30
15
4/7/2016
RFC
• Numbered in chronological order
•Revised document reissued under new number
•Numbers ending in 99 reserved for summary of previous 100 RFCs
• Index and all RFCs available on-line
31
RFC
Requirements RFCs
•Host Requirements Documents
– Major revision/clarification of most TCP/IP protocols
– RFC 1122 (Communication Layers)
– RFC 1123 (Application & Support)
– RFC 1127 (Perspective on 1122-3)
•Router Requirements
– Major specification of protocols used in IP gateways (routers)
– RFC 1812 (updated by RFC 2644)
32
16
4/7/2016
RFC
Special Subsets Of RFCs
•For Your Information (FYI)
– Provide general information
– Intended for beginners
•Best Current Practices (BCP)
– Engineering hints
– Reviewed and approved by IESG
33
17