STRUCTURAL HINGED

ROLLER
FIXED/ RESTRAINED
TYPES OF BEAMS

PROPERTIES OF FORCES SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

MAGNITUDE the amount of force, N SIMPLY SUPPORTED W/ OVER HANG (OVERHANGING BEAM)
DIRECTION refers to the orientation of its path or line of action. It is usually described
by the angle that the line of action makes with some reference. CANTILEVER BEAM

SENSE refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM (indeterminate)

CONTINOUS BEAM
FORCE SYSTEM

COPLANAR all acting in a single plane of a vertical wall

PARALLEL all having the same direction

INTERNAL FORCES TYPES
CONCURRENT all having their lines of action intersect at a common point.
TENSION pulls away from joint
MOMENT force x distance
moment can be about any point called CENTER OF MOMENT COMPRESSION pushes towards joint
SHEAR for connections
MOMENT ARM distance from center of moment to force
shortest or perpendicular distance from the center of moment to line of ASTM
action of force.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

ACI
KINDS OF LOADS
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
CONCENTRATED LOADS example is a beam supporting a column
According to ACI code, I the strain in concrete reaches
UNIFORM LOADS a series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or
more uniformly spaced concentrated loads.
0.003 (Єconc= 0.003), Є=3mm
1000
OTHER LOADS varying load, moment load It begins to crack

AISC
AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF SUPPORT
If a grade 60 steel (fy= 60ksi= 414Mpa) reaches a strain 0.0021 it begins to
yield of (2.1mm)
FEATURES OF A STRAIN STRESS DIAGRAM: of a structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of reserve strength and
can serve as a visual warning of impending failure.
ELASTICITY
STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAM
the property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and
a graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the
to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force
corresponding unit strains for a specific material
MALLEABILITY
1. PROPORTINAL LIMIT
the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is
maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when
released
the load is released
TOUGHNESS
2. ELASTIC LIMIT
the property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented
maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original
by the area under the stress- strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material.
length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set
Ductile materials are tougher than brittle materials.
[Link] POINT
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
the stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load.
a coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress aSd the
The material at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section
corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke’s law and
represented by the slope of he straight line portion of the stress- strain line diagram.
4. ULTIMATE STRENGTH
Also called COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS
the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or
rupture
PERMANENT SET
the inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing
deformation
RUPTURE STRENGTH
stress at which material specimen breaks YIELD STRENGTH
the stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set in a material,
ALLOWABLE STRESS usually 0.2% of its original length when tested in tension. Yield strength is used to
the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member, determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a poorly defined yield point.
usually a fraction of the material’s elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. Also called POOR STRESS.
Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING STRESS.
STRAIN- RATE EFFECT
ELASTIC RANGE the behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material
the range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation
TEMPERATURE EFFECT
ELASTIC DEFORMATION the brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally ductile material
a temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress less
than the elastic limit of the material STRESS RELAXATION
the time- dependent decrease in stress in a constrained material under a constant load
BRITLENESS
the property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident CREEP
deformation. Since brittle materials lack the plastic behavior of ductile materials, they the gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued application of
can give no warning of impending material stress or prolonged exposure to heat. Creep deflection in a concrete structure continues
over time and can be significantly grater than the initial elastic deflection
DUCTILITY
the property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after being FATIGUE
stressed beyond the elastic limit and before rupturing. Ductility is a desirable property the weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected
to a repeated series of stresses
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF A36 STEEL: STRESS-
the internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it.
Equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross-
Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear is 14.5 ksi
sectional area.
Maximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending is 24 ksi
Also called UNIT STRESS.
Modulus of elasticity (E) is 29,000 ksi
TENSILE STRESS
WEIGHT:
the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the
water= 1000 kg/ m3 collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it.
steel= 7850 kg/ m3
TENSILE STRAIN
concrete= 2400 kg/ m3 the elongation of a unit length of material produces by a tensile stress
weight= density x volume ELONGATION
volume of cylinder= pi (diameter)2 x length a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a
4 test specimen after failure in tensile test

PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL REDUCTION OF AREA

a measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross-
sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test
TENSION
the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an
TENSILE STRENGTH
elastic body
the resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of
longitudinal stress required to rupture the material
TENSILE FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body
STRAIN
the deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. Strain is a dimensionless
AXIAL FORCE
quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size and shape to the original size and
a tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member
shape of a stressed element.
and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion
or shear also called AXIAL LOAD
STRAIN GAUGE
an instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by tension,
AXIAL STRESS
compression, bending or twisting.
the tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial force, assumed to be
Also called EXTENSOMETER
normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section.
Also called DIRECT STRESS, NORMAL TRESS
YOUNG’S MODULUS
a coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the
COMPRESSION
corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the strain.
the act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in the reduction in size
or volume of an elastic body
POISSON’S RATIO
the ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body under
COMPRESSIVE FORCE
longitudinal stress
an applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic body
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
ECCENTRIC FORCE
the axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the
force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the
collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it.
centroid of he cross section, producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in
the section.
Also called ECCENTRIC LOAD.
COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
the shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress
REINFORCED CONCRETE
SHEAR
the lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of EFFECTIVE LENGTH
the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane contact. the depth of concrete section measured from the compression face to the centroid of the
tension reinforcement
SHEAR FORCE
an applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body COVER
the amount of concrete required to protect steel reinforcement from fire and corrosion,
SHEARING FORCE measured from the surface of the reinforcement to outer surface of the concrete section
an internal force tangenial to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in
response to shear, shearing in a vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in a BOND STRESS
horizontal plane and vise versa the adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the surrounding
concrete developed at any section of a flexural member
SHEARING STRESS
the force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear HOOK
force. a bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is
Also called SHEAR STRESS, TANGENIAL STRESS insufficient room to develop in adequate embedment length

SHEARING STRAIN STANDARD HOOK

the lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses, defined as a 90º, 135º, 180º bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards
the tangent of the skew angle of the deformation.
ANCHORAGE
SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY any of various means, as embedment length or hooked bars, for developing tension or
a coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing stress and compression in a reinforcing bar on each side of critical section in order to prevent bond
the corresponding shearing strain produced by the strain. failure or splitting
Also called MODULUS OF RIGIDITY, MODULUS OF TORSION
CRITICAL SECTION
BENDING the section of a flexural concrete member at a point of maximum stress, a point of
the bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length. inflection, or appoint within the span where tension bars are no longer needed to resist
Bending is the structural mechanism that enables a load to be mechanism that enables stress
a load to be channeled in a direction perpendicular to its application.
BALANCED SECTION
TRANSVERSE FORCE a concrete in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified yield
a force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain
producing bending and shear
OVERREINFORCED SECTION
TORQUE a concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate
the moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield strength. This is a
dangerous condition since failure of the section could occur instantaneously without
TORSION warning
the twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and
opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body UNDERREINFORCED SECTION
a concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield
strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain. This
is desirable condition since failure of the section would be preceded by large
deformations giving prior warning of impending collapse
BEAM VERTICAL SHEARING
the shearing stress developed along cross section of a beam to resist transverse shear,
having a maximum value at the neutral axis and decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer
BEAM
faces
a rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across spaces
supporting elements
HORIZONTAL SHEARING
the shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along longitudinal planes of a beam
SPAN
under transverse loading, equal to any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point.
the extent of space between two supports of a structure
Also called LONGITUDINAL SHEARING STRESS
CLEAR SPAN
FLEXURE FORMULA
the distance between inner faces of the support of a span
a formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress, and the
cross sectional properties of a beam. Bending stress is directly proportional to bending
EFFECTIVE SPAN
moment and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of a beam section.
the center to center distance between the supports of a span
MOMENT OF INERTIA
BENDING MOMENT
the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a
an external moment tending to cause part a structure to rotate or bend, equal to the
coplanar axis of rotation. Moment of inertia is a geometric property that indicates how
algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section under consideration
the cross sectional area of structural member is distributed and does not reflect the
intrinsic physical properties of a material
RESISTING MOMENT
an internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force
SECTION MODULUS
couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered
a geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section
divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.
DEFLECTION
the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under
LATERAL BUCKLING
transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in
the buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on slender
the moment of inertia of the section of the modulus of elasticity of the material
portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction
NEUTRAL AXIS
STRESS TRAJECTORIES
an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, other
lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a beam
member subject to bending, along which no bending stresses occur
SHEAR DIAGRAM
BENDING STRESS
a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears present in a
a combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section of
structure for a given set of transverse loads and support conditions concentrated loads
structural member to resist transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface
produce external shears which are constant in magnitude between the loads uniformly
furthest from the neutral axis
distributed loads produce linearly varying shears
CAMBER
MOMENT DIAGRAM
a slight convex curvature intentionally built into beam, girder, or truss to compensate for
a graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment present in
an anticipated deflection
a structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions. The overall
How is camber treated in a steel truss 25 meters and longer?
deflected shape of a structure subject to bending can often be inferred from the shape
Camber shall be approximately equal to the dead load deflection
of its moment diagram
TRANSVERSE SHEAR
CONCENTRATED LOADS
an external shear force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to
produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads
bending, equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
produce parabolically varying moments
 CONTINUOUS BEAM
POSITIVE SHEAR a beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater rigidity and
a net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the structure smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading. Both
being considered fixed end and continuous beams are indeterminate structures for which the values of all
reactions, shears and moments are dependent not only on span and loading but also on
NEGATIVE SHEAR cross sectional shape and material
a net resultant of shear forces that act vertically downward on the left part of the
structure being considered HAUNCH
the part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance.
POSITIVE MOMENT The efficiency of a beam can be increased by shaping its length in response to the
a bending moment that produces moment that produces a concave curvature at a moment and shear values which typically vary along its longitudinal axis
section of a structure
SUSPENDED SPAN
INFLECTION POINT a simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned
a point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vise versa as construction joints at points of zero moment. Also called hung span
it deflects under a transverse load: theoretically an internal hinge and therefore a point
of zero moment EFFECTIVE LENGTH
the distance between inflection points in the span of a fixed end or continuous beam,
NEGATIVE MOMENT equivalent in nature to the actual length of simply supported beam
a bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure

SIMPLE BEAM
a beam resisting on simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance. As with any statistically determinate structure, the values of all
reactions, shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of its cross
sectional shape and material

CANTILEVER BEAM
a projecting beam supported at only one fixed end

CANTILEVER
a beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a
balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum

OVERHANGING BEAM
a simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. The overhanging reduces the
positive moment at midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the
cantilever over the support

FIXED END BEAM

a beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation. The fixed ends
transfer bending stresses, increase the rigidity of the beam and reduces its maximum
deflection
COLUMN RADIUS OF GYRATION
the radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be
concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis. For a
structural section, the radius of gyration is equal to the square root of the quotient of the
COLUMN
moment of inertia and the area
a relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive
The higher the radius of gyration of a structural section, the more resistant the section is
loads, applied at the member ends.
to buckling. In determining the cross- sectional shape of a column, the objective is to
providethe necessary radius of gyration about the different axes. For an asymmetrical
cross section, buckling will tend to occur about the weaker axis or in the direction of the
POST
least dimension
a stiff vertical support especially a wooden column in timber framing

LONG COLUMN
BUCKLING
a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing
the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the
action of a compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the
material is reached
SHORT COLUMN
a thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs
when the direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the
BUCKLING
material available in the cross section. An eccentric load, however, can produce bending
the axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unsuitable.
and result in uneven stress distribution in the section

CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD

INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
the maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it
a column having a mode of failure between that a short column and a long column, often
to buckle. The critical buckling load for a column is inversely proportional to the square
party inelastic by crushing and partly elastic by buckling
of its effective length and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material
and to the moment of inertia of the cross section.
Also called EULER BUCKLING LOAD
ECCENTRICITY
The amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis.
BIFURCATION
the critical point at which a column carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle
P-DELTA EFFECT
or remain undeflected. The column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium
An additional moment developed in a structural member as its longitudinal axis deviates
from the line of action of a compressive force equal to the product of the load and the
member deflection at any point.
CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS
the critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section
MIDDLE THIRD RULE
The proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a
SLENDERNESS RATIO
horizontal section of a column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the
the ratio of the effective length of a column to its least ratio of gyration
section.
The higher the slenderness ratio, the lower is the critical stress that will cause buckling.
A primary objective in the design of a column is to reduce its slenderness ratio by
minimizing its effective length or maximizing its effective length or maximizing the radius
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
of gyration of its cross section
The distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling load. When this
portion of a column buckles the entire column falls.
COMBINED STRESSES DEFINITION OF TERMS
A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and
bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
and equal at any point to their algebraic sum.
a soil pressure acting on any structure that will tend to push the structure wherein the
structure or a wall tends to move away from the soil
KERN
ACCELEROGRAPH
The central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant
is an instrument which measures the velocity and acceleration of an earthquake in the
of all compressive loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be applied
ground
beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to develop in the section. Also called kern
area.
ANCHOR BOLTS
a round, steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry used to hold down machinery,
steel columns or beam casting, shock beam plates and engine heads
KERN POINT
A point on either side of the centroidal axis of a horizontal column or wall section
BALANCED DESIGN
defining the limits of the kern area.
is one which both the concrete and the steel are so proportioned as to work to their full
working stresses when the member carries its full allowable load
LATERAL BRACING
BATTER PILES
the bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length.
are piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical. This is also known as brace
Lateral bracing is most effective when the bracing pattern occurs in more than one
pile or spur pile
plane.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM
a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
UNBRACED LENGTH
BENDING MOMENT
the distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling
is the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces acting on either side of the section of
in a direction normal to its length.
a beam about an axis through the center of the gravity of the section

BORED PILE (bearing pile)

EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR
a concrete pile which concreted either with a casing or without a casing at its permanent
a coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions
location. This is a cast in place pile
in order to determine its effective length. Fixing both ends of a long column reduces its
effective length by half and increases its load-carrying capacity by a factor of 4.
CAISSON
a watertight, cylindrical or rectangular chamber used to in under water construction to
protect workers from water pressure and soil collapse
TRUSS CEMENT GUN
is an ejector operated by compressed air to force gunite into cavities or cracks in rocks
METHOD OF SECTIONS or cement works
a method of determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of any
portion of the truss assembly. CHUTE
is an open-top through which bulk materials are conveyed and by gravity

METHOD OF JOINTS COFFER DAM

a method for determining member forces in a truss by considering the equilibrium of the a temporary dam- like structure constructed which excludes water from the site of the
various joints idealized as points in free body diagrams foundation during its excavation and construction
CONSTRUCTION JOINT FATIGUE
the vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped is a phenomenon of failure under repeated stresses. A fact, based experience and
and continued later experiments, is well known that stresses which are applied to a body a few times without
causing apparent structure injury may, if applied repeatedly or causing a great number
COLD JOINT of times, causes failure
formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch o f concrete is placed
GUNITE
CREEP is a rich cement mortar which is applied by spraying under high air pressure
he tendency of most material to move or deform over time under a constant load The
amount of movement varies enormously depending upon the material. The area that is GRADE BEAM
highly stressed will move the most. The movement causes stresses to be redistributed. a concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide foundation for the
superstructure
COUNTER (inner in retaining wall)
a cantilever wall that is reinforced with a masonry structure extending upward from the GRANOLITHIC FINISH
foundation or from the inner face of the retaining wall to provide additional resistance to a surface layer or granolithic concrete which maybe laid on a base of either fresh or
thrust and are placed at regular intervals. (Buttress if outer) hardened concrete

COFFER DAM GRILLAGE

a temporary watertight enclosure around an area of water or water bearing soil, in which is a footing which consist of steel beams arranged to distribute a concentrated load to
construction is to take place, bearing on a stable statum at or above the foundation level the supporting masonry or soil
of new construction. The water is pumped from within to permit free access to the area
DISTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL SHEAR
DIAPHRAGM design analysis requirement, considered as the basis for the structural design of
a horizontal or nearly horizontal system including horizontal bracing system, that act to structures where the total lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical
transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion to their rigidities
considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or diaphragm
DIAPHRAGM STRUT
a structural member of a horizontal bracing system that takes axial tension or HYBRID STEEL GIRDER
compression. It is parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers shear to the is a fabricated metal beam composed of flanges with a material of a specified minimum
vertical resisting elements or distributive loads within the horizontal bracing system yield strength different from that of the web plate

DIVING BELL INTENSITY

a watertight bell- shaped steel chamber which can be lowered to or raised from a fresh the measure of the damage level of an earthquake (subjective to visual assessment)
or seawater bed crane. It is opened at the bottom and filled with compressed air so that
men can prepare foundations and undertake similar construction work under water. INFLECTION POINT
a point in the moment diagram where it changes from positive to negative moment of
DOWEL vise versa and the value of the moment at this point is zero
a short steel bar extending from one concrete element to another as for instance a
concrete foundation to a concrete column. It may or may not transfer direct stress

DRIFT BOLT
is a long pin of steel or wood, made with or without the head, driven through the timber JETTING
and into an adjacent timber to hold them together and to transmit stresses a method of driving piles or well points into the sand in the situations where a pile
hammer might not be suitable owing to the risk of damage by vibration to the piles of
EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION adjacent buildings.
a joint designed to take expansion and contraction
the designed break in a structure to allow for the drying and temperature shrinkage of LINTEL BEAM
concrete, brickwork of similar material, thereby preventing the formation of harmful a beam especially provided over an opening for a door, window, to carry the wall over
cracks the opening
MAGNITUDE PORTLAND CEMENT
the measure of the energy released by an earthquake (measured by instrument) is the product obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining to incipient
fusion an intimate and properly proportioned mixture of argillaceous and calcareous
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY materials with no additions subsequent to calcinations except water and calcined or
is the constant which, within the proportional limit, express ratio between the unit stress uncalcined gypsum
to the unit strain. It is the measure of the relative abilities of the different materials of
construction to resist deformation under stress within proportional limit PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
is the highest unit stress for which the deformation of a body is proportional to the
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE stress. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs
is a measure of the capacity of the material to absorb energy without danger of being
permanently deformed REDUNDANT MEMBER
is any framed structure or truss, is one which maybe omitted in the structure without
MOMENT OF RESITANCE affect in the possibility of analyzing the frame or truss by ordinary static method of
is the internal resisting moment of a beam. It is opposite in sense to the bending computations such as the counter diagonal truss
moment but of the same magnitude
RIP-RAP
MORTAR consist of rough stones of various placed compactly or irregularly to prevent scour by
is a mixture, composed of one part of Portland cement and one part of clean sand, used water and protect material which maybe washed out by the water
as a filter
SAGROD
MULLION structural member in the steel truss framing that counteracts forces in compression
is a vertical member between two portions of window sash usually designed to resist because of high probability of the purlins to deflect and bend down during purlin
wind load and not vertical load. It is different from muntin, which is smaller member installation.
which separates the panels of glass within the whole sash.
SAND DRAIN
NON- BEARING WALL it is provided to help in the compaction of natural soil which provide channels through
is wall that carries no load other than its own weight which water can escape much more rapidly then through the clay itself. The weight of
the drain itself helps in the compaction.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECT
the effect on the structure due to extreme lateral (earthquake) motions acting in SHEAR WALL
directions other than parallel to the direction to the direction of resistance under a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of a wall
consideration
SOFFIT is the concave surface of an arch
PARTY WALL
is a wall used or adopted for joint service between two buildings SPANDREL BEAM
is a beam from column to column, carrying an exterior wall in a skeleton building
PLASTER CEMENT FINISH
a mixture of Portland cement, with water and sand applied to surfaces such as walls STIFFNESS RATIO (K)
ceilings in a plastic state, later it sets to form a hard surface in moment distribution method- (as used in analysis of indeterminate structures) is the
ratio of moment of inertia of the cross section of its length
POINTING
in masonry, the final treatment of joints by the troweling of mortar or putty like filler into STRESS
joints is the cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of the body
PORTAL METHOD
method of analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming hinges at the STRAIN OR DEFORMATION
center of beam spans and column heights or the interior column carries twice as much is the change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action force
shear as the exterior column
TIE BAR SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISION
a deformed bar, embedded in a concrete construction at a joint and designed to hold a
butting edges together, not designed for direct load transfer
ARTIFICIAL RIGIDITY
will cause torsion (twisting)
TORSION OR MOMENT OF INERTIA
is a quality which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line
BASE
is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the
TRANSFORMED SECTION
structure
is one in which the flexural steel is conceived to be replaced by large area of imaginary
concrete which can take tension. This gives a homogeneous section of concrete to
BASE SHEAR
which ordinary beam analysis may be applied
is the total designed lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
TREMIE
BEARING WALL SYSTEM (shear type)
is a watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a flared top used in depositing
is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
concrete under water
BOUNDARY ELEMENT
UNDERPINNING
is an element at edges of opening or at the perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm
is an art of placing new foundation under old foundation
BRACED FRAME
VIBRATOR
is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which is
is an oscillating power operated machine used to agitate fresh concrete so as to
provided to resist lateral forces
eliminate gross voids including entrapped air and to produce intimate contact with form
surfaces and embedded materials
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
is an essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads
VOID- CEMENT RATIO
is the ratio of volume of air plus water to the volume cement
CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAME
is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces
WALL FOOTING
a continuous type of spread footing the supports vertical load, the weight of the wall
COLLECTOR
itself and the weight of the footing
is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system
WATER CEMENT RATIO
the ration of the amount of water, to the amount of cement in a concrete or mortar
DIAPHRAGM
mixture
is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system (including horizontal bracing system) acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements
WEB CRIPPLING
local failure of a thin web plate of a steel beam or girder in the immediate vicinity of a
DIAPHRAGM STRUT
concentrated load
also known as tie or collector, is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load
which collects and transfer diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or
distribute loads within the diaphragm. Such members may also take axial tension or
ASD
compression.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
DIAPHRAGM CHORD
LRFD
is the boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN
stresses analogous to the flanges of the beam
DUAL SYSTEM SOIL- STRUCTURE RESONANCE
is a combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and is the coincidence of the natural period of structure which dominant frequency in the
Shearwalls or Braced Frame ground motion

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES STRENGTH

are those structures which are necessary for emergency post- earthquake operations is the usable capacity of a structure or its members to carry loads within the deformation
limits prescribed in the code
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT
an element or system is one whose deformation under lateral load significantly larger SOIL STABILIZATION
than adjoining parts of the system is the process of improving the properties of a soil to make it more suitable for a
particular purpose
HARMONIC MOTION
the coincidence of the natural period of structural with the dominant frequency in the SPACE FRAME
ground is a three dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members
interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with or without the aid
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME of horizontal diaphragms or bracing systems
is a space frame in which the members and joints are capable of resisting forces
primarily by flexure STOREY
is the space between levels. Storey x is the storey below level x
ORTHOGONAL EFFECT
is the effect of the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other than STOREY SHEAR
parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration is the summation of design lateral forces above the storey under consideration

P- DELTA EFFECT STOREY DRIFT

is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame
STOREY DRIFT RATIO
PERT-CPM is the storey drift divided by the storey height
PROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW TECHNIQUE- CRITICAL PATH METHOD
it is a presentation of project plan by a schematic diagram or network that depicts the STRUCTURE
sequence and interrelation of all the component parts of the project, and the logically is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist
analysis and manipulation of this network in determining the best overall program of lateral forces. They maybe categorized as building or non- building.
operation.
RAINWATER LEADER
PLATFORM it is another term of a downspout. It is a vertical pipe, often of sheet metal, used to
is the lower rigid portion of a structure having vertical combination of structural system conduct water from a roof drain or gutter to the ground.

PNEUMATIC MORTAR TORSION RIGIDITY (is used in seismic design)

mortar applied to a surface with a cement gun in the same manner as gunite, with such refers to the relative stiffness of the structure to resist torsional stress
mortar has a cube crushing strength of 20.68 Mpa
at 28 days with water/ cement ratio of 0.45 TOWER
is the upper flexible portion of a structure having a vertical combination of structural
SHEAR WALL system
is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes
referred to or a structural wall) VERTICAL LOAD CARRYING SPACE FRAME
is a space frame designed to carry all vertical (gravity) loads
SOFT STOREY
is a storey whose lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the storey above WEAK STOREY
is a storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey
SEISMIC REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated material
beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope
1. maximum spacing of hoops shall not exceed 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

2. maximum spacing of hoops shall not be 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal ADMIXTURE
bars a material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its
mixing to modify its properties
3. maximum spacing of hoops shall not be more than d/4
AGGREGATE
4. the first hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the supporting granular material such as sand gravel stone and iron blast furnace slag used with a
member cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar

AGGREGATE LIGHTWEIGHT
aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 100 kg/m or less

ANCHORAGE
GRADING AND EARTHWORK in post tensioning, a device used to anchor tendon to concrete member, in pre-
tensioning, a device used to anchor a tendon during hardening of concrete
AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading
BONDED TENDON
BEDROCK is in-place solid rock pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting

BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material COLUMN

on which fill is to be placed member with a ratio to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support
axial compressive load
BURROW is earth material acquired from an off site location
for use in grading on a site COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
concrete flexural members of pre-cast and/or cast in place concrete elements but so
COMPACTION s the densification of a fill by mechanical means interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit

EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination CONCRETE
mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse
EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures
movement of the wind, water or ice
SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (f’)
EXCAVATION s the mechanical removal of the earth material compressive strength of concrete used in design expressed in megapascals (Mpa).
Whenever the quantity F”c is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value only is
FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means intended, and result has units of megapascals (Mpa).

GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT
concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight not
EXISTING GRADE is the grade prior to the grading exceeding 1900 kg/m3. lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed all- light
weight concrete and lightweight concrete in which of the fine aggregate consists of
FINISH GRADE is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan normal weight sand is termed sand- lightweight concrete.
GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof CURVATURE FRICTION
friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified pre-stressing tendon profile
 the slope of tangent to the curve to some point along the curve

DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT PEDESTAL

deformed reinforcing bars, bar mats, deformed wire fabric and welded deformed fabric. an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least
lateral dimensions of less than 3
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of PLAIN CONCRETE
reinforcement at a critical section concrete that does not conform to the definition of reinforced concrete

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) PLAIN REINFORCEMENT

distance measure from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement reinforcement that does not conform to the definition of deformed reinforcement

EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS POST TENSIONING

stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses has occurred, excluding effects method of prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened
of dead load and super imposed load
PRECAST CONCRETE
EMBEDMENT LENGTH plain or reinforced concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in the
length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section structure

JACKING FORCE POSTENSIONING

in prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted into prestressing tendons method of prestressing concrete which the tendons are tensioned before concrete is
placed
DEAD LOAD (DL)
dead weight supported by a member. REINFORCED CONCRETE
Loads of constant magnitude that remains in one position. designed on the assumption that two materials act together in resisting forces

LIVE LOAD (LL) SPIRAL REINFORCEMNT

loads that may change in magnitude and position continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix

FACTORED LOAD STIRRUP

load multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion a members by the reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member: typically
strength design method. bars, wires or welded wire fabric (smooth or deformed) either single leg or bent into L, U
or rectangular shapes and located perpendicularly to or at angle to longitudinal
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY reinforcement (The term stirrups is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural
ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below members and the term ties to those in compression members.)
proportional limit of material
DEIGN STRENGTH
MODULUS, APARENT (concrete) nominal strength reduction factor, Ø
also known as long term modulus, is determined by using the stress and strain obtained
after the load has been applied for a certain length of time NOMINAL STRENGTH
strength of a member or cross- section before application of any strength reduction
MODULUS, INITIAL (concrete) factors
the slope of the stress strain diagram at the origin of the curve
REQUIRED STRENGTH
MODULUS, SECANT (concrete) strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or related
the slope of the line drawn from the origin to appoint on the curve somewhere between internal moments and forces in such combinations
25% and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength
TENDON
MODULUS, TENGENT (concrete)
 steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rods or strand, or a bundle of such elements
used to impart prestress to concrete

TIE
loop or reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement

TRANSFER
act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks AGGREGATES
or pretensioning bed to concrete member
Fine aggregates- sand
WALL are those that passes through a No.4 sieve (about 6mm in size)
member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces
Coarse aggregate -gravel or crushed stone
WOBBLE FRICTION Coarse aggregate shall not be less than:
in pre-stressed concrete, friction caused by unintended deviation of prstressing sheath  1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms
or duct from its specified profile  1/3 the depth of slabs

YIELD STRENGTH ¾ minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundle of bars or
specified minimum yield strength or yield point or reinforcing in Mpa prestressing tendons or ducts

BALANCED DESIGN
a design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and
steel (with strain of Fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT
reached, causing them to fall simultaneously
75 mm -for concrete cast and permanently exposed to earth such as footings
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for balanced 40-50 mm for concrete members exposed to weather
conditioned. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of
thee structure to decrease the load 40 mm concrete cover of pipes, conduits or fittings and exposed to weather

OVERREINFORCED DESIGN 40 mm for beams and columns

a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced
condition 20 mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, such as slabs,
walls and joists

FOR BUNDLED BARS

a. groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact as a unit shall be limited to 4 in any
one bundle

b. bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties

c. bars larger than 36mm shall not be bundled in beams

d. individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should
terminate at a different points at least 40db stagger
The minimum concrete cover for bundled bars shall be: * Span length L is in millimeter

 Equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle but not exceeding 50 mm Ribbed one-way slab
L/16 - simply supported
 75 mm- for concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth L/18.5 - one end continuous
L/21 - both end continuous
STANDARD HOOKS L/8 - cantilever
LOAD FACTORS
A. 180º bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free end
Dead load, DL……………………………………………….. 1.40
B. 90º bend plus 12db extension, at free end of bar
Live load, LL…………………………….…………………… 1.70
C. for stirrups and tie hooks:
 16 mm bar and smaller, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
Wind load, WL………...…………………………………….. 1.70
 20 mm and 25 mm bar, 90º bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar or
 25 mm bar and smaller, 135º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar Earthquake, E……………………………………….………. 1.87

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER Earth or water pressure, H……………………...……….… 1.70

The diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar shall not be less than the following:

(a.) 6db for 10 mm to 25 mm bar

(b.) 8db for 26 mm to 28 mm bar
(c.) 10db for 29 mm to 36 mm bar
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR Ø
4db minimum inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties for 16 mm bar and smaller in diameter

Flexure w/o axial load……………………………………………….. 0.90

ONE- WAY SLAB Axial tension & axial tension w/ flexure……………………………. 0.90
A one-way slab is considered as wide shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing steel is usually
spaced uniformly over its width. The flexural reinforcement of a one-way slab extends in one Shear and torsion ……………………………………………………. 0.85
direction only.
Axial compression & axial compression w/ flexure
Maximum flexural reinforcement spacing:
3 times the slab thickness or 450 mm
a. spiral reinforcement ………………………………………0.75
Minimum thickness of one-way slab:
Solid one-way slab b. tie reinforcement …………………………………………. 0.70
L/20 - simply supported
L/24 - one end continuous
L/28 - both end continuous Bearing on concrete …………………………………………………..0.70
L/10 - cantilever
 4. Ties shall be arrange such that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an
included angle of not more than 135º and no bar shall be farther than
150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally
supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the
perimeter of a circle tie is allowed.
REQUIRED STRENGTH, U or Pu MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMNT

Required strength U to resist dead load DL and live load LL is 1. not less than 12 db
U= 1.4DL + 1.7LL
2. not less than 1/16 clear span
Wind load W are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7W) 3. not less than d
whichever is greater
Earthquake loads or forces are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.87E)
CRITERION FOR CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
Where structural effect T of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage or
temperature change are significant in design a. Conduits and pipes embedded in slab, the wall or beam shall not be larger in outside
dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.4T + 1.7LL)
b. Reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of cross- section shall be
but required strength U shall not be less than provided normal to piping
U= 1.4 (DL + T)
c. Conduits and pipes with their fittings, embedded within a column shall not displace more
than 4% of the area of the cross section on which strength is calculated

SIZE AND SPACING OF MAIN BARS AND TIES d. Concrete cover for pipes, conduits and fittings shall not be less than 40 mm for concrete
exposed to earth or weather

1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than

1.5 db nor 40 mm
CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH BOLTED CONNECTION
2. Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at least
1. High-strength bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall not be
12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled longitudinal bars separated by gaskets or any other interposed compressive material.

3. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following: 2. Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a hardened
a. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter) washer under the nut or bolt head whichever is the element turned in tightening.
b. 48 x tie diameter 3. When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer, shall be free
c. least dimension of columns of scale, except tight mill scales, dirts and burns.
 4. Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut head shall have slope of not more than
PRESTRESSING TENDONS
1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis.

- ASTM A 416M – Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire

- ASTM A 421 – Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire
- ASTM A 722 – Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar

CONCRETE CURING

- concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained

NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHALL NOT BE above 10°C and in a moist condition for at least the first 7 days
LARGER THAN: after placement
- high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10°C and
- 1/5 the narrowest dimension between side forms in a moist condition for at least the first 3 days
- 1/3 the depth of slabs
- ¾ the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars
or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

- they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS area of cross section when embedded within a column
- they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall
- ASTM A 184 – Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats thickness of slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded
- ASTM A 185 – Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain - they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on
- ASTM A 496 – Steel Wire, Deformed center
- ASTM A 497 – Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed - conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing
- ASTM A 615M – Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars structurally in compression the displaced concrete, provided:
- ASTM A 616M – Rail-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars o they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner
- ASTM A 617M – Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars than standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
- ASTM A 706M – Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars o they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are
- ASTM A 767M – Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars spaced not less than 3 diameters on centers
- ASTM A 775M – Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars - concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed
- ASTM A 884M – Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire to earth or weather, or less than 20mm for concrete not exposed
Fabric to weather or in contact with ground
- ASTM A 934M – Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing - reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of
Bars concrete section shall be provided normal to the piping
 - in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members,
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than
1.5db or less than 40mm
- construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third - in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary
of spans of slabs, beams and girders flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3
- joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm
width of intersecting beams

BUNDLED BARS
STANDARD HOOKS
- shall be limited to 4 bars in 1 bundle
- 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at - shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
free end of bar - bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams
- 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar - individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of
- for stirrup and tie hooks: flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least
o 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 90-degree bend plus 6db 40db stagger
extension at free end of bar, or - where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based
o 20 and 25mm diameter bar – 90-degree bend plus 12db on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a
extension at free end of bar, or single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area
o 25mm diameter bar and smaller – 135-degree bend plus 6db - minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter
extension at free end of bar of the bundle, but need not be greater than 50mm

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS PRESTRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS

- bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) – 4db (inside - center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a
diameter) member shall not be less than 5db for wire, nor 4db for strands
- bar size of 10mm through 25mm – 6db
- bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm – 8db
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
(NONPRESTRESSED)
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT

- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall - concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm
be db but not less than 25mm
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more - concrete exposed to earth or weather:
layers shall not be less than 25mm between layers o 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 50mm
o 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 40mm
 - concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground: - concrete exposed to earth or weather:
o slabs, walls, joists: o wall panels, slabs, joists – 25mm
 45 to 60mm diameter bars – 40mm o other members – 40mm
 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm
o beams, columns: - concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:
 primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals – 40mm o slabs, walls, joists – 20mm
o shells, folded plate members: o beams, columns:
 20mm diameter bar and larger – 20mm  primary reinforcement – 40mm
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 12mm  ties, stirrups, spirals – 25mm
o shells, folded plate members:
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRECAST CONCRETE  other reinforcement – db but not less than 20mm

- concrete exposed to earth or weather:

o wall panels: OFFSET BARS
 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 40mm
 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm - slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall
o other members: not exceed 1 in 6
 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 50mm - portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis
 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 40mm of column
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 30mm - lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than
150mm from points of bend
- concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground: - offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms
o slabs, walls, joists: - where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars
 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 30mm shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced with the
 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 15mm longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be
o beams, columns: provided
 primary reinforcement – db but not less than 15mm
and need not exceed 40mm
 ties, stirrups, spirals – 10mm SPIRALS
o shells, folded plate members:
 20mm diameter bar and larger – 15mm - for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm 10mm diameter
- clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE than 25mm
- anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½ extra
- concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit
 - spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than
300mm or welded T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
- in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the
diameter or width of capital is 2 times that of the column - the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively
- plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications: bonded together
o ASTM A 615M - width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web
o ASTM A 616M shall not exceed:
o ASTM A 617M o ¼ the span length of the beam,
- plain wire shall conform to: o 8 times the slab thickness, or
o ASTM A 82 – Steel Wire, Plain o ½ the clear distance to the next web
- for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging
flange width shall not exceed:
TIES o 1/12 the span length of the beam,
o 6 times the slab thickness, or
- 10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or o ½ the clear distance to the next web
smaller - transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5
- 12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and times the slab thickness, nor 450mm
bundled bars
- vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
o 16db of longitudinal bars JOIST CONSTRUCTION
o 48db of tie bars
o least dimension of compression member - ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth
- ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm of not more than 3½ times the minimum width of rib
clear on each side along the tie - clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm
- ties shall be located vertically not more than ½ a tie spacing - slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12
above the top of footing or slab in any story the clear distance between ribs nor less than 40mm
- where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column, - when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not
termination of ties not more than 75mm below reinforcement in be les than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs, or less than
shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted 50mm
- where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab
thickness shall be at least 25mm greater than the total overall
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT depth of the conduits or pipes at any point

- shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not

farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm REQUIRED STRENGTH
- spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m
- dead load and live load
o U = 1.4D + 1.7L
 - dead load, live load and wind load
o U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
o U = 0.9D + 1.3W DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
- dead load, live load and earthquake load
o U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E - spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times
o U = 0.99D + 1.1E the least width b of compression flange or face
STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR

- flexure without axial load, 0.90 LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
- axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90
- axial compression and axial compression with flexure: - minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members
o spiral reinforced, 0.75 shall be 3 for bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars within
o tie reinforce, 0.70 rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals
- shear and torsion, 0.85
- bearing on concrete, 0.70
SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
- post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85
- shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in
prestressed members or 600mm
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS
SPLICES
UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not supporting or
attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections) - lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter
- lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice
- solid one-way slabs: length required for individual bars within the bundle
o simply supported, L/20 - individual bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap
o one end continuous, L/24 - entire bundles shall not be lap spliced
o both ends continuous, L/28 - bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall
o cantilever, L/10 not be spaced transversely farther apart than 1/5 the required lap
splice length, or 150mm
- beams or ribbed one-way slabs: - splices shall be staggered at least 600mm
o simply supported, L/16
o one end continuous, L/18.5
WALLS
o both ends continuous, L/21
o cantilever, L/8 - minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete
area shall be:
- for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + o 0.0012 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
Fy/700) specified yield strength not less than 420Mpa, or
 o 0.0015 – for other deformed bars, or o 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
o 0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) o 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
o 300mm
- where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more
than d/2 throughout the length of the member
- minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete
area shall be:
o 0.0020 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
specified yield strength not less than 420 Mpa, or STRUCTURAL STEEL
o 0.0025 – for other deformed bars, or
o 0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)
LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS
- in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-
16mm diameter bars shall be provided around all window and - for members whose design is based on compressive force, the
door openings. Such bars shall be extended to develop the bar slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 200
beyond the corners of the openings but not less than 600mm - for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the
slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 300

NON-BEARING WALLS
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
- thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the
least distance between members that provide lateral support - for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area, 0.60Fy
- for tension in structural steel based on effective net area, 0.50Fu
- for tension on pin-connected members based on net area, 0.45Fy
MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH - for tension on eyebars on the body area, 0.60Fy
- for flexural members with compact sections, Fb = 0.66Fy
- depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than - for flexural members with non-compact sections, Fb = 0.60Fy
150mm for footings on soil, or not less than 300mm for footings on
piles
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS) - minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the
member, shall not be less than 2/3 of the net area across the
pinhole
- the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face - width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its
of a supporting member thickness
- maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed: - pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
o d/4
 - pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the  flare bevel groove, 5/16R
pin diameter  flare V-groove, ½R

- fillet welds:
SHEAR CONNECTORS o effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective throat
thickness
- shear connectors shall have at least 25mm of lateral concrete o effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance
cover from the root of the joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld
- diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2½ times the thickness o minimum size of fillet welds =
of the flange to which they are welded  3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
- minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6  5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
diameters along the longitudinal axis and 4 diameters transverse  6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)
to the longitudinal axis maximum center-to-center spacing of stud  8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)
connectors shall not exceed 8 times the total slab thickness o maximum size of fillet welds along edges =
 not greater than the thickness of the material (material
less than 6mm thick)
WELDS  not greater than the thickness of the material minus
1.6mm (material 6mm or more in thickness)
- weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld o minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis
preparation not less than 1½ times the thickness of the material in of strength shall not be less than 4 times its nominal size
which the hole is made o if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld
should not exceed ¼ its effective length
- groove welds: o effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding
o effective area = effective length of the weld x effective throat
shall not be less than 4 times the weld size, with a minimum of
thickness 38mm
o effective length = width of the part joined o in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the
o effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove thinner part joined, but not less than 25mm
weld = thickness of the thinner part joined o slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides,
o minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration respectively, of parts or members shall, wherever practicable,
groove welds = be returned continuously around the corners for a distance not
 3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive) less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld
 5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
 6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm) - plug and slot welds:
 8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm) o diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the
 10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm) thickness of the part containing it plus 8mm, nor greater than
 12mm (thicker part joined over 57 to 150mm) the minimum diameter plus 3mm or 2¼ times the thickness of
 16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm) the weld
o effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld =
 o minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction
transverse to their length shall be 4 times the width of the slot I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
o minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction
shall be 2 times the length of the slot ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or
o length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of structure.
the weld
o width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural
containing it plus 8mm, nor shall it be larger than 2¼ times the elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the
thickness of the weld allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress
o thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick = (also called working stress design).
thickness of the material
o thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick = ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in
½ the thickness of the material but not less than 16mm construction or occupancy.

APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the

building official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the
building official, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized
authorities, technical or scientific organizations.

FASTENERS BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any
use or occupancy.
- distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted
fastener holes shall not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code,
diameter of the fastener or one for which a legal building permit has been issued.
- maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the
nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12 times the thickness of BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with
the connected part, but shall not exceed 150mm the administration and enforcement of this code, or the building official’s duly
authorized representative.

CAMBER LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method

of proportioning structural elements using load and resistance factors such that
- trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all
approximately the dead-load deflection appropriate load combinations. The term “LRFD” is used in the design of steel
- crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be and wood structures.
cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection plus ½ the
live-load deflection STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural
elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the
factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The
term “strength design” is used in the design of concrete and masonry
structures. ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST is a licensed geologist experienced and
knowledgeable in engineering geology.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any
kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and
together in some definite manner. principles in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occurring rock and
soil for use in the design of civil works.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special
qualification in the practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by the EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the
Board of Civil Engineering of the Professional Regulation Commission of the movement of wind, water or ice.
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers through the Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines. EXCAVATION is the mechanical removal of earth material.

II. GRADING AND EARTHWORK FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.

APPROVAL shall mean that the proposed work or completed work conforms GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER is an engineer experienced and knowledgeable
to this section in the opinion of the building official. in the practice of geotechnical engineering.

AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of soil
and rock mechanics in the investigation, evaluation and design of civil works
BEDROCK is in-place solid rock. involving the use of earth materials and the inspection or testing of the
construction thereof.
BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to
be placed. GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface.

BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use on GRADE, EXISTING, is the grade prior to grading.
grading on a site.
GRADE, FINISH, is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved
CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of plan.
civil engineering.
GRADE, ROUGH, is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to
CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces of the approved plan.
nature, principles of mechanics and the properties of materials to the
evaluation, design and construction of civil works. GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof.

COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by mechanical means. KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth
material beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope.
EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof.
PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code be
performed by the civil engineer, geotechnical engineer or engineering ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering
geologist. Such inspections include that performed by persons supervised by together of 50 or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education,
such engineers or geologists and shall be sufficient to form an opinion relating instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining, or awaiting
to conduct of the work. transportation.

SITE is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination thereof, under the AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building.
same ownership, where grading is performed or permitted.
BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure
SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a and supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports.
ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment
SOIL is naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying bedrock. incorporated into the building or other structure.

SOILS ENGINEER. See Geotechnical Engineer DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by
an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.
SOILS ENGINEERING. See Geotechnical Engineering
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are intended
TERRACE is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope to remain operational in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind
surface for drainage and maintenance purposes. or earthquakes.

III. GENERAL GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing
flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept.
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on
pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the installations of mechanical, GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90 sq.
electrical, communications or similar systems to serve as an air-supply or m. in area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building on
return-air plenum. the premises are kept or stored.

AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either
implements, hay, grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products. The to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to
structure shall not be a place of human habitation or a place of employment be unsafe (strength limit state).
where agricultural products are processed, treated or packaged, nor shall it be
a place used by the public. LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all
building materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects,
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads
structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All
the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable other loads are variable loads.
stress (also called working stress design).
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with both of
building and projecting over public property. the following conditions:

OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or 1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external
intended to be used. pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of the openings in the balance
of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10% and
WALLS 2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications: pressure exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the area of that wall, whichever
is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 KN per linear building envelope does not exceed 20%.
meter of superimposed load.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building which
linear meter superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own complies with the following conditions:
weight for more than one story. 1. Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.
2. Mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of
members, that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements that do not qualify as part of
has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal plane. the main wind-force resisting system.

NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static force to be used in the
determination of wind loads for open buildings and other structures.
PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or determination of wind loads for buildings.
other materials.
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to determine GCp. For cladding
fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be greater than the area that is
IV. WIND LOAD tributary to an individual fastener.
BASIC WIND SPEED, V is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters above the FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES are slender buildings
ground in Exposure C and associated with an annual probability of 0.02 of and other structures that have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz.
being equaled or exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval). Included are buildings and other structures that have a height, h, exceeding
four times the least horizontal dimension.
BUILDING, ENCLOSED, is a building that does not comply with the
requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings. IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I, is a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard
to human life and damage to property.
BUILDING, OPEN, is a structure having all walls at least 80% open.
MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is an assemblage of structural
elements assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component or
The system generally receives wind loading from more than one surface. element that is part of a mechanical and/or electrical system.

RECOGNIZED LETERATURE are published research findings and technical COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having
papers that are approved by the authority having jurisdiction. a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second.

V. EARTHQUAKE COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a

fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second.
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be
imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure as a dynamic CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the
vibrator is supported. members are subjected primarily to axial forces.

BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10%
structure. chance of being exceeded in 50 years as by a site-specific hazard analysis or
may be determined by a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical with dynamic properties representative of site characteristics shall be used to
load-carrying space frame. represent this ground motion. The dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground
Motion may be represented by the Design Response Spectrum.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the edges or openings or at
perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms. DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum of 5%
equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the
BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures. This response
eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces. spectrum may be either a site-specific spectrum based on geologic, tectonic,
seismological and soil characteristics associated with a specific site or may be
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that a spectrum.
provides support for gravity loads.
DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base shear,
CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element provided to factored and distributed.
transfer lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and
has minimal moment capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied essentially DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit
at the top. lateral forces to the vertical-resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes
horizontal bracing systems.
COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a
portion of a structure top vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system. DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a
diaphragm or shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses analogous to
COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical or the flanges of a beam.
structural system.
DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is a moment-resisting
parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm parallel to the frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior.
applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical-
resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural
may take axial tension or compression. elements common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along two orthogonal
axes.
DRIFT. See “story drift”
OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is
DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls larger than the design strength. The degree of over strength is material-and-
or braced frames. system-dependent.

ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel-braced frame. P EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of
frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced
ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations building system.
determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground
motion representation. SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of
the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for
emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster. SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTYERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of
shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load relative rigidities considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all
is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system. levels.

HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that serves SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the
the same function as a diaphragm. stiffness of the story above.

INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) is a concrete frame. SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing
walls, composed of members interconnected so as to function as a complete
LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system. self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-
bracing systems.
MOMENT-RESISTING SYSTEM is a frame in which members and joints are
capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure. SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced
frame.
MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame
especially detailed to provide ductile behavior. SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting
frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame or concrete-
braced frame. SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame
specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
 AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and
STORY is the space between levels. iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a
hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.
STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level
above or below. AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT, is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120
kg/cu.m. or less.
STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen cured
STORY SHEAR, V, is the summation of design lateral forces above the story for seven days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15deg.C to 27deg.C
under consideration. and dried for 21 days in 50 +- 7 percent relative humidity at 23deg.C +-
1.1deg.C.
STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored load.
ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning is a device used to anchor tendons
STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support to concrete member; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor tendons during
gravity loads and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as hardening of concrete.
building structures or nonbuilding structures.
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor through which the concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the
and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm. concrete and distributed more uniformly across the section. Its extent is equal
to the largest dimension of the cross section. For intermediate anchorage
VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry devices, the anchorage zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and
vertical gravity loads. behind the anchorage devices.

WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used
to the diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required to develop with any single 16mm or smaller diameter bar that satisfies the anchorage
the anchorage forces, including sub diaphragms and continuous ties. device requirements of the Post-Tensioning Institute’s “Specification for
Unbonded Single Strand Tendons”.
WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the story
above. BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used
with multiple strands, bars or wires, or single bars larger than 16mm diameter
VI. CONCRETE that satisfies the bearing stress and minimum plate stiffness requirements of
AASHTO Bridge Specifications.
ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement
used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its BONDED TENDON is a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either
mixing to modify its properties. directly or through grouting.

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials, which have cementing value

when used in concrete either by themselves, such as Portland cement,
blended hydraulic cements and expansive cement, or such materials in
combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume,
or ground granulated blast-furnace slag. DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod
mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of 3 or fabric.
greater used primarily to support axial compressive load.
DEVELOPEMNT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
members of precast and cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed
in separate placements but so interconnected that all elements respond to EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme
loads as a unit. compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.

COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons
tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is less than or after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and
equal to the compression-controlled strain limit. superimposed load.

COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain at EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided
balanced strain conditions. beyond a critical section.

CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or
fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, with or without admixtures. nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber.

CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (f’c) is the ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete
compressive strength of concrete used in design and expressed in structure, usually a vertical plane, at a designed location such as to interfere
megapascals (Mpa). least with performance of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement
in three directions and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, is concrete containing through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.
lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight as determined by “Test
Method for Unit Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete” (ASTM C 567) not JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces
exceeding 1840 kg/cu.m. In this code, a lightweight concrete without natural tension into prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete.
sand is termed “all-lightweight concrete” and lightweight concrete in which all
fine aggregate consists of normal-weight sand is termed “sand-lightweight LOAD, DEAD, is the dead weight supported by a member.
concrete.”
LOAD, FACTORED, is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete proportion members by the strength design method.
structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking
resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure. LOAD, LIVE, is the live load.

CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bends or curves in the LOAD, SERVICE, is the load specified (without load factors).
specified prestressing tendon profile.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding support its own weight and existing construction loads applied prior to the
strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material. installation of the reshores.

NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of SHEATHING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding
strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature. the tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and
to contain the corrosion inhibiting coating.
PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported
height to average least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3. SHORES are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the
weight of the formwork, concrete and construction loads above.
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less
reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete. SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies the
standard acceptance tests of AASHTO “Standard Specifications for Highway
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that does not conform to definition Bridges”, Division II.
of deformed reinforcement.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously wound reinforcement in the form
POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are of a cylindrical helix.
tensioned after concrete has hardened.
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH (fct) is the tensile strength of concrete
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other than its determined in accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in “Specifications for
final position in the structure. Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete” (ASTM C 330).

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal stresses STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a
have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting structural member, typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or
fro loads. deformed) bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or
at an angle longitudinal reinforcement. (The term “stirrups” is usually applied to
PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned lateral reinforcement in flexural members and the term “ties” to those in
before concrete is placed. compression members.)

REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no less than STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength multiplied by a strength-
the minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or nonprestressed reduction factor, .
reinforcement.
STRENGTH, NORMAL, is the strength of a member or cross section
REINFORCEMENT is material excluding prestressing tendons unless calculated in accordance with provisions and assumptions of the strength
specifically included. design method before application of any strength-reduction factors.

RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section
structural member after the original forms and shores have been removed from required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such
a larger area, thus requiring the new slab or structural member to deflect and combinations.
STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area. BOUNDARY ELEMENTS are portions along structural wall and structural
diaphragm edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes,
including plain and reinforced concrete. COLLECTOR ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit the inertial
forces within structural diaphragms to members of the lateral-force-resisting
TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle system.
of such elements, used to impart prestress forces to concrete.
CONFINED CORE is the area within the core defined by h.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile
strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal CONNECTION is an element that joins two precast members or a precast
to 0.005. member and a cast-in-place member.

TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A COUPLING BEAM is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting two
continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle or other shear walls.
polygon shape without re-entrant corners is acceptable.
CROSSTIE is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic hook at one end
TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks and a hook not less than 90 degrees with at least six-diameter extension at the
or pretensioning bed to concrete member. other end. The hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. The 90-degree
hooks of two successive crosstie engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be
UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from alternated end for end.
bonding to the concrete after stressing.
DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total lateral displacement expected for the
WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces. design-basis earthquake, as required by the governing code for earthquake-
resistant design.
WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is friction caused by unintended
deviation of prestressing sheath or duct from its specified profile. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A BAR WITH A STANDARD HOOK is the
shortest distance between the critical section (where the strength of the bar is
YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of to be developed) and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90-degree hook.
reinforcement in megapascals (Mpa). Yield strength or yield point shall be
determined in tension according to applicable ASTM standards. DRY CONNECTION is a connection used between precast members, which
do not qualify as a wet connection.
VII. SEISMIC DESIGN
HOOP is a close tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of
BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which earthquake motions are assumed several reinforcing elements, each having seismic hooks at both ends. A
to be imparted to a building. This level does not necessarily coincide with the continuously wound tie shall have a seismic hook at both ends.
ground level.
JOINT is the geometric volume common to intersecting members.
LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is that portion of the structure
composed of members proportioned to resist forces related to earthquake STRUCTURAL WALLS are walls proportioned to resist combinations of
effects. shears, moment, and axial forces induced by earthquake motions.

LIGHTWEIGHT-AGGREGATE CONCRETE is an all-lightweight or sand- STRUT is an element of a structural diaphragm used to provide continuity
lightweight aggregate concrete made with lightweight aggregates. around an opening in the diaphragm.

MOMENT FRAME is a space frame in which members and joints resist forces TIE ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit inertia forces and prevent
through flexure, shear, and axial force. separation of building components such as footings and walls.

NONLINEAR ACTION LOCATION is the center of the region of yielding in WALL PIER is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio
flexure, shear or axial action. between 2.5 and 6, and whose clear height is at least two times its horizontal
length.
NONLINEAR ACTION REGION is where the member length over which
nonlinear action takes place. It shall be taken as extending a distance of no WET CONNECTION uses any of the splicing methods to connect precast
less than h/2 on either side of the nonlinear action location. members and uses cast-in-place concrete or grout to fill the splicing closure.

SEISMIC HOOK is a hook on a stirrup, hoop or crosstie having a bend not less VIII. GENERAL
than 135 degrees, except that circular hoops shall have a bend of not less than
90 degrees. Hooks shall have a six-diameter (but not less than 75mm), BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges not
extension that engages the longitudinal reinforcement and projects into the occurring on framing members are supported on an connected to blocking.
interior of the stirrup or hoop.
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction
SHELL CONCRETE is the concrete outside the transverse reinforcement whose primary structural elements are formed by a system of repetitive wood-
confining the concrete. framing members.
SPECIFIED LATERAL FORCES are lateral forces corresponding to the DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit
appropriate distribution of the design base shear force prescribed by the lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. When the term “diaphragm” is
governing code for earthquake-resistant design. used, it includes horizontal bracing systems.
STRONG CONNECTION is a connection that remains elastic, while the FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from
designated nonlinear action regions undergo inelastic response under the lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or crane) having a density of less than 497
Design Basis Ground Motion. kg/cu.m. but more than 160 kg/cu.m.
STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS are structural members, such as floor and roof GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the section of which is
slabs, that transmit inertial forces to lateral force resisting members. composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels
in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive.
STRUCTURAL TRUSSES are assemblages of reinforced concrete members
subjected primarily to axial forces.
GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed
in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency. primarily of wood. Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood,
composite panels containing a combination of veneer and wood-based
HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from material, and mat0formed panel such as oriented stranded board and
lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a waferboard.
density not less than 497 kg/cu.m.
IX. GENERAL
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width and
depth, standard sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net
size of dressed lumber. AREAS:
NORMAL LOADING is a design load that stressed a member or fastening to BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry unit, which is in
the full allowable stress. This loading may be applied for approximately 10 contact with mortar in place of the joint.
years, either continuously or cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load may be
applied for the remainder of the life of the member or fastening. EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the cross-sectional area of
reinforcement multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the
PARTICLE BOARD is a manufactured panel product consisting of particles of reinforcement and the direction for which effective area is to be
wood or combinations of wood particles and wood fibers bonded together with determined.
synthetic resins or other suitable bonding system by a bonding process, in
accordance with approved nationally recognized standard. GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a specified section.

PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers. NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area of ungrouted
cores, notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the actual surface
ROTATION is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis. area of a cross section of masonry.

SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a second
and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm. based on the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first material to the second.

TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under

treating and quality control procedures.
BOND:

WOOD OR NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and mortar or
heartwood of the species set forth below. Corner sapwood is permitted on 5% grout.
of the pieces provided 90% or more of the width of each side on which it
occurs is heartwood. Recognized species are: REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel reinforcement and
Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile mortar or grout.
Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in which
reinforcement is embedded.
 CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area greater than GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry
967 sq. mm. construction in which certain designated cells of hollow units are
continuously filled with grout.
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of sufficient size
and spacing to allow the removal of debris. GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry
construction in which the space between the wythes is solidly or
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between wythes of periodically filled with grout.
masonry.

COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in which both

the reinforcement and masonry resist compression.

COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural member whose JOINTS:

horizontal dimension measured at right angles to the thickness does not
exceed three times the thickness.
BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the masonry
units are placed.
DIMENSIONS:
HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse plane.
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of s designed item.
The actual dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension by more MASONRY JOINT is brick, tile, stone, and glass block or concrete block.
than the amount allowed in the appropriate standard of quality.
HOLLOW-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified area (solid area) in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells
dimensions plus the thickness of the joint with which the unit is laid. or deep frogs is less than 75% of its gross cross-sectional area measured
in the same plane.
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified by the
manufacturer for construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or any SOLID-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional
other component of a structure. area in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores or cells is at
least 75% of the gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout pour.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or without
GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted prior to the grout used as a test specimen for determining properties of the masonry.
erection of additional masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more
grout lifts. REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry construction in which
reinforcement acting in conjunction with the masonry is used to resist
forces.
GROUTED MASONRY:
 SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in masonry.
WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener, which connects wythes of
WALLS: masonry to each other or to other materials.

WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit as placed in

BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes are masonry.
bonded to act as a structural unit.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in thickness. A
CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a minimum collar joint is not considered a wythe.
width of 51mm and a maximum width of 114mm between wythes, which
are tied with metal ties.

STRUCTURAL
Zoning, site characteristics, The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be
occupancy, configuring structural determined by the following factors.
system and height
14 Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at
least 3 approved recording accelerographs.
Owner Maintenance and service of accelorographs shall be provided by the
___
Occupant o the building Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the
allowable limits and shall be liable for any failure on the structure
due to overloading
Load duration The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate
of periods of intermittent application of the same load
14 sq. m Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the
design live load may be reduced
1.50 sq. m Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist
loads onto which they are subjected
1/240 of wall span Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load
of 250 Pascal applied. Perpendicular to said wall
1/120 of wall span Maximum deflection of flexible finished wall subjected to a load of
250 Pascal applied perpendicular to said wall
60 sq. m Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unit
Base The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be
imparted to the structure of the level at which the structure as a
dynamic vibrator is supported
Collector A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a
portion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral force
 resisting system
Diaphragm A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral
forces to the vertical resisting elements it includes horizontal bracing
system
Base Shear V The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure
Boundary element An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls
or diaphragm
Brace Frame An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or accentric
type which is provided to resist lateral forces
Building Frame System A essentially complete space frame which provides supports for
gravity loads
Dual System A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space
Frame and Shear Walls or Braced Frame
Eccentric Brace Frame (EBF) The form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace
intersects a beam at a point away from the column girder joint
Joints The entire assemblage at the Intersection of the members
Girder The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam
-the major horizontal supporting member of the floor system
Diaphragm Strut An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load, which
collects and transfers diaphragm shear to vertical resisting
elements of distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members
may take axial tension or compression
Diaphragm Chord The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is
assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a
beam
Essential facilities Those structures which are necessary for emergency post
earthquake operations
Lateral Force Resisting System That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces
Ordinary Moment Resisting Space Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing
Frame requirements for ductile behavior
Story Drift The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
Strength The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads
within the deformation limits prescribed in this document
Platform The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination
of structural system
Horizontal Bracing system Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a
diaphragm
Structure An assemblage of framing members designed to support
gravity loads and resist lateral forces
Bearing Wall System A structural system without complete vertical load carrying
 space frame. This system provides support for gravity loads.
Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced
frames
Building Frame system A structural system with essentially complete space frame
providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or braced frames
Moment Resisting Frame System A structural system with an essentially complete space frame
providing support for gravity loads. Moments resisting space frames
provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of
members.
Weak story Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that the
story above
Time History Analysis An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical
model of the structure is subjected to a ground motion time history.
The structures time dependant dynamic response to these motion is
obtained through numerical integration of its equations of motions.
Orthogonal Effect The effect on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in
directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under
consideration
P-delta effect The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members
induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced
building frame
Admixture Material other than water aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its
mixing to modify its properties
Plain Concrete Concrete that doesn’t not conform to definition of reinforced
concrete
Pedestal Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to
average least lateral dimension of less than three (3 m)
Modulus of Elasticity Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below proportional limit of material
-in the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for ___
Jacking Force In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that
introduces tension into prestressing tendons
Embedment Length Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical
section
Effective Prestress Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have
occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed loads
Development Length Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the
design strength of reinforcement at a critical section
 Curvature friction Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing
tendon profile
Structural Lightweight Concrete Concrete containing lightweight aggregate
Bonded tendon Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or
through grouting
Structural Steel ASTM A36
ASTM A514 High Yield Strength Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate,
Suitable for Welding
TRUE True or False, bar larger than 32mm in diameter shall not be
bundled in beams
40 mm Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed concrete for beams and
columns for primary reinforcement
Poisson’s Ratio In a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of
the ratio transverse strain to the corresponding longitudinal
strain
Slenderness Ratio In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of
gyration
Torsion A quantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being
revolved about a line
Flat slab A type of concrete floor which has no beam
Shear The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect
to an adjacent part
Deformation A change in shape of a material when subjected to the action of
force
Yielding Stress The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively
the material sustain without failure
Stress -It means that by which a body develops internal resistance to
stress
-Intensity of force per unit area
Allowable Stress The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing
without permanent deformation remaining upon the complete
release of stress
Tie / Stirrup Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
Stiffness Ration The measure of stiffness of a material
Punching Shear The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes hole
through it
Deflection The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting
on it
6 inches Nominal thickness of a timber
Equilibrium The sum of forces in the orthogonal directions and the sum of all
 moments about any points are zero
2 years The complete records of tests conducted (slump, compression test,
etc.) shall be preserved and made available for inspection during the
progress of construction and after completion of the project for a
period of not less than ___
Not less than 1”x4” Wood board should have a thickness specification
Run The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight
Portable Hand router A high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to make smooth
cutting and curving on solid wood
Knots Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake, star shake and ___
Smoothed and planed lumber Dressed lumber is referred to ___
Live load It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in
place or may not be present at all
Cross cut saw The other kind of handsaw other than rip cut saw
Effective Length The distance between inflection points in the column when it breaks
Volume The amount of space measured in cubic units
Contraction Joint An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a structure to permit
expected movements between them
Total Run The total of all tread widths in a stair
Bond stress The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded
surfaces
Purlin A structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a
rafter
Size of dead load deflection Size of camber for a 25 meters steel truss
Shear connector A connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of
channel which resists horizontal shear between elements
Shear Stress (Shearing Stress) The force per unit area of cross section which tend to produce shear
Hook’s Law The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and
strain
4 x diameter of bolt Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connection measured from
center of bolts parallel for parallel to grain loading is equal to ___

4 x diameter of bolt According to the provision of the NSCP on timber connection and
fastening the loaded edge distance for perpendicular to grain loading
shall be at least

2.5 NSCP specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to

grain loading shall be at least ___ times bolt diameter for L/d ratio
of 2
12 mm Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and
 fastening in accordance with NSCP specifications
50 Simple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not exceeding
___
11 diameters Nails and spikes for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in
the NSCP specifications shall have a required penetration of not less
than __
1/6 depth of member Notches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the
NSCP specifications shall not exceed
Middle third span Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the
¼ the depth Notches in the top and bottom of joist shall not exceed
.60 of specified yield strength Allowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross
area
.50 of specified minimum tensile Allowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area
strength
0.45 Fy Allowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net
area
0.40 Fy Allowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area
effective in resisting shear
100% For structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed
live load shall be increased sufficiently to provide for same, for
supports of elevators the increase shall be
200 The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not exceed ___
240 The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not exceed ___
40 mm Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than
___ for concrete exposed to earth or weather
20 mm Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than
___ for concrete not exposed to earth or weather
7 days Curing of concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be
maintained above 10 C and in moist condition for at least the first
___ days after placement
7 days If concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall
be air-dried for ___ days before test and shall be tested dry.
3 days Cutting for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above
10 C and in moist condition for at least the ___days after placement
25 mm The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be
db (diameter of bar) but not less than ___
180 deg. Bend +4db extension but Standard hooks used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean
not less than 65 mm at the end of
bar
90 deg. Bend + 6db extension at Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks 16mm bar and smaller
 free end
90 deg. Bend + 12db extension at Standard hooks for stirrups and thie hooks 20-25 mm bar
free end
-12 mm Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depth greater
than 200 mm
+-50 mm Allowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of
reinforcement
40 db Individual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of flexural
members shall terminate at different points with a stagger of at
least
3 db Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of
member shall not be less than ___ for strands
4 db Clear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each of member
shall to be less than ___ for wire
75 mm Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place
against permanently exposed earth or weather using bars larger
than 36 mm

MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE RITCHER SCALE

Felt by almost no one. 2.5 Generally not felt, but recorded on

I seismometers.
II Felt by very few people.

Tremor noticed by many, but they Felt by many people.

III often do not realize it is an 3.5
earthquake.
Felt indoors by many. Feels like a
IV truck has struck the building.
Felt by nearly everyone; many
V people awakened. Swaying trees
and poles may be observed.

Felt by all; many people run Some local damage may occur.
VI outdoors. Furniture moved, slight 4.5
damage occurs.

VII Everyone run outdoors. Poorly

built structures considerably
damaged; slight damage
elsewhere.
 Specially designed structures A destructive earthquake.
VIII damaged slightly, others 6.0
collapse.
All buildings considerably
damaged, many shift off
IX foundation. Noticeable cracks in
ground.

Many structures destroyed. A major earthquake.

X Ground is badly cracked. 7.0

Almost all structure fall. Bridges 8.0 Great earthquakes.

XI wrecked. Very wide cracks in
and
ground.
up
Total Destruction, waves seen on
XII ground.

The Modified Mercalli Scale is somewhat The Richter Scale measures the motion of the
subjective, because the apparent intensity of an ground 100 km (60 mi) from the earthquake’s
earthquake depends on how far away from its epicenter, or the location on the earth’s surface
center the observer is located. Rating intensities directly above where the earthquake occurred. The
from I to XII, it describes and rates earthquakes rating scale is logarithmic; each increase of 1 on
in terms of human reactions and observations. the scale represents a tenfold increase in the
motion of the ground.