Sandy Mae D.
Artica 08/12/2019
BSAC 2-1
ASSIGNMENT 1
1. Historical Evolution of Operations Management.
Approximate Date, Contribution/Concepts and its Originator
2000s
1975 Applications
1776 Emphasis on service
Division of 1950s manufacturing providers and
labor by Adam Automation by strategy by W. outsourcing by
Smith Numerous Skinner Numerous
1911 1960s 1990s Internet,
Principles of Industrial supply chain
scientific dynamics by management
management Jay Forrester by Numerous
by Frederick
Ww. Taylor
2. Trends to operations management today.
Flexibility The ability to adapt quickly to changes in volumes of demand,
in the product mix demanded, and in product design or
delivery schedules, has become a major competitive strategy
and a competitive advantage to the firms. This is sometimes
called as agile manufacturing.
Total Quality Management TQM approach has been adopted by many firms to achieve
customer satisfaction by a never ending quest for improving
the quality of goods and services.
Time Reduction Reduction of manufacturing cycle time and speed to marker
for a new product provide a competitive edge to a firm over
other firms. When companies can provide products at the same
price and quality, quicker delivery (short lead time) provide
one firm competitive edge over the other.
Worker Involvement The recent trends is to assign responsibility for decision
making and problem solving to the lower levels in the
organization. This is known as employee involvement and
empowerment. Examples of employees’ empowerment are
quality circle and use of work teams or quality improvement
teams.
Business Process Re-engineering BPR involves drastic measures or break-through
improvements to improve the performance of a firm. It
involves the concept of clean-state approach or starting from a
scratch in redesigning in business processes.
Global Market Place Globalization of business has compelled many manufacturing
firms to give operations in many countries where they have
certain economic advantage. This has resulted in a steep
increase in the level of competition among manufacturing
firms throughout the World.
Operations Strategy More and more firms are recognizing the importance of
operations strategy for the overall success of their business and
the necessity for relating it to their overall business strategy.
Lean Production Production system have become lean production systems
which have minimal amount of resources to produce a high
volume of high quality goods with some variety. These
systems use flexible manufacturing systems and multi-skilled
workforce to have advantages of both mass production and job
production.
Just in Time Production JIT is a "pull" system of production, so actual orders provide a
signal for when a product should be manufactured. Demand-
pull enables a firm to produce only what is required, in the
correct quantity and at the correct time. This means that stock
levels of raw materials, components, work in progress and
finished goods can be kept to a minimum. This requires a
carefully planned scheduling and flow of resources through the
production process. For example, a car manufacturing plant
might receive exactly the right number and type of tires for one
day's production, and the supplier would be expected to deliver
them to the correct loading bay on the production line within a
very narrow time slot.
Computer Aided Manufacturing Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer
based software tools that assist engineers and machinists in
manufacturing or prototyping product components. CAM is a
programming tool that makes it possible to manufacture
physical models using computer-aided design (CAD)
programs. CAM creates real life versions of components
designed within a software package. CAM was first used in
1971 for car body design and tooling.
Computer Aided Design Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer
technology to aid in the design and particularly the drafting
(technical drawing and engineering drawing) of a part or
product, including entire buildings. It is both a visual (or
drawing) and symbol-based method of communication whose
conventions are particular to a specific technical field.
E-Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is the management of supply chain
from suppliers to final customers reduces the cost of
transportation, warehousing and distribution throughout the
supply chain. But SCM was a traditional concept which is now
being replaced by E-SCM. E-Supply chain management is a
series of Internet enabled value-adding activities to guarantee
products created by a manufacturing process can eventually
meet customer requirements and realize returns on investment.
Supply chains have advanced in the last two decades with
improved efficiency, agility and accuracy. The recent
advancement of internet technology has brought more
powerful support to improving supply chain performance. In
this context, e-supply chain management becomes a new term
that distinguishes itself by net-centric and real-time features
from traditional supply chain management.
Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an enterprise-wide
information system designed to coordinate all the resources,
information, and activities needed to complete business
processes such as order fulfillment or billing.
Environmental Issues Today's production managers are concerned more and more
with pollution control and waste disposal which are key issues
in protection of environment and social responsibility. There
is increasing emphasis on reducing waste, recycling waste,
using less-toxic chemicals and using biodegradable materials
for packaging.