SYNOPSIS OF INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENT
ECE 887
Ashish Sharma
ROLL NO. A26
Regd no:10802258
Pyrometer is derived from the Greek root pyro, meaning fire. The term pyrometer was originally
used to denote a device capable of measuring temperatures of objects above incandescence,
objects bright to the human eye. The original pyrometers were non-contacting optical devices
which intercepted and evaluated the visible radiation emitted by glowing objects. A modern and
more correct definition would be any non-contacting device intercepting and measuring thermal
radiation emitted from an object to determine surface temperature. Thermometer, also from a
Greek root thermos, signifying hot, is used to describe a wide assortment of devices used to
measure temperature. Thus a pyrometer is a type of thermometer. The designation radiation
thermometer has evolved over the past decade as an alternative to pyrometer. Therefore the
terms pyrometer and radiation thermometer are used interchangeably by many references
Pyrometer was originally coined to denote a device capable of measuring temperatures of objects
above incandescence
A pyrometer is a non-contacting device that intercepts and measures thermal radiation, a
process known as pyrometry. This device can be used to determine the temperature of an object's
surface.
Principle of operation
A pyrometer has an optical system and detector. The optical system focuses the thermal radiation
onto the detector. The output signal of the detector (Temperature T) is related to the thermal
radiation or irradiance j* of the target object through the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the constant of
proportionality σ, called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the emissivity ε of the object.
This output is used to infer the object's temperature. Thus, there is no need for direct contact
between the pyrometer and the object, as there is with thermocouple and Resistance temperature
detector .
Radiation pyrometer:
A radiation thermometer, in very simple terms, consists of an optical system and detector. The
optical system focuses the energy emitted by an object onto the detector, which is sensitive to the
radiation. The output of the detector is proportional to the amount of energy radiated by the
target object (less the amount absorbed by the optical system), and the response of the detector to
the specific radiation wavelengths. This output can be used to infer the objects temperature. The
emittivity, or emittance, of the object is an important variable in converting the detector output
into an accurate temperature signal
A pyrometer is any temperature-measuring device that includes a sensor
and a readout. However, in this section we will discuss only radiationtype
pyrometers. A radiation pyrometer is a noncontact temperature
sensor that infers the temperature of an object by detecting its naturally
emitted thermal radiation. An optical system collects the visible and infrared
energy from an object and focuses it on a detector, as shown in. The detector converts the
collected energy into an electrical signal to drive a temperature display or control unit. The
detector receives the photon energy from the optical system and converts
it into an electrical signal. Two types of detectors are used: thermal
(thermopile) and photon (photomultiplier tubes). Photon detectors are
much faster than the thermopile type. This enables you to use the photon
type for measuring the temperature of small objects moving at high speed.
Radiation pyrometers are used to measure the temperature of very hot
objects without being in contact with them. Molten glass and molten metals
during smelting and forming operations are typical of the objects they
measure. In selecting the correct radiation pyrometer for an application
you must consider several factors. In either narrow or wide fields of view,
the cross-sectional area can vary greatly. It can be rectangular, circular,
and slot shaped, depending on the kind of apertures used in the instrument.
In some instruments, a telescopic eye magnifies the radiant energy
so much smaller objects at longer distances can be measured. Hot objects
as small as 1/16 inch in diameter can be measured with some instruments.
The construction of the instrument components, such as the lens and
curved mirrors, control the sight path. The materials of construction determine
the optical characteristics of the device. For example, glass does not
transmit light well beyond 2.5 microns. It is therefore suitable only for
high-temperature applications where high-energy outputs are present.
Other common optical materials are quartz (transmitting well to
4 microns) and crystalline calcium fluoride (transmitting well up to about
10 microns). Band pass filters are used in some instruments to cut off
unwanted light at certain wavelengths.
Optical pyrometer:
Optical pyrometer works on the principle of human eye to match the brightness of the hot object
to the brightness of calibrated lamp filament inside the [Link] brightness of filament of
the device is matched to brightness of [Link] amount of power required by the filament to
match the brightness of the target is calibrated with the [Link] technique is used for the
radiation in visible spectrum.
Chalanges in pyrometry:
Difficult to use in dusty conditions
In optical pyrometer it is based on the observer judging two colors
expensive