TLE Reviewer 9
Personal Entrepreneurial Market And Environment
Competencies (PECs)
Product
Process of innovation and new
Tangible in nature
venture creation
Separable
Converting ideas into marketable
goods and service Non-perishable
Involves systematic organization and Can be owned
utilization Service
Entrepreneurs Intangible in nature
People who have the ability to see Inseparability of production and
and evaluate business opportunities consumption
People who innovate, allocate and Perishable nature
manage factors Lack of ownership
Catalysts for economic change who Factors That Affect The Sales of Product
use purposeful searching and careful And Services
planning
People’s lifestyle/business
Characteristics of a Good Entrepreneur
Market
Creative Types of business
Good Human Relations Capital
Initiative
Steps In Formulating Business Ideas
Hardworking
Confident 1. Recognize the needs and wants of
Disciplined the community
Committed 2. List down the possible business
Ability to accept change ideas
Profit-oriented 3. Evaluate one’s self
4. Conduct a research
Important Skills of a Good Entrepreneur 5. Perform a SWOT Analysis
6. Finalize the business ideas
Excellent planner
Possess people skills SWOT Analysis – Strengths, Weaknesses,
Sound-decision maker Opportunities, Threats. A managerial tool
used to assess the environment.
Steps In Conducting SWOT Analysis Technical Man’s Sketches – Shown
in a special type of drawing called
1. Identify the strengths and orthographic projection/
weaknesses in your business.
2. Identify the opportunities and threats Pencil Techniques
3. Do something about it
Build on your strength Perpendicular Lines - 90° angled
Address your weakness lines.
Consider the opportunities Parallel Lines – Lines that will
Guard against the threats never meet even if prolonged.
Horizontal Lines – Lines going
Abstract Reasoning from left to right; vice-versa
Vertical Lines – Lines going top
Refers to an individual’s ability to downward; vice-versa
recognize patterns and relationships Inclined Lines – Bottom left to top
of theoretical or intangible ideas right; vice-versa
Ability to analyze information and Short Lines – Finger movement
solve problems on a complex-thought Long Lines – Arm movement
based level. It involves skills such
as: Curved Lines
- Forming theories about the nature
of the subject. Regular – Circle, Arc, Eclipse
- Understanding subjects on a Irregular – Lines with no definite
complex level though analysis shape
- Ability to apply knowledge in
Regular Curved Lines
problem solving using theory,
metaphor, and complex analogy Radii Method
3 Steps In Abstract Reasoning One or two strokes method
Recognition – Identifying instances Irregular Curved Lines
of abstract deducting reasoning about Parallelogram method
abstract concepts and distinguish
One or two strokes method
premises from the conclusion
Construction – Constructing an Drafting Tools
instance of valid deductive reasoning
about abstract concepts 45-45-90 Triangle – Draw vertical
Evaluation – Distinguishing valid lines with T-Square as base. Draw
forms of deductive reasoning about angles.
abstract objects or concepts from T-Square – Paper set up. Horizontal
invalid and/or fallacious forms lines. Base for triangle to draw
vertical lines.
Freehand Drawing Drafting Paper – Used to draw on.
9” x 12”
Artist’s Sketches – Uses charcoal
30-60-90 Triangle – Draw angles.
pencil, black ink, pastel, oil paint,
Draw vertical lines. Most important
watercolor.
triangle in drafting.
Eraser Shield/Guide – Used to space between the object and
erase small deficits of line segments. extension line.
Drafting Pencil – 6H, hard lead,
sketching. H, soft lead, finishing. Drawing
Compass – Draws circle or arcs. - It is the art of representing objects or forms
Scale – Measuring ratios/ on a surface chiefly by means of lines.
Vinyl Eraser – Used to erase
unwanted lines. Pictorial Drawing – A drawing that shows
Drafting Tape – Holds paper in an object as how they would appear in a
place. photo. A drawing that shows more than one
Dust Brush – Wipes eraser shavings side.
Grades of Pencil Axonometric – Characterized by how
angles of axes (axon) are measured with
Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B respect to each other.
Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
Hard – 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H Isometric – All equal angles
Dimetric – Two equal angles
HB – Lettering Trimetric – Unequal angles
2H – Line Work Box Method – Starting point for all
isometric figure.
4h – General
Oblique Drawing – Designed to show a 3-
Alphabet of Lines dimension view of an object. There are three
types of oblique—cavalier, normal and
- Each line has a definite form and line
cabinet obliques.
weight.
5 Main Line Types Cavalier – You keep the depth at
full measurement.
Visible Lines – Dark, heavy lines. Cabinet – You cut the depth in half.
Shows the outline and shape of an Normal – You cut the depth in ¾.
object. Defines features.
Hidden Lines – Light, narrow, - In oblique drawing, the front view of an
short, dashed lines. Used to help object is rendered as if it were a 3-view. The
clarify a feature but can be omitted. side and top view are then projected by
drawing the lines to make up the side and
Center Lines – Thin lines consisting
top at an upward angle, usually 45° and
of long and short dashes. Shows the
center of holes, slots, paths of sometimes at 30° .
rotation and symmetrical objects. Isometric Drawing – A way of 3D
Dimension Lines – Shows the representation of an object on a 2D surface.
length, width, height of the features. Consists of a 2D drawing. It is a way of
Terminated with arrowheads. presenting designs in 3D. Consists of 2D
Extension Lines – Used to show drawings that are tilted at some angle to
starting and ending points of a expose other views and give the viewer the
dimension. Must have at least 1/16th illusion of what they are viewing.
Orthographic Drawing – The term 1. Set up Isometric Axis using 1
orthographic came from the Greek words vertical line and 2 lines at 30 degrees
orthos and grapos which means straight line from horizontal
drawing
2. Estimate the overall width height and
Six Principal View depth of the object, and sketch the
edges of a block that would
Top View completely enclose the object
Front View
3. Sketch the outline of the front face
Right Side View
using lines parallel and equal in
Left Side View
Rear View length to the two previous height and
Bottom View width edges
4. Sketch the outlines of the top and
Principal Dimension side faces using the same basic
Width procedure as used for the front face
Height Begin sketching start/end points of
Depth major features
5. Begin darkening major features as
Isometric to Orthographic- Orthographic they are developed. Locate start/end
Views are used extensively in engineering.
points of additional and smaller
Often, they must be produced from a 3D
object or possibly an existing Isometric features
drawing or sketch. 6. Locate and sketch start/end points
for non-isometric lines such as the
1. Block in the 3 views using overall angled surface. Sketch and darken
width, height and depth. Front View
the non-isometric features
first, then project height and width
using construction lines. Make sure
depth is the same on Top and Right
Views Isometric
2. Lightly block in major features in Drawing
each view. Place circles in views
where they look round. Begin
darkening major features
3. Construction lines can be used to Oblique
project location or size of one feature Drawing Orthographic
to another view. A miter line can be Drawing
used to project Depth dimensions
4. Finish adding all final lines. Be sure
to add all hidden and center lines
Darken all final lines
Orthographic to Isometric - Orthographic
drawings are common in engineering.
Visualizing or creating the Isometric View is
a critical engineering skill