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Chapter 8
SEWERS
AND
APPURTENANCES
8.1 Sewer Shapes and Materials …
The shape of the sewer depends upon hydraulic
considerations, construction conditions, and available
space.
Semi elliptical, circular, inverted egg, horseshoe, or
rectangular box with inclined lower surface shapes
may be used according to the prevailing site
conditions.
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Cont…
Sewer materials may be either pre-cast or cast-in-
situ. Pre-cast sewer materials include
vitrified clay
plain concrete sewer
reinforced concrete sewer
asbestos cement pipe
plastic pipe etc…
Clay sewer pipes
Clay pipe is manufactured to standard specification of the
ASTM(American Society For Testing Materials) in diameters
from 100 to 1070mm.
Vitrified glazed clay pipe is
not subject to mineral or
bacterial corrosion.
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Plain concrete sewer pipe
Pre-cast concrete pipe may be used for small storm drains
and sewage characteristics prevent corrosion.
This pipe is not suitable where the temperature is high and
flat slope is not available. Joints for plain concrete sewer
should be constructed using rubber gaskets.
Reinforced concrete sewer pipe
Pre-cast concrete pipe in diameters larger than 610mm is
reinforced. The pipe is manufactured in sizes from 305 to
4570mm.
Special fittings are seldom used with reinforced concrete
pipe. The pipe is connected by using mortar
If reinforced pipe is used to convey untreated sanitary
sewage it may be subject to corrosion in the same fashion
as plain concrete pipe. Large concrete sewers may be
lined in place with corrosion-resistant material.
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Asbestos cement Pipe
Asbestos cement pipe is manufactured in different
sizes and classes.
Asbestos cement is subject to the corrosion mechanism
common to sanitary sewers and may be undesirable for
that reason.
Plastic truss pipe
The pipe is manufactured only in sizes of 200 to 380mm.
The major advantages of this pipe are its water tightness
and its ability to undergo differential settling without
failure.
Its long-term durability and resistance to corrosion if the
inner surface were to be damaged can only be established
by the passage of time.
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Other sewer materials
Bituminized fibre pipe: is manufactured in small sizes and is
primarily used for house sewers.
Solid wall plastic pipes: made of PVC are also available in
different sizes.
Cast or ductile iron: is used in force mains and small outfall
lines. It may also be employed where sewers are constructed above
the ground surface and in inverted siphons.
Corrugated metal pipe: is sometimes used for storm sewers. It
may be galvanized, coated with bituminous material, or coated with
asbestos. Their primary use is roadway drainage.
8.2 Forces Acting on Sewer pipes
The structural design of sewer pipes should be such that
to enable them to withstand the various forces likely to
come on them.
The following forces acts on sewer pipes.
Internal pressure (Due to sewage)
pressure due to external loads
Temperature stresses
Flexural stresses
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8.3 Sewer appurtenances
Sewer systems require a variety of appurtenances
to ensure proper operation. These include:
manholes
Inlets
Catch Basins
Traps
Inverted Siphons
Sewer Crossings
Pumping Stations
Manholes
Manholes are used as a means of access for inspection
and cleaning.
They are placed at intervals of 90 to 150m and at
points where there is a change in direction, change in
pipe size, or considerable change in grade.
Large sewers, 1520mm or more in diameter, can be
entered for inspection and need fewer manholes.
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Manhole design has become largely standardized, and most
of the larger cities have standard plans, which they have
adopted for general use.
The manhole has a cast-iron frame and cover with a 500 to
600mm clear opening.
Inlets
An inlet is an opening into a storm or combined
sewer for entrance of storm runoff.
Inlets are placed at the gutters, usually at street
intersections but occasionally at midpoints of the
blocks, if they are more than 150m long.
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Catch basins
This is an inlet with a basin, which allows debris to settle
out.
The outlet pipe is usually trapped in order to prevent
escape of odours from the sewer, a provision that also
causes retention of floating matter.
The water held in catch basins frequently produces
mosquitoes and may itself be a source of odours.
Sand, Grease, and Oil traps
The sewage from kitchens of hotels and restaurants
contains grease, which tends to accumulate on sewer
walls and cause clogging.
Some cities, therefore, require grease traps in the
waste lines from the sinks of such kitchens. Sewage
from garages, particularly from the floor drains and
wash racks, contains oil, mud, and sand.
Such a trap would also prevent gasoline from entering
the sewers and causing an explosion hazard. It is
important, however, that the traps be regularly
cleaned, or they are of no value. Regular inspections
are necessary to insure this.
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Inverted siphons
In sewerage works the term inverted siphon is applied to a
portion of a sewer which dips below the hydraulic grade
line to avoid such an obstruction as a railway cut, a subway,
or a stream.
Maximum velocity should be maintained in siphon design
with 0.9m/s minimum.
Inverted siphons are constructed of cast-iron, concrete, or
tile pipe, depending upon the construction conditions that
are encountered.
Sewer crossings
Occasionally an existing bridge may be used to suspend the
pipe from a truss.
Vibration will occur, however, and cast or ductile iron pipe
should be used with special couplings to avoid leakage.
A more common method of crossing shallow depressions is
to support the pipe on piers or bents of concrete. If the
exposed pipe is long, provision should be made for thermal
expansion.
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Pumping stations
The smallest capacity pump that can be used depends upon
the size of the line to which it discharges since self-
cleansing velocities (about 0.6m/s) must be maintained.
In small pump stations the pump is sized to meet the peak
flow and lower flows accumulate in the wet well until
sufficient liquid is present to permit the pump to run at
least 2 minute.
END
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