COMPRESSOR
THEORY
THE GREATER PRESSURE RATIO THE HIGHER IS
THERMAL EFFICIENCY.
TO ENABLE GAS TURBINE ENGINE BECOME SELF
SUSTAINING, TURBINE STARTING MUST
MAINTAINED UNTIL GROUND IDLING SPEED
REACHED TO THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
COMPRESSOR/TURBINE COMBINATION INCREASE
SUFFICIENTLY
Compressor Section
Introduction
Type
Advantages
Disadvantages
Compressor stall
Combination compressor
Compressor section
Component that forces air into the engine
Compressor effectiveness is measure with
compressor pressure ratio
Primary Support combustion
Secondary function, supply bleed air
For cooling purpose
Type of Compressor Section
2 type of compressor section
I. Centrifugal flow compressor
II. Axial flow compressor
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
RADIAL OUTFLOW CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
USED IN SMALL ENGINE OR APU
CONSIST OF 3 MAIN COMPONENTS
I. IMPELER
II. DIFFUSER
III. MANIFOLD
IMPELER
- SINGLE STAGE
- DOUBLE STAGE
- DOIBLE SIDE ( DOUBLE ENTRY IMPELLER )
DIFFUSER
- V DECREASE
- P INCREASE
MANIFOLD
I. HAVE OUTLED DUCTS WITH TURNING VANES ( CASCADE VANES )
OPERATION
THE IMPELLER TAKE THE AIR AND ACCELERATE IT OUT BY
COMPRESSED THE AIR DUE TO CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
OPERATION
THIS AIR IS THAN
EXPELLED INTO
THE DIFFUSER
WHERE THE
VELOCITY IS
REDUCE AND
PRESSURE INCREASE
THE OUTLET DUCT
CHANGE THE
RADIAL DIRECTION
OF AIR TO AXIAL TURNING VANE OR CASCADE
DIRECTION VANES FITTED INSIDE THE
OUTLED DUCT TURN THE AIR
A single stage, dual sided impeller
Two-stage impeller
Advantages
Simplicity easy to manufacture
Low cost
Low starting power requirement
Operating efficiency over a wide range of
rotational speed
Compressor ratio of 15:1
Disadvantages
Large frontal area
Limits on the number of stages
Axial flow compressor
2 main element
I. Rotor (increase airflow/pressure)
II. Stator (decrease velocity/airspeed)
III. Single stages can produce pressure ratio 1.25:1
IV. It is to raise pressure rather than velocity decrease
Compressor rotor blades
10 – 18 compressor stages
Airfoil cross section varying angle
Made from stainless steel alloy
Rotor blade roots designed (bulb, fir tree,
dovetail)
Compressor stator vanes
Act as diffuser
Decreasing its velocity and raising its pressure
Prevent swirling and direct the flow of air
coming off each stage to the next stage at
appropriate angle
Airfoil shape
Made from steel or nickel, titanium
Shrouded at tips, minimize vibrations tendencies
The first stage rotor called inlet guide vanes
To direct the air flow into the first stage at the
best angle
The last set vanes called outlet vane assembly
To straighten air flow and eliminate any swirling
motion or turbulence
An axial compressor
Advantages
Ability to obtain higher compressor ratio by
adding additional stage
Small frontal area reduce aerodynamic drag
Disadvantages
High weigh and high starting power requirement
Have low pressure rise per stage of 1.25:1
Expensive and difficult to manufacture
MULTIPLE-SPOOL
COMPRESSOR
Single-spool comp
Dual-spool or twin-spool comp-low pressure or
N1 and high pressure or N2
Triple-spool comp- low pressure N1,
intermediate N2 and high pressure N3
Single-spool comp
twin-spool comp
Dual-spool comp
Compressor stall
Imbalance between 2 vector quantity
Reduce the angle of attack on the rotor blades
using variable inlet guide vane
By bleeding off some of the air pressure within
the comp
Combination compressor
Hybrid axial flow centrifugal flow compressor
Used in small engine
Eg; business jet and helicopter
Combination compressor
Compressor bleed air
Used for deicing, anti-icing and for pneumatic
engine starting
Bleeding air from the compressor does cause a
small but noticeable drop in engine power
Diffuser Section
Introduction
Diffuser section
Divergent shape
Slow compressor discharge (V decrease)
Increasing air pressure (P increase)
As the air leave axial comp the velocity is 500
fps
This air is to fast to support combustion the
velocity is slow down at same time increase the
pressure
Diffuser section
Combustion section
Introduction
Type
I. Multiple-can type
II. An annular type
III. Can annular type
Combustion chamber
Make from corrosion resistance steel
4 basic element;
I. One or more combustion chamber
II. A fuel injection system
III. Ignition source
IV. Fuel drainage system
Primary air (25%-35%)
Secondary air (65%-75%)
Multiple-can type
Consists of series of individual combustor can
which act as individual burner units
Suited to centrifugal compressor engine
Individual combustion are interconnected with
small flame propagation tube
Multiple-can type
An annular type
Used for small and large engine
Most efficient because of the thermal efficiency,
weight and physical size
Consists of housing and perforated inner liner
or basket
Must be remove as single unit for repair or
replacement
An annular type
Can-annular type
Combination of the multiple-can combustion
and an annular type combustor
Consists of individual cans mounted on an
annular duct
Have pre-swirl vane promoting a through
mixing of fuel and air and slowing the air
velocity in the burner can
Flame propagation tubes connect the
individual liner and 2 igniter plugs used
for the combustion
Individual combustion may be
removed for inspection and
replacement
Its also have a shorter cans
Can-annular type
Flame out
2 type
I. Lean die out – happen at high altitude where low
engine speed and low fuel pressure die out at normal
air flow
II. Rich blow out – happen when rapid movement of
throttle
Turbine Section
Introduction
Basic element
I. Case
II. Stator
III. Shroud
IV. Rotor
Introduction
To extracted the energy after fuel and air is been
burned
To transforms a portion of kinetic energy witch
it is the hot gases into mechanical energy to
drive the compressor and accessories
The turbine absorbs approximately 60% to 80%
of total prssure energy from hot gasses
Turbine section
Case
Enclose the turbine rotor and stator
Have flanges on both side to provide a means of
attaching the turbine
Outer body (perimeter) of some turbine cases is
encircled by several tubes and passages
Turbine stator
Referred to turbine nozzle or turbine guide
vanes or the nozzle diaphragm
It is the one exposed to high temperature in a
gas turbine engine.
To collect airflow from combustion and direct
the flow to strike the turbine rotor at
appropriate angle
Shroud
Turbine nozzle assembly consists of an inner
and outer shroud that retains and surround the
nozzle vane
The nozzle vanes must be constructed loosely to
allow for thermal expansion
Outer shroud is cut into segments
It will cause distortion or warping
Turbine rotor
Consists of shaft and turbine rotor or wheel
The shaft is rotates in bearing that are lubricated
by oil
Centrifugal force acting on the turbine blade will
made it grow or creeping
Fir tree slots is most commonly use for
attaching turbine blade
Turbine blade
Turbine blade fit loosely for expand to fit tighly
at normal operating temperature
Commonly use fir tree slot for attaching
Turbine blade are classified
1. impulse blades
2. reaction turbine blades
3. impulse-reaction turbine blade
IMPULES BLADES
REACTION BLADES
IMPULES-REACTION BLADES
COOLING TURBINE BLADES
The limiting factor is the temperature
The higher the temp the higher the engine thrust
Turbine cooling plays a big role in engine
performance
Comment way by using bleed air
-convection cooling or film cooling
-transpiration cooling