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Non-Euclidean Geometry in 2-Sphere

This document discusses Euclidean geometry and non-Euclidean geometry. [1] Euclid defined the five postulates of geometry in his work "The Elements" around 300 BC, which formed the basis of Euclidean geometry. [2] The fifth postulate is different than the others and was later found to be independent of them. [3] Non-Euclidean geometries were developed which relax the fifth postulate, changing the concept of parallel lines in different ways than in Euclidean geometry.

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6 views5 pages

Non-Euclidean Geometry in 2-Sphere

This document discusses Euclidean geometry and non-Euclidean geometry. [1] Euclid defined the five postulates of geometry in his work "The Elements" around 300 BC, which formed the basis of Euclidean geometry. [2] The fifth postulate is different than the others and was later found to be independent of them. [3] Non-Euclidean geometries were developed which relax the fifth postulate, changing the concept of parallel lines in different ways than in Euclidean geometry.

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saira batool
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Non-Euclidean geometry metric in a 2-sphere

Presented By: Dania Tahir


Kinnaird College For Women

May 14th , 2019


Euclid’s

Around 300 BC, Euclid wrote The Elements, a major treatise on the
geometry of the time, and what would be considered ‘geometry’ for many
years after. Arguably The Elements is the second most read book of the
western world, falling short only to The Bible. In his book, Euclid states
five postulates of geometry which he uses as the foundation for all his
proofs. It is from these postulates we get the term Euclidean geometry, for
in these Euclid strove to define what constitutes ‘flat-surface’ geometry.
These postulates are:
Euclid’s

[It is possible] to draw a straight line from any point to any other.
[It is possible] to produce a finite straight line continuously in a straight line.
[It is possible] to describe a circle with any centre and distance [radius].
That all right angles are equal to each other.
That, if a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on
the same side less than two right angles, the two lines, if produced indefinitely,
meet on that side on which the angles are less than the two right angles.
Euclid’s

It is clear that the fifth postulate is very different to the other four. In
fact, in The Elements, the first 28 results are proved without it.

Non-Euclidean Geometry
The branch of modern geometry in which certain axioms of Euclidean ge-
ometry are restated. It introduces fundamental changes into the concept
of space.
Difference between Euclidean and two non-Euclidean
geometries

The essential difference between Euclidean geometry and these two non-
Euclidean geometries is the nature of parallel lines:
In Euclidean geometry, given a point and a line, there is exactly one line
through the point that is in the same plane as the given line and never
intersects it. In spherical geometry there are no such lines. In hyperbolic
geometry there are at least two distinct lines that pass through the point
and are parallel to (in the same plane as and do not intersect) the given
line.

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