Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
Contents
9 Energy consumption and environmental impact of modern transportation
9 Configuration of conventional vehicle power trains
9 Conventional vehicle fundamentals
9 Operating conditions of the internal combustion engine in the conventional
power trains
9 Battery electric power train technologies
9 Fuel-cell power train technologies
► Hybrid electric power train technologies
• Stop/start hybrid power trains
• Series hybrid power trains
• Parallel hybrid power trains
• Series/parallel hybrid power trains
• Fundamentals of regenerative braking
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
Hybrid electric power trains technologies
• The logic of electric/thermal hybridization: a solution for each source of
economy of conventional power trains
− Engine stop/start during idling
− Brake energy recovery
− Electric boosting during accelerations
− Management of the engine operating points and power-splitting
• Hybrid electric power trains complexity
− Energy configurations
− Architectural configurations
− Energy management strategies
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
The logic of hybrid power trains
Logic of hybrid power trains: a solution for each source of economy of thermal power trains
Engine stop/start
during idling
Accumulated fuel consumption
(liters)
Conventional powertrain 0,071
Economy
Stop/start powertrain 0,063 11 %
Engine Stop Engine Stop
No major modifications to
the power train
3
Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
The logic of hybrid power trains
Logic of hybrid power trains: a solution for each source of economy of thermal power trains
Engine stop/start Brake energy
during idling recovery
Economy on NEDC with
BER efficiency of 58 %
20 %
Electric motor Require major modifications
to the power train
Engine +
Braking management strategy
Battery
Gear box
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
The logic of hybrid power trains
Logic of hybrid power trains: a solution for each source of economy of thermal power trains
Engine stop/start Brake energy Engine downsizing
during idling recovery and electric boosting
1,0 liter downsized engine of Honda Insight Fuel consumption comparison of 1,6
boosted by a 10 kW electric motor liter engine downsized to 0,8 liter
is equivalent to a 1,5 liters gasoline engine
Source: IFP
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
The logic of hybrid power trains
Logic of hybrid power trains: a solution for each source of economy of thermal power trains
Engine stop/start Brake energy Engine downsizing and Management of the
during idling recovery electric boosting engine operating points
Effect of engine management strategy
through an advanced transmission
Requirements:
• An advanced transmission (CVT or power-split
transmission) permitting to decouple between the
Max efficiency engine and the wheels speed, in order to manage the
E-line
engine independently from the vehicle speed
B • A real-time electronic management system
controlling the position of the engine throttle, and the
transmission gear ratio (for CVT) or the ratio of
30 kW
A power-splitting (in power-split transmissions), in order
to track the engine operation on the E-line
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
Hybrid electric power trains complexity
Logic of hybrid power trains: a solution for each source of economy of thermal power trains
Energy and electro-
Engine stop/start Brake energy Engine downsizing and Management of the
mechanical
during idling recovery electric boosting engine operating points
configurations
Electromechanical
configurations
Series Parallel
Parallel for SUV Combined (series/parallel)
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
Hybrid electric power trains complexity
Logic of hybrid power trains: a solution for each source of economy of thermal power trains
Energy and electro-
Engine stop/start Brake energy Engine downsizing and Management of the
mechanical
during idling recovery electric boosting engine operating points
configurations
Energy Hybrid Electric Electric
Configurations Downsizing Battery
configurations functionality power fraction
Conventional
Starter/alternator SS 2 kW No ~1 %
Micro 12 V
hybrid Stop/go
SS + BER 3 kW No
(Valeo)
42 – 150 V
Mild hybrid SS + BER + Boost 10-15 kW < 10 % 1 – 10 %
< 1 kWh
SS + BER + Boost +
+200 V
Full hybrid e-line tracking +30 kW 10 – 30 % 10 – 30 %
1 – 2 kWh
+ e-Drive
SS + BER + Boost +
+200 V
Plug-in hybrid e-line tracking +30 kW 10 – 30 % 10 – 30 %
> 2 kWh
+ extended e-Drive
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
Hybrid electric power trains complexity
Energy management strategies
Note that energy management strategies (EMS) are the basis for the vehicle controllers, known by the electronic
control unit (ECU).
For modern conventional vehicles, the main objective of the EMS is to satisfy the driver’s commands, which
are exerted on the acceleration and brake pedals. Thus, the engine actuators (such as the throttle, the variable valve
timing system, the ignition system, etc.) will receive the proper commands to provide the required torque, and the
transmission actuators (in case of automatic or CVT transmissions) will receive the proper gear ratio command to
ensure the required performance.
However, for HEVs, in addition to consistently satisfying the driver’s request without any different sensation
from driving a conventional vehicle, the EMS must satisfy additional constraints:
• The battery must be sufficiently charged during all the vehicle operations
• The overall efficiency of the power train must be optimized during the operations
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
Hybrid electric power trains complexity
Energy management strategies
Figure below gives a general scheme of a parallel or combined hybrid electric power train ECU (the ECU of the series configuration slightly
differs). It consists of two layers: the first layer encloses the EMS and the second layer the specific ECUs of each component of the power
train.
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
Hybrid electric power trains technologies
Conclusion
Comparing the proposed architectures and control strategies of hybrid powertrains to conventional powertrains,
shows clearly the added complexity of required electronic management systems. Moreover, this complexity
grows proportional to the integration of additional electric components in the power train. In fact, instead of having
one Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for managing the engine and a simple power train as in conventional vehicles,
HEV must have a complex power train with electric energy storage system onboard, and several ECUs to manage
the operation of the added components, the whole controlled by an overall vehicle ECU intended to manage the
hybrid functionalities with optimum energy consumption.
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Conventional Battery electric Fuel‐cell Hybrid electric References
Overview powertrains powertrains powertrains powertrains
Hybrid electric power trains technologies
Conclusion
Logic of hybrid power trains: HYBRID FUNCTION for each source of economy of thermal power trains
The node of design has moved from the engine (in conventional power trains)
to the transmission (in hybrid power trains)
micro
series
Hybrid powertrain technologies have not converged mild
parallel
to a unique optimal mature configuration full
combined
Plug-in
Which hybrid power train configuration will meet
the demands for autonomy, performance,
reduced fuel consumption and emissions ?
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