MAT 111 - SINGLE VARIABLE CALUCLUS

First Semester of Academic Year 2019-2020

Syllabus and Tutorial Problems

Prepared by
Prof. RAJAN M.P

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
AND RESEARCH THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
August, 2019
MAT 111 - SINGLE VARIABLE CALCULUS 3-1-0-3

1. The Natural Numbers,The Peano axioms; Real Numbers; Properties of Real Numbers;
Least upper bound and greatest lower bound properties:

2. Limits of Sequences: Convergence and limit laws, Suprema and infima of sequences, limsup,
liminf, and limit points, Some standard limits, Subsequences.

3. Series: Finite and infinite series, Sums of non-negative numbers, Absolute and conditional
convergence of an infinite series, tests of convergence, examples.

4. Continuous function on R: Formal definition, continuity and discontinuity of a function at

a point; left and right continuity, examples of continuous and discontinuous functions, The
Maximum principle, Intermediate value theorem, Monotonic functions, Uniform continuity,
Limits at infinity.

5. Differentiation of functions: Definition and basic properties, Local maxima, local minima,
and derivatives, Monotone functions and derivatives, Inverse functions and derivatives,
Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorem, Taylor’s theorem.

6. The Riemann Integration: Partitions, Piecewise constant functions, Upper and lower Rie-
mann integrals, Basic properties of Riemann integral, Riemann integrability of continuous
functions, monotone functions, and discontinuous functions, The non-Riemann integrable
functions, The fundamental theorems of calculus, The consequences of the fundamental
theorems.

Textbooks
1. T. M. Apostol, Calculus, vol 1, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2007.
2. R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, 4th ed., Wiley,
2011.
References
1. S. Lang, A first course in Calculus, 5th ed., Springer India, 2006.
2. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill India,
1953.
3. M. Spivak, Calculus, Publish or Perish, 2008.
4. J. Stewart, Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, 3rd ed., Thomson Brooks/Cole,
2005
5. T. Tao, Analysis I, Hindustan Book Agency, 2006.
 PROBLEM SHEET

1. Prove that between two different rational numbers, there are infinite number of rational
numbers.

2. Find the lub and glb, if they exist, of the following sets.

1
(a) {1 − n
: n ∈ N}
1
(b) { 5n : n ∈ Z, n 6= 0}

(c) { 3n+2
2n+1
: n ∈ N}
(d) {x : −5 < x < 3}

(e) {x : x = (−1)n }

3. Give an example of a bounded set

(a) which contains its lub but doesnot contain the glb
(b) which contains its glb but doesnot contain its lub

4. Find the supremum and infimum of the following set. Check whether they belong to the
set or not.
(a) {3, 4, 7} (b) {1, 1/2, . . .} (c) {. . . − 2, −3/2, . . . , −5/4, . . .} (d) (2, 3)

5. Prove that (i) Every finite set is closed (ii) Every subset of a bounded set is bounded.

6. Is it true that (i) Every subset of an unbounded set is not necessarily unbounded (ii) Every
infinite set need not be unbounded? Justify your answer.

7. Using the completenes property of the glb, prove the lub property.

8. Give an example of each of the following

(a) A set which is neighbourhood of each of its points

(b) A set which is not a neighbourhood of any of its points

(c) A set which is neighbourhood of each of its points with the exception of one point
(d) A set which is a neighbourhood of each of its points with the exception of two points.

9. Give an example of each of the following

(a) An openset which is not an interval

(b) An interval which is an open set
 (c) An interval which is not an openset

(d) A set which is neither an interval nor an open set

10. Justify your answer

(a) Can a finite set be open?

(b) Can a non-empty finite set be open?

(c) Is every infinite set open?

(d) Is the union of an arbitarary collection of open sets open?
(e) Is the intersection of an arbitarary collection of open sets opne?

11. Justify the following statements

(a) Subset of a closed set need not be closed

(b) A set containing a closed set need not be closed

12. Given an example of the following

(a) An interval which is not a closed set

(b) A closed set other than an interval

(c) A set which is both open and closed
(d) A set which neither open nor closed

(e) A set which is nether an interval nor a closed set

13. Let S = {1, 1.1, 0.9, 1.01, . . .}

(a) Is this set bounded?

(b) Does the set have lub and glb?If so, determine them.

(c) Does this attain its bounds?

(d) Find the interior of this set.
(e) Does this set have any limiting points? If so, determine them.

(f) Is this set closed?

(g) Is this a compact set?

14. Given an example of a set with (i) no limit point (ii) one limit point (iii) two limit points
(iv) an infinite number of limit points (v)every point of which is its limit point.
15. Let n ∈ N.

(i) Prove that n2 > n + 1 for n ≥ 2, and 2n2 > (n + 1)2 for n ≥ 3.
(ii) Prove that n! > n2 for n ≥ 4.

(iii) Decide for which n the inequality 2n > n2 is true.

(iv) For each n ∈ N, let Pn denote the assertion “ n2 + 5n + 1 is an even integer”. Prove
that Pn+1 is true whenever Pn is true. Is Pn true for all n ∈ N? What is the moral of
this exercise?

16. Let a, b ∈ R.
1
(i) If |a − b| < for all n ∈ N then show that a = b.
n
(ii) If a ≤ b + n1 for all n ∈ N then show that a ≤ b.
(iii) (Denseness of Q in R) If a < b then there is a rational number r ∈ Q such that
a < r < b. Deduce that for any n ∈ N there is a rational number rn ∈ Q such that
1
|a − rn | < .
n

17. Let S be a nonempty subset of R and m, M ∈ R.

(i) Show that M = sup S if and only if x ≤ M for all x ∈ S and for any  > 0 there
exists x ∈ S such that M −  < x ≤ M.

(ii) Show that m = inf S if and only if x ≥ m for all x ∈ S and for any  > 0 there exists
x ∈ S such that m ≤ x < m + .

18. Let (xn ) be a sequence of real numbers.

(i) Suppose that xn ≥ a for all n ∈ N, where a ∈ R. If xn → x as n → ∞ then show that

x ≥ a. Give an example where xn > a but x = a.
(ii) Let (yn ) be a sequence satisfying a − xn ≤ x ≤ a − yn for all n ∈ N, where a, x ∈ R.
If xn → 0 and yn → 0 as n → ∞ then show that x = a.
(iii) If xn → x as n → ∞ then show that |xn | → |x| as n → ∞. Is the converse true?
√ √
(iv) Suppose that xn ≥ 0 for n ∈ N. If xn → x as n → ∞ then show that xn → x as
n → ∞.

19. For xn given below, discuss the convergence of the sequence (xn ). In case of convergence
find the limit.
 1 √ n n
(i) xn := ; (ii) x n := n; (iii) x n := (−1) ; (iv) x n := ;
n2 2n + 1
cos(nπ) nπ
(v) xn := √ ; (vi) xn := − sin( ); (vii) x1 := 1 and xn := 3x2n−1 ;
n 2
3/2
√ √
(viii) xn := n ( n + 1 − n).

20. Consider the sequence (xn ) where xn is given below.

(i) xn := x1/n , where x > 0. Show that xn → 1 as n → ∞.

(ii) xn := n1/n . Show that xn → 1 as n → ∞.

(iii) xn := xn , where |x| < 1. Show that xn → 0 as n → ∞.

21. Consider the sequences (xn ) and (yn ). Prove or disprove the following.

(i) The sequence (xn yn ) converges if (xn ) converges.

(ii) The sequence (xn yn ) converges if (xn ) converges and (yn ) is bounded.
(iii) The sequence (xn yn ) converges if both (xn ) and (yn ) converge.

22. (Null sequence) Let xn be a sequence such that xn 6= 0 for n ∈ N. Suppose that
xn+1
| | → L as n → ∞.
xn
(i) If L < 1 then show that xn → 0 as n → ∞.
(ii) If L > 1 then show that xn → ∞ as n → ∞.

(iii) Give an example of a convergent sequence (xn ) for which |xn+1 /xn | → 1 as n → ∞.
(iv) Give an example of a sequence (xn ) for which |xn+1 /xn | → 1 as n → ∞ but (xn ) does
not converge.

23. For xn given below, discuss the convergence of the sequence (xn ). In case of convergence
find the limit.
xn
(i) xn := nk xn , where k ∈ N and |x| < 1; (ii) xn :=, where x ∈ R;
n!
n xn 23n
(iii) xn := n , where x > 1; (iv) xn := n , where x > 1; (v) xn := 2n ;
x 2 3
n
x
(vi) xn := n2 an , where 0 < a < 1; (vii) xn := 2 , where x > 1.
n
n
x n!
(viii) xn := , where x > 1; (ix) xn := n .
n! n
24. Find the limits of the following functions whenever they exist. [x] denotes the largest
integer ≤ x.
sin x |x − 1| + 1
(i) lim ; (ii) limx→3 ([x] − [2x − 1]); (iii) limx→2 ([x] − x2 ); (iv)lim .
x→0 |x| x→1 x + |x + 1|

x2 |4x−8|
25. (i) Let f : (1, 2) → R be such that −16 − sin2 (x − 2) < f (x) < x−2
, for x ∈ (1, 2).
Show that limx→2 f (x) exists and find the limit.

(ii) Let f : R → R and c ∈ R. If limh→0+ [f (c + h) − f (c − h)] = 0, does limx→c f (x) exist?

(iii) Let f : (a, b) → R. Define |f | : (a, b) → R by |f |(x) := |f (x)| for x ∈ (a, b). Let
c ∈ (a, b). If limx→c f (x) exists and is equal to L then show that limx→c |f |(x) exists
and is equal to |L|. Is the converse true?
(iv) Let f : A → R and c ∈ R. Suppose that limx→c f (x) exists. Show that there exists
δ > 0 such that for all x ∈ A and 0 < |x − c| < δ, |f (x)| ≤ M for some M > 0.
√
(v) Let f : [1, 3] → R be such that x/[x] ≤ f (x) ≤ 6 − x for x ∈ [1, 3], f (2) = 1 and f
is continuous on [1, 2) ∪ (2, 3]. Discuss the continuity of f at x = 2.
(vi) Let f : (a, b) → R be continuous at c ∈ (a, b). If f (c) > r then show that there exists
δ > 0 such that f (x) > r for x ∈ (c − δ, c + δ). Also, if f (c) < r then there exists
δ > 0 such that f (x) < r for x ∈ (c − δ, c + δ).

26. (i) Give an example of a function f : [0, 1] → R such that f is discontinuous at each
x ∈ [0, 1] but |f | is continuous on [0, 1].
(ii) Let f, g : R → R be continuous at c ∈ R. Define H, K : R → R by H(x) :=
max(f (x), g(x)) and K(x) := min(f (x), g(x)) for x ∈ R. Discuss the continuity of H
and K at c.

2x, if x is rational,
(iii) Let f : R → R be such that f (x) := Show that f is
1 − x, if x is irrational.
continuous only at c := 1/3.

0, if x is irrational,
(iv) Let f : (0, ∞) → R be such that f (x) := 1 Show
q
, if x = p/q, and gcd(p, q) = 1.
that f is continuous at each irrational in (0, ∞) but discontinuous at each rational in
(0, ∞).
(v) Let f, g : [0, 1] → R be continuous and f (x) = g(x) if x ∈ [0, 1] is rational. Prove or
disprove that f (x) = g(x) for all x ∈ [0, 1].
(vi) Let f : [a, b] → R be such that whenever a ≤ x1 < x2 ≤ b and λ lies between f (x1 )
and f (x2 ), then there is some c ∈ [x1 , x2 ] such that f (c) = λ. Must f be continuous?
 (vii) Let n ∈ N and 0 < a ∈ R. Show that there is unique 0 < b ∈ R such that bn = a.

27. (i) Let f : [a, b] → [a, b] be continuous. Show that there exists p ∈ [a, b] such that
f (p) = p.
(ii) Show that the equation 17x7 −19x5 −1 = 0 has a solution p which satisfies −1 < p < 0.
(iii) Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous. Suppose that for every x ∈ [a, b] there exists
a y ∈ [a, b] such that f (y) ≤ f (x)/2. Show that there exists p ∈ [a, b] such that
f (p) = 0.
(iv) Let f : R → R be continuous. Suppose that f (x) → 0 as x → ±∞. Prove that f
attains either a maximum or a minimum on R. Give an example to show that both a
maximum and a minimum need not be attained.

28. If a function f satisfies one of the following conditions, can f be continuous? Justify your
answer.

(i) f : [1, 10] → R such that f (1) = 0, f (10) = 11 and f ([1, 10]) ⊂ [−1, 0] ∪ [1, 11].
(ii) f : [0, 1] → R and f ([0, 1]) = (−1, 1).
(iii) f : [−1, 1] :→ R such that f ([−1, 1]) = [0, ∞).

29. (i) Let f, g : A → R be uniformly continuous on A. Are the functions f + g, f g, 1/f

(provided f (x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ A) uniformly continuous on A? What if A is a bounded
subset of R? What if A = [a, b]?
(ii) Let A, B be subsets of R. Let f : A → R and g : B → R be such that f (A) ⊂ B. If
f is uniformly continuous on A and g is uniformly continuous on B then show that
g ◦ f is uniformly continuous on A.
(iii) Let f : A → R. Suppose that there exists L > 0 and a rational number m > 0 such
that |f (x) − f (y)| ≤ L|x − y|m , for all x, y ∈ A. Show that f is uniformly continuous
on A.
(iv) Give an example of a uniform continuous function which is not Lipschitz continuous.

30. Analyze the following functions for uniform continuity.

√
(i) f (x) := x3 , x ∈ (2, 3); (ii) f (x) := sin(1/x), x ∈ (0, 1];
(iii) f (x) := 1/x2 , x ∈ (0, 1); (iv) f (x) := x3 , x ∈ R; (v) f (x) := 1/(1 + x2 ), x ∈ R.

31. Let f : [a, b] → R be continuous and one-to-one.

(i) If f (a) < f (b) then show that f is strictly increasing.

 (ii) If f (a) > f (b) then show that f is strictly decreasing.

(iii) Set I := f ([a, b]). Show that the inverse function f −1 : I → [a, b] is strictly monotone
and is continuous.

32. Suppose that f : [a, b] → R is increasing. Let c ∈ (a, b). Show that

lim f (x) = sup{f (x) : x < c} and lim+ f (x) = inf{f (x) : x > c}.
x→c− x→c

33. Let f : R → R be given by f (x) := x2 sin(x) if x 6= 0 and f (0) := 0. Show that f is

differentiable on R. Is f 0 a continuous function?

34. Let f : (a, b) → R be such that |f (x + h) − f (x)| ≤ C|h|m for all x, x + h ∈ (a, b), where C
is a constant and m > 1 is a rational number. Show that f is differentiable on (a, b) and
compute f 0 (x) for x ∈ (a, b).
f (c+h)−f (c−h)
35. If f : (a, b) → R is differentiable at c ∈ (a, b) then show that limh→0+ 2h
exists
0
and is equal to f (c). Is the converse true?

36. Let f : (a, b) → R and c ∈ (a, b). Show that the following are equivalent.

(i) f is differentiable at c.
(ii) There exists L ∈ R, δ > 0 and a function g : (−δ, δ) → R such that f (c + h) =
f (c) + Lh + hg(h) for all h ∈ (−δ, δ) and limh→0 g(h) = 0.
|f (c+h)−f (c)−Lh|
(iii) There exists L ∈ R such that limh→0 h
= 0.

37. Given g(x) := f ( 2x−1

x+1
) and f 0 (x) = sin(x2 ), compute g 0 (x).

38. Use the theorem on the derivative of inverse function to find the derivative of g(x) :=
(f (x))r , where r > 0 is rational, f is differentiable and f (x) ≥ 0.

39. Let f : [a, b] → R be differentiable. Show that f 0 has the Intermediate Value Property on
[a, b], that is, f 0 assumes all values between f 0 (a) and f 0 (b)

40. Let f ∈ C([a, b]) be differentiable on (a, b). If f (a)f (b) < 0 and f 0 (x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ (a, b),
then show that there is a unique x0 ∈ (a, b) such that f (x0 ) = 0.

41. Let p and q be real and p > 0. Show that the cubic x3 + px + q has exactly one real root.

42. For p, q ∈ R, show that the cubic x3 + px + q has three distinct real roots if and only if
4p3 + 27q 2 < 0.
43. Let n ∈ N and f : [a, b] → R be such that f (n−1) is continuous on [a, b] and f (n) exists in
(a, b). If f vanishes at n + 1 distinct points in [a, b] then show that f (n) vanishes at least
once in (a, b).
 √
√2x − x
2 0 ≤ x ≤ 21
44. Let f : [1/2, 1/2] → R be given by f (x) := Show that
−2x − x2 −1 2
≤ x ≤ 0.
f (−1/2) = f (1/2) but f 0 (x) 6= 0 for all 0 < |x| < 1/2. Does this contradict Rolles theorem?

45. Let f ∈ C([a, b]) be differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) < f (b) then show that f 0 (c) > 0 for
some c ∈ (a, b).

46. In each case, find a function f satisfying all the given conditions or else show that no such
function exists.

(i) f : R → R such that f 00 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R and f 0 (0) = 1 = f 0 (1).
(ii) f : R → R such that f 00 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R and f 0 (0) = 1, f 0 (1) = 2.
(iii) f : R → R such that f 00 (x) ≥ 0 and f 0 (0) = 1, f (x) ≤ 1 for all x < 0.

47. Let f ∈ C([a, b]) be differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = a and f (b) = b then show that there
exist distinct c1 , c2 ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c1 ) + f 0 (c2 ) = 2.

48. Let f ∈ C([a, b]) be twice differentiable on (a, b). If the line segment joining (a, f (a)) and
(b, f (b)) intersects the graph of f at (c, f (c)) for some c ∈ (a, b) then show that f 00 (x0 ) = 0
for some x0 ∈ (a, b).

49. If f 00 (c) exists then show that lim h → 0+ f (c+h)+f (c−h)−2f

h
(c)
exists and is equal to f 00 (c).
Give an example of a differentiable function on (c − δ, c + δ), for some δ > 0, for which this
limit exists but f 00 (c) does not exist.

50. Use MVT to prove the following.

π
(i) 4
< tan( π4 ) < tan( π5 ) < π
4

(ii) | sin(a) − sin(b)| ≤ |a − b|

1
√ √
(iii) 2√n+1 < n + 1 − n < 2√1 n .

a0
51. Let n+1
+ an1 + ... + a−n−1
2
+ an = 0. Show that the function a0 xn + a1 xn−1 + ... + an vanishes
at least once in (0, 1).

52. If a function f is continuous in [0,1], show that

Z 1
nf (x) π
lim 2 2
dx = f (0)
n→∞ 0 1 + n x 2
53. Let f and g be bounded and integrable on [a,b]. Prove that
Z b 2 Z b Z b
2
f (x)g(x)dx ≤ [f (x)] dx [g(x)]2 dx
a a a

Under what conditions the sign of equality holds good.

R x+c
54. If f : R → R is continues and c > 0, define g : R → R by g(x) := x−c
f (t)dt. Show that g
0
is differentiable on R and find g (x).

Rx R1
55. If f : [0, 1] → R is continuous and 0
f (t)dt = x
f (t)dt, ∀x ∈ [0, 1], show that
f (x) = 0, ∀x ∈ [0, 1].

56. Examine
Z 1 the convergence of the improper integrals Z ∞
Z 1 Z 1 ∞
sin2 x
Z
dx dx dx xdx
(i) 2
(ii) √ (iii) 2 2
(iv) (v) dx
0 x 0 1 − x2 0 x (1 + x ) 0 (1 + x)3 0 x2