STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Felix V. Garde, Jr.

April 1, 2019

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 1 / 27

Whitney Formula - Compression-Controlled Section

fc0 bh A0s fy
Pn = +
3he e 1
+ 1.18 +
d2 d − d0 2
This equation is known as Whitney
formula for symmetrical steel with no
correction for concrete displaced by
compression steel.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 2 / 27

Whitney Formula - Compression-Controlled Section
The Whitney formula can be expressed in terms of dimensionless ratio by letting

Ag = bh
d
ξ=
h
As = A0s (symmtrical reinforcement)
2A0s
ρg =
Ag
d − d0
γ=
h
then,
 
f0 ρg fy
  c
 
Pn = A g 
 +    
3 e 2 e 
+ 1.18 + 1
ξ2 h γ h

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 3 / 27

Approximate Formula - Rectangular Section having e > eb
Tension-Controlled Section:

 s 
2
e0 e0 d0 e0 
    
Pn = 0.85fc0 bd −ρ + 1 − + 1− + 2ρ (m − 1) 1 − +
 d d d d 

where
fy
m=
0.85fc0
As
ρ=
bd
0 A0s
ρ =
bd

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 4 / 27

Design of Short Column

Design categories for strength of section under combined axial Variation of strength with gross concrete area, assuming

compression and moment. constant percentage of steel reinforcement.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 5 / 27

Design of Short Column

Effect of column type on shape of interaction diagram.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 6 / 27

Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Design procedure for short column subjected to uniaxial bending using interaction
diagrams. For a given factored load Pu and Mu :
1. Select the material properties, trial size, and trial reinforcement ratio ρg .
The most economical range for ρg is from 1 to 2%.

Pu
Ag(trial) ≥
0.40(fc0 + fy ρg )

2. Compute γ.
3. Use interaction diagrams to determine ρg .
4. Check the maximum load capacity.
5. Select the ties.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 7 / 27

Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Design procedure for short column subjected to uniaxial bending using interaction
diagrams. For a given factored load Pu and equivalent eccentricity e = Mu /Pu :
1. Select the reinforcement ratio ρg .
2. Choose the trial value of h and calculate e/h and γ.
3. From the corresponding graph, read Kn = Pu /(φfc0 Ag ) and calculate the
required Ag .
4. Calculate b = Ag /h
5. Revise the trial value of h if necessary
6. Calculate the total steel area Ast = ρg bh.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 8 / 27

Example
1. Design a square tied-column cross section containing about 2% reinforcement
to support a dead load axial compression of 770 kN and a bending moment
of 68 kN-moment, and live load axial compression of 503 kN and bending
moment of 33 kN-m. Use fc0 = 30 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.
1 Tied column with bars in two faces.

2 Tied column with bars in four faces.

Solution:
a. Tied column with bars in two faces.
Pu = 1.4PD
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL
Pu = 1, 728.8 kN
and
Mu = 1.4PD
Mu = 1.2MD + 1.6ML
Mu = 134.4 kN · m
Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 9 / 27
Assume, φ = 0.65 (compression-controlled section)
Mu Pu
e= = 77.7 mm and Pn = = 2, 659.69 kN
Pu φ
Using Whitney-Formula: Compression-controlled section
 
f0 ρg fy
  c
 
Pn = A g 
 +    
3 e 2 e 
+ 1.18 + 1
ξ2 h γ h

where, assumptions:

Ag = bh ξ = 0.90
d γ = 0.65
ξ= e
h = 0.20
2A0s h
ρg =
Ag given:
d − d0
γ= ρg = 0.02
h
Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 10 / 27
 Substitute the parameters above and
solve for Ag , then

Ag = 129, 290.48 mm2

The cross sectional area Ag = bh. For

square section, Ag = b2 or Ag = h2 , thus

b = h = 359.571 mm

Try, 400 mm × 400 mm

Ast = ρbh
= 3200 mm2

Select bars: Try: 25mmφ

Ast
No. of bars = = 6.52
A25φ

Try: 8 − 25 mmφ for symmetry

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 11 / 27
 Check the design axial capacity of the
section with e = 77.7 mm.
Assume,

εs < εy , ε0s ≥ εy

Apply equilibrium requirements, then

Pn = Cc + Cs − T

and
   
h a h 0
Pn × e = Cc − + Cs −d
2 2 2
 
h
+T d−
2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 12 / 27

 Solving the two equations simultaneously,

c = 332.299 mm

verify assumptions
fy
εy = = 0.002
Es
εs = 0.0000244 < εy
ε0s = 0.00241 > εy

Calculate strength reduction factor, φ

εt = εs = 0.0000244 < 0.0020

therefore,

φ = 0.65

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 13 / 27

 Substituting calculated quantities into
equation above,

Pn = 3609.402 kN

Using strength reduction factor, calculate

the design axial capacity φPn

φPn = 0.65 × 3609.402 kN

= 2346.11 kN

since,

φPn = 2346.11 kN > Pu = 1, 728.8 kN OK!

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 14 / 27

 b. Tied column with bars in four faces.

Pu = 1, 728.8 kN ; Mu = 134.4 kN · m ; e = 77.7 mm

e
The steel ratio is ρ = 0.02. Let = 0.15 and γ = 0.75. Using the graph below,
h

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 15 / 27

 From the graph,
φPn
≈ 2.05 ksi
bh
or
φMn
≈ 0.31 ksi
bh2
Try, 400 mm × 400 mm, then

Ast = ρbh
= 3200 mm2

Select bars: Try: 25mmφ

Ast
No. of bars = = 6.52
A25φ

Try: 8 − 25 mmφ for symmetry

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 16 / 27

 Check the design axial capacity of the
section with e = 77.7 mm.
Assume,

εs < εy , ε0s1 ≥ εy , ε0s2 < εy

Apply equilibrium requirements, then

Pn = Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 − T

and
   
h a h
Pn × e = Cc − + Cs1 − d0
2 2 2
 
h
+T d−
2

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 17 / 27

 Solving the two equations simultaneously,

c = 316.971 mm

verify assumptions
fy
εy = = 0.002
Es
εs = 0.000171 < εy
ε0s1 = 0.00238 > εy
ε0s2 = 0.0011 < εy

Calculate strength reduction factor, φ

εt = εs = 0.000171 < 0.0020

therefore,

φ = 0.65

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 18 / 27

 Substituting calculated quantities into
equation above,

Pn = 3459.04 kN

Using strength reduction factor, calculate

the design axial capacity φPn

φPn = 0.65 × 3459.04 kN

= 2248.37 kN

since,

φPn = 2248.37 kN > Pu = 1, 728.8 kN OK!

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 19 / 27

 Determine the spacing of lateral ties.
Try: 10 mmφ

48 × 10 mm = 480 mm

s = 16 × 25 mm = 400 mm

least dimension = 400 mm


Use: s = 400 mm

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 20 / 27

 END OF PRESENTATION

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2019 21 / 27