GENERAL BIOLOGY I
TEST I
REVIEW
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 1 of 15)
BE ABLE TO DEFINE
• Biology
• The study of life
• Hypothesis
• A proposed explanation of a natural phenomenon, must be testable
and falsifiable
• Alternative Hypothesis
• The opposite of the hypothesis
• Theory
• A hypothesis that has stood the test of time, and has a large amount of
supporting evidence
• Testable
• Quantifiable, measurable
• Falsifiable
• Can be disproven
• Eukaryote
• Has cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Prokaryote
• Cells have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 2 of 15)
BE ABLE TO DEFINE
• Proton
• Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. (Mass = 1 amu)
• Neutron
• Non charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. (Mass = 1 amu)
• Electron
• Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.
• Electron Orbital
• The area where an electron may be found
• Hydrophilic
• Will mix with water (polar)
• Hydrophobic
• Repels water (non-polar)
• DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid, used for storing information in a cell
• RNA
• Ribonucleic Acid, used to carry information to be processed and
turned into protein
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 3 of 15)
BE ABLE TO DEFINE
• Nucleotide
• A nitrogenous base acid + A 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) + a
phosphate group, building blocks of DNA and RNA
• Positive Feedback
• A cycle in which one signal triggers increase in another, which increases the
original signal. System output increases until system crashes. i.e. childbirth
• Negative Feedback
• One signal triggers increase of another, which decreases the original signal,
Maintains balance. i.e. insulin and glucagon
• Artificial Selection
• Selection by humans for specific traits in animals or plants
• Natural Selection
• Selection by the environment for certain traits in animals or plants
• Common Descent
• All things are descended from a common ancestor, i.e. all species evolved
from one organism
• Solvent
• What a chemical is dissolved in, usually water
• Solute
• What is being dissolved
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 4 of 15)
BE ABLE TO DEFINE
• Photosynthetic
• Uses photons (sunlight) to make food, i.e. makes glucose via photosynthesis
• Heterotrophic
• Uses existing sources of food, i.e. eats other things
• Isotope
• An atom of a given element with extra neutrons (extra mass) in its nucleus
• Trace Element
• Elements that make up less than .01% of human body weight
• Atomic Number
• The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus, defines the element
• Atomic Mass
• The mass of protons and neutrons in an atom
• Calorie
• The heat required to raise one gram of water one degree centigrade.
• Metric unit of Energy.
• Kilocalorie
• 1000 Calories
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 5 of 15)
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
• What are the characteristics that distinguish a living
organism from a non-living substance?
• Order, Evolutionary adaptation, Response to environment,
Regulation (or homeostasis), Energy processing, Growth,
Development, Reproduction
• Know the scientific method.
• Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment
• What did the Pasteur experiment prove?
• No spontaneous generation
• Know the order of the hierarchy of life
• Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism,
population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere.
• Be able to define each term and give examples
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 6 of 15)
THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE
Examples (where relevant use Define
plant and animal examples)
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 7 of 15)
THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE
Examples (where relevant use Define
plant and animal examples)
Atom Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Smallest unit of matter
Molecule Water (H20) Carbon Dioxide (C02) Two or more atoms held together by
covalent bond(s)
Organelle Mitochondria, chloroplast a membrane bound structure; like
nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplast
Cell animal cell, plant cell Basic or smallest unit of life
Tissue skin or heart muscle tissue A group of cells with one function
Organ heart A group of tissues with one function.
Organism a single person, a single Zebra a single organism
Population number of Zebras in a certain area Organisms of one species in an area.
Community All the animals and plants in a forest all populations of all species in one
particular area
Ecosystem The Ocean, Artic, or Desert Ecosystem all biotic (living) and abiotic (non-
living) factors that interact with the
biotic in an area.
Biosphere The Earth or maybe northern and southern all ecosystems on earth or global
hemisphere ecosystem
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 8 of 15)
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
• How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
• One way
• What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all ecosystems?
• The sun
• What are an ion, element, and a molecule?
• Ion: an atom with a different number of electrons, a charged atom
• Element: A pure substance, made of only one type of atom
• Molecule: Two or more atoms bound together
• What part of the atom defines an element?
• The number of protons
• Which four elements comprise 96% of the human body?
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
• What is a hydrogen bond?
• A dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen and either Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Fluorine.
• What is an ionic bond?
• A bond between two atoms, where electrons are transferred from one atom to the other
• What is a covalent bond?
• A bond between two atoms, where electrons are shared between both atoms
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 9 of 15)
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
• What is a polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bond?
• Polar covalent bonds are bonds between two non-metals of
different electronegativities.
• Nonpolar covalent bonds are bonds between two non-metals
of the same electronegativities.
• When differences in electronegativities is very small the bond is
considered to be nonpolar.
• Which carries the partial negative and which carries the
partial positive charge in water?
• Oxygen carries the partial negative,
Hydrogen carries the partial positive
• In addition to oxygen-hydrogen bond, nitrogen-
hydrogen bond is
• polar
• The carbon-hydrogen bond is
• non-polar
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 10 of 15)
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
• What is the pH scale?
• A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions present in
a substance, it represents the acidity of the solution.
• What magnitude of [H] or [OH] does each number
represent?
• pH = -log[H]
• Therefore each number is a magnitude of ten.
• How much more acidic is pH 6 than pH 7?
• 10 times more acidic
• How much more acidic is pH 4 than pH 7?
• 1000 times more acidic
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 11 of 15)
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
• Be able to identify whether a molecule is positive or
negative based on whether oxygen or hydrogen is
attracted to it.
• If Oxygen is attracted to a molecule then the molecule is
positive
• If Hydrogen is attracted to a molecule then the molecule is
negative.
• What is the order of taxonomy from kingdom to
species?
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species;
• keep piling chocolate on for goodness sake
• What are the characteristics of the three domains
and the characteristics of kingdoms of Eukarya?
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 12 of 15)
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE DOMAINS
AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOMS OF EUKARYA?
Example organism Characteristics of Domain (and
then kingdom of Eukarya)
Domain = Archaea
Domain = Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom = Protista
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom =Animalia
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom =Plantae
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom =Fungi
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 13 of 15)
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE DOMAINS
AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOMS OF EUKARYA?
Example organism Characteristics of Domain (and
then kingdom of Eukarya)
Domain = Archaea Thermophile or Halophile Live in extreme environments
(Salt and Heat for example)
Domain = Bacteria E. Coli Prokaryotes, meaning they do
not have membrane bound
organelles. Also true bacteria
have a peptidoglycan cell wall.
Domain Eukarya Paramecium, Human, multicellular organisms
Sunflower, Mushrooms
Domain Eukarya Paramecium single celled organisms
Kingdom = Protista
Domain Eukarya Cheetah, Whale, Human multicellular eukaryotic
heterotrophic organisms that
ingest organic materials.
Kingdom =Animalia
Domain Eukarya Oak Tree, Sunflower multicellular eukaryotic
photosynthetic organisms
Kingdom =Plantae
Domain Eukarya Mushrooms multicellular heterotroph that
digests externally
Kingdom =Fungi
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 14 of 15)
Questions
Prepared by
K. Martin & A. Bhatia (Peer Tutors) & D. Leonard (Learning Specialist)
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College
[Link]
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 15 of 15)