Fundamental Sound Theory
A talk / lecture by
Stavros Didakis (PhDc, MA, BSc)
sdidakis@[Link]
[Link]-didakis@[Link]
[Link]
Sound
Theory
Sound...
1.
Consists
a
natural
energy,
which
can
be
measured
(acous:c
energy)
2.
Is
transmi>ed
in
sine
waves
3.
Is
transmi>ed
faster
in
solid
objects,
then
in
liquids,
and
in
air.
Sound
Theory
From
the
impact
with
an
object
(i.e.
drum)
a
sound
wave
is
created.
Sound
creates
compression
and
decompression
in
the
air
molecules,
pushing
them
opposite
from
to
the
original
source.
Acous:c
energy
consists
of
pressure
waves
that
travel
through
air
but
also
through
other
liquid
and
solid
materials
(except
space/air
void).
Sound
Theory
Sound
Parameters
Amplitude
(α)
The
maximum
devia:ons
or
aberra:ons
(the
highest
points)
either
posi:ve
or
nega:ve
above
and
below
the
zero
line
at
a
par:cular
:me,
is
called
range
or
amplitude
of
a
sound
wave
and
is
measured
in
decibels
(dB).
Sound
Theory
Sound
Parameters
Frequency
(f)
The
number
of
cycles
performed
during
one
second
from
the
vibra:ons
of
a
sound
source
is
called
wave
frequency,
and
is
measure
in
Hertz
(Hz).
Sound
Theory
Sound
Parameters
Speed/Velocity
(C)
Sound
speed
is
affected
by
temperature,
air
density,
wind
speed,
humidity,
and
is
measured
in
meters
per
second
(m/sec)
At
sea
level
with
20
Celsius
degrees,
the
sound
velocity
is
calculated
to
be
more
or
less
sta:c
at:
340
meters
per
second
Sound
Theory
Sound
Parameters
(4)
Wave
length
(λ)
Is
the
distance
between
corresponding
points
in
adjacent
circles,
and
it
is
measured
in
meters
(m).
The
lower
the
frequency,
the
bigger
the
wave
length
is.
The
higher
the
frequency,
the
shorter
the
wave
length
is.
Sound
Theory
Analogue
Sound
Acous:c
Energy
–
Mechanical
Energy
–
Electrical
Energy
Sound
Theory
Analogue
Sound
Acous:c
Energy
–
Mechanical
Energy
–
Electric
Energy
Internal
parts
of
a
microphone
Sound
Theory
Analogue
Sound
Electrical
Energy
–
Mechanical
Energy
–
Acous:c
Energy
Internal
parts
of
a
speaker
Sound
Theory
Digital
Sound
Analog
to
Digital
Conversion
Digital
to
Analog
Conversion
Sampling
Rate
Nyquist
Theorem
Quan:za:on
Bit
Rate
Sound
Theory
Digital
Sound
1
2
3
4
Microphone
ADC
Computer
DAC
Speakers
Convert
acous:c
energy
to
mechanical
1
Convert
mechanical
energy
to
electrical
2
Convert
analogue
signal
to
digital
3
Convert
digital
signal
to
analogue
Convert
electrical
energy
to
mechanical
4
Convert
mechanical
energy
to
acous:c
Sound
Theory
Digital
Sound
Sample
Rate
Collec:on
of
analogue
electrical
signal
samples
based
on
the
sample
rate
of
the
ADC
converter.
Larger
sample
rate
results
in
be>er
sound
reconstruc:on.
Sound
Theory
Digital
Sound
Nyquist
Theorem
“If
the
larger
frequency
value
of
an
analogue
signal
is
X,
then
the
digital
reconstruc:on
of
this
signal
has
to
have
at
least
X*2
digital
samples”
Thus,
if
our
signal
has
a
maximum
frequency
of
20,000
Hertz
(20kHz),
then
the
sampling
rate
has
to
have
at
least
40,000
Hertz
(40
kHz).
Alterna:vely
“fake”
frequencies
appear
in
the
digital
sound,
also
known
as
alias
frequencies
that
affect
the
result.
Sound
Theory
Digital
Sound
Quan?za?on
Quan:za:on
is
a
digital
process
that
tries
to
match
as
close
as
possible
the
amplitude
of
the
analogue
signal
(decibels)
in
digital
samples.
This
process
is
done
with
the
use
of
binary
digit
rates.
The
higher
the
bit
rate,
the
more
accurate
is
the
reconstruc:on
of
the
original
signal.
Bit
Rates:
2^2
/
2^4
/
2^8
/
2^16
/
2^24
/
Sound
Theory
Digital
Sound
Sampling
Rates
&
Bit
Depth
Standards
Sampling
Rate
(kHz)
Applica4on
44.1
CD
48
DV
Tape,
DVD
96
DVD-‐V
192
DVD-‐A
Bit-‐Depth
(Bit)
Quan4za4on
Resolu4on
Applica4on
4
16
-‐
8
256
Internet
16
65,536
CD,
DV
Tape
24
16,777,216
DVD-‐V,
DVD-‐A
Stavros Didakis (PhDc, MA, BSc)
sdidakis@[Link]
[Link]-didakis@[Link]
[Link]