Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg.

Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration

processes
Table of Contents
Preparatory Notes to Instructor ................................................................................... 2
Session Notes............................................................................................................. 6
Introduction to DDR .................................................................................................... 6
What is DDR? ............................................................................................................. 6
The UN Approach to DDR........................................................................................... 7
DISARMAMENT ......................................................................................................... 8
DEMOBILIZATION.................................................................................................... 10
REINSERTION ......................................................................................................... 12
REINTEGRATION .................................................................................................... 13
Participants, Beneficiaries and Actors....................................................................... 16
Military component contribution ................................................................................ 23
Learning Activity: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes
exercise: role playing ................................................................................................ 28
Definition of Disarmament, Demobilization, Reinsertion, Reintegration .................... 29
Section 1.4 Learning Outcome Assessment ............................................................. 30
Questions.................................................................................................................. 30
Annex 1: UN documents and legal instruments guiding DDR ................................... 31

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 2 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

Preparatory Notes to Instructor

Background

Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) plays an important role in

post-conflict efforts to prevent the resurgence of armed conflict and the creation of
conditions necessary for sustainable peace and longer term development. It forms
part of a broader post-conflict peacebuilding agenda which may include measures to
address small arms and light weapons (SALW), mine action activities or efforts to
redress past crimes and promote reconciliation through transitional justice.
In the typical operational environment in which United Nations (UN) peacekeeping
missions take place, the primary contribution by the military component of a mission
to the peacekeeping operation’s DDR program is to provide security. The military
component could also contribute through the gathering and distributing of information
specifically related to a DDR program, as well as by monitoring and reporting on
security issues. Specialist military ammunition and weapons expertise could
contribute to the technical aspects of disarmament. If spare capacity is available,
military capabilities could also be utilized to provide various aspects of logistical
support, including camp construction, communications, transport and health.
Essential to the successful employment of any military capability in a DDR program is
that it be included in planning, be part of the endorsed mission operational
requirement, be specifically mandated and be properly resourced.

Aim

The aim of this section is to provide Military Experts on Mission (MEoMs) with the
basic information that will enable them to:
• Understand the scope of DDR processes and programs
• Apply this knowledge in their roles and tasks in the facilitation of the
applicable phases and processes of such programs

Learning Outcomes

On completion of this section, participants will be able to:

• Understand the UN approach to DDR
• Identify the participants, beneficiaries and actors of DDR
• Understand the Military component contribution to DDR programs

Training Sequence
The material contained in this module could be delivered over one training unit,
depending on the number of learning activities upon the instructor decides to

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 3

incorporate. The instructor can modify the duration to suit national training
requirements and reflect the subject matter comprehension level of the
participants/learners.

This module should be delivered in conjunction with or with due attention to the
module on Basic UN Verification and Investigation Techniques.

Duration

The times shown below are the minimum recommended time periods. Additional
activities and discussions can be added as time permits.
Minimum Session Time Lecture/Presentation Questions/Discussion Session Activities
60 minutes 45 min. Presentation of
10 min.
examples: 5

Additional Options Mission Specific Optional Film Optional Activity

45 min for role playing Time to be determined
Training Activity: 45
activity by necessary content

Methodology

Participants should be fully involved in the learning process through question and
answer sessions, examples, brainstorming sessions, etc.
The instructor should inform participants of the content, format and timing. Knowing
what to expect, participants can improve their ability to focus on the subject and
benefit to a greater extent from the session.
Instructors are highly recommended to distribute the handout to participants the day
before the session to give them the necessary time to prepare the session’s topics.

Structure of the presentation

• Introduction to DDR
• The UN approach to DDR
• Participants, Beneficiaries and Partners
• The Military Component Contribution

*Please Note: It is up to the learning institution to decide whether the learning

assessment questions are used informally in a group question and answer session,
or if they are provided to the participants as a written quiz. In either case, it is
recommended that the correct answers be provided at the end of the assessment in
order to ensure participants are clear on the key messages.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 4 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

Instructors are encouraged to add examples and mission-specific information related

to the specific deployment of participants, if known.

Instructor Profile

This module is best presented by an instructor who has experience in DDR

processes – ideally a Staff Officer or MEoM who served in a UN peacekeeping
mission with a DDR mandate. If there is more than one instructor, at least one should
have practical experience. The instructor should also encourage questions from the
participants and aim for an interactive discussion. All trainees should be encouraged
to contribute to the group discussions, case study discussions and in any other
activity.

Instructor Preparations

Required Readings
• UN Peacekeeping Operations, Principles and Guidelines
• UN DPKO/DFS Guidelines; Roles and Training Standards for UN Military
Experts on Mission, 2009
• Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards 1
August 2006
ƒ Module 1.10 Introduction to the IDDRS
ƒ Module 2.10 The UN Approach to DR
ƒ Module 2.30 Participants, Beneficiaries and Partners
ƒ Module 4.40 UN Military Roles and Responsibilities

General Preparations
Equipment:
1. Computer and section Power Point slides
2. Projector and Screen
3. Flip chart

Materials:
1. Print handouts of Section 1.4 slides. It is suggested that the handouts
are printed in the 3 slides per page format.
2. Print handouts of :
• Elements of DDR
• Annex 1: UN documents and legal instruments guiding DDR

Mission Specific

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 5

If Section 1.4 is being presented to prepare participants for a particular UN

peacekeeping mission, then gather mission specific information from the
mission website (available at the UN DPKO internet website, through ‘current
operations’: [Link] Additional mission
specific information is available at the UN DPKO Policy and Training internet
website:
[Link]

Symbols Legend

) Note to the instructor

> Speaking Points

A point where the session will benefit from mission specific information

Example (stories that illustrate a point)

Sample questions to pose to participants

‡ Handout

š Film

Learning activity

Optional learning activity available at the end of the section

³ Key summary points

Note: Questions commonly asked by participants during this session are listed at the
end of the section.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 6 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

Session Notes

Introduction to DDR
Slide 1
SECTION 1.4: DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND
REINTEGRATION PROCESSES

Aim Slide 2
The aim of this section is to provide Military Experts on Mission with
the basic information that will enable them to:
• Understand the scope of DDR processes and programs
• Apply this knowledge in their roles and tasks in the facilitation
of the applicable phases and processes of such programs

Slide 3
Learning Outcome
On completion of this section, participants will be able to:
• Understand the UN approach to DDR
• Identify the participants, beneficiaries and actors of DDR
• Understand the Military component contribution to DDR

) Note to Instructor: Introduce the session by letting participants know the

intended learning outcomes of this section, as shown in the slide above. By the
end of the session, participants will be able to answer each of the above points.
> The aim of this section is to provide peacekeepers with the basic information
that will enable them to understand the full scope of DDR processes and
programs and apply their knowledge in their roles and tasks in the various
phases and processes of such programs.

What is DDR?
Slide 4
What is DDR?
The DDR of ex-combatants is a complex process, with political,
military, security, humanitarian and socio-economic dimensions.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 7

> What is DDR?

The objective of the DDR process is to contribute to security and stability in
post-conflict environments so that recovery and development can begin. The
DDR of ex-combatants is a complex process, with political, military, security,
humanitarian and socio-economic dimensions.

DDR aims to deal with the post-conflict security problem that arises when ex-
combatants are left without livelihoods or support networks - other than their
former comrades - during the vital transition period from conflict to peace and
development. Through a process of removing weapons from the hands of
combatants, taking the combatants out of military structures and helping them
to integrate socially and economically into society, DDR seeks to support ex-
combatants so that they can become active participants in the peace process.

> Technical language

The UN uses the concept and abbreviation ‘DDR’ as an all-inclusive term that
includes related activities, such as repatriation, rehabilitation and reconciliation
that aim to achieve sustainable reintegration.

The UN Approach to DDR

Slide 5
The UN Approach to DDR
DDR is based on a set of principles for planning and implementing
integrated DDR processes to guarantee coordination and synergy in
these processes among all UN actors.

> The UN Approach to DDR

Integrated disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is part of the
United Nations (UN) system’s multidimensional approach to post-conflict peace-
building and reconstruction. It is based on a set of principles for planning and
implementing integrated DDR processes and concrete mechanisms to
guarantee coordination and synergy in these processes among all UN actors.

DDR within multidimensional UN peacekeeping

Slide 6
DDR within multidimensional UN peacekeeping
Integrated DDR originates from various parts of the UN’s core
mandate, as set out in the Charter of the UN, particularly the areas of
peace and security, economic and social development, human rights,
and humanitarian support.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 8 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

> DDR within multidimensional UN peacekeeping

Integrated DDR originates from various parts of the UN’s core mandate, as set
out in the Charter of the UN, particularly the areas of peace and security,
economic and social development, human rights, and humanitarian support. UN
departments, agencies, programs and funds are uniquely able to support
integrated DDR processes within multidimensional peacekeeping operations,
providing such operations with breadth of scope, neutrality, impartiality and
capacity-building through the sharing of technical DDR skills. Annex 2 provides
an overview of the UN’s mandate and the international legal documents that
define how DDR programs normally operate within a peacekeeping context.
DDR should also be linked to broader SSR, including judicial, police and military
restructuring.

Elements of DDR

Elements of DDR Slide 7

• DISARMAMENT
• DEMOBILIZATION
• REINSERTION
• REINTEGRATION

> Elements of DDR

The Secretary-General in his May 2005 note to the General Assembly
(A/C.5/59/31) defines the elements of DDR as set out in the box below. These
definitions are also used for drawing up budgets where UN Member States
have agreed to fund the disarmament and demobilization (including reinsertion)
phases of DDR from the peacekeeping assessed budget.

DISARMAMENT

DISARMAMENT Slide 8

Collection, documentation, control and disposal of small arms,

ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons of combatants
and often also of the civilian population.

> DISARMAMENT is the collection, documentation, control and disposal of small

arms, ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons of combatants and
often also of the civilian population. Disarmament also includes the
development of responsible arms management programs.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 9

How is Disarmament done?

How is Disarmament done? Slide 9

• Targeted groups
• Foreign irregulars
• Disarmament of police
• Mine clearance
• Disarmament by a neutral party
• The collection of weapons
• Light weapons

> Targeted groups. Potential target categories for disarmament include

government forces, opposition forces, civil defense forces, irregular armed
groups and armed individuals, as well as foreign forces and their weapons.

> Foreign irregulars who are to be escorted out of the country by international
monitors should be subject to the same disarmament requirements as nationals
under arms.

> Disarmament of police may not be accepted by all parties in a conflict. Other
methods of police disarmament must also be examined, and neutral ground
established to make it feasible.

For the past decades, United Nations peace operations have been deployed in
countries where internal civil conflicts are being waged with large numbers of
small arms and light weapons. Such conflicts have caused millions of deaths,
90 per cent of which were of civilians. Half of those civilians were children.
Several million have been disabled and many millions more made homeless by
the conflicts. Traditional inter-State armed conflicts have decreased and intra-
State armed conflicts (civil wars), together with crime-related conflicts and urban
violence, have increased. The weapons causing the majority of casualties and
suffering are small arms and light weapons.

> Mine clearance or demining also constitutes an important component of

disarmament.

Disarmament is normally done before entering a cantonment or holding area to

ensure safety. Please note that disposition of such heavy weapons as artillery,
tanks and planes is usually specified in the peace agreement and may be
monitored by United Nations military personnel.

The main reason for disarmament of combatants and civilians is to restore the
power monopoly of the State. Weapons distributed by warring factions and
militias have often created a situation in which no group is able to control the
use of arms.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 10 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

> Disarmament by a neutral party can only be conducted if all parties to the
conflict agree on disarmament of their combatants and civilians.

If either regular or irregular forces are disbanded, disarmament is an essential

first step of demobilization.

> The collection of weapons from civilians and militias is often conducted to
reduce the number of arms circulating in a territory or country after armed
conflict has ceased.

> Light weapons can be found in households, even years after the end of a
conflict. Experience from many countries shows that possession of such
weapons still leads to a high number of fatal shootings and that these weapons
are used in household and community violence.

DEMOBILIZATION

DEMOBILIZATION Slide 10

Is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from

armed forces or other armed groups.

> DEMOBILIZATION is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants

from armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may
extend from the processing of individual combatants in temporary centers to the
massing of troops in camps designated for this purpose (cantonment sites,
encampments, assembly areas or barracks). The second stage of
demobilization encompasses the support package provided to the demobilized,
which is called reinsertion.

> The process of demobilization is varied; it can be transitionary or conducted at

purpose-built cantonments in time frames ranging from 5 to 10 days to longer
periods of up to 6 months, depending on the nature of the conflict and the
peace accord. It is frequently phased so that not all troops or guerrillas enter the
process at the same time. Encampment may be employed for massing troops
together in designated camps or barracks. They are registered, screened and
processed in the camps for reintegration programs to begin their transition into
civilian life - which may or may not begin immediately after the combatants have
been demobilized and discharged.

> Combatants may or may not receive benefits or some form of compensation
and other assistance to encourage their transition to civilian life. Their
“transitionary support allowance” covers subsistence and may include a

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 11

transportation voucher to allow them to return to their home regions.

Demobilization takes place on a set time scale with benefits that are equivalent
to but not the same as those for rural or urban reintegration.

> When accommodation for demobilized soldiers is being prepared, United

Nations peacekeepers may be called on to assist and guide the contractors
undertaking the work for security and safety reasons. Different names may be
used for the temporary housing areas, such as cantonment site, encampment
site, quartering area, assembly area or verification centre. The United Nations
has recently adopted integrated DDR standards (IDDRS; reference 119) in an
attempt to standardize the terminology and approach in DDR programs.

> Experience has shown that if sufficient resources are not made available,
demobilization and reintegration are hard to achieve. Getting sufficient donor
funding for reintegration programs and the creation of jobs is a difficult task.

Photo - Left: Camp established for disarmed combatants. Right: Camp under
construction.
Demobilization Camps Slide 11

> Ex-combatants come from a range of political and economic backgrounds.

Reinsertion programs with briefings, counseling and training should take into
account different personal situations and offer targeted assistance for return to
civilian life.
> Effectiveness of the demobilization process chiefly depends on the period of
encampment, program goals, combatants’ expectations and appropriate design
of programs. Even a plan for short encampment should have a contingency
plan and a budget for activities, because of the inevitability of unplanned delays.
Planned activities help make encampment more productive and are key to
preventing boredom and disillusionment, limiting frustration and lessening the
risk of mutiny, riots and self-demobilization.

DEMOBILIZATION Slide 12

• Sports, recreation, entertainment

• Education
• Vocational skills and agricultural training
• Job counseling and referral

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 12 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

> Sports, recreation, entertainment. Key programs on the encampment agenda

involve sports and recreation. The DDR experience in Mozambique, for
example, demonstrated that the budgetary investments in local cultural
activities, music, dance, drama and even soccer balls were low in cost yet
yielded high returns.

> Education. Classes in basic literacy and arithmetic, national language and
country-based information (geography, population and environment) help
prepare for reintegration.

The shorter the demobilization phase, the better the chances of a smooth
integration of combatants into civilian life. There are however, situations in
which, for political reasons, combatants have to remain in demobilization sites
for several months or a year. This time can be used for skills training. Such
programs should be linked to reintegration measures.

> Vocational skills and agricultural training help prepare for reintegration and
affirm the commitment of the government and international community to the
ex-combatants’ welfare.

> Job counseling and referral enable vocational skills, capacity and aptitude to
be assessed; ex-combatants to investigate their prospects; and referrals for
employment and social services.

Not all ex-combatants need everything. A good screening process can be a

cost-effective means of achieving processing objectives. The goal should be to
create circumstances whereby the ex-combatant becomes independent and
self-sustaining.

REINSERTION

REINSERTION Slide 13

Is the assistance offered to ex-combatants during demobilization but

prior to the longer-term process of reintegration.

> REINSERTION is the assistance offered to ex-combatants during

demobilization but prior to the longer-term process of reintegration. Reinsertion
is a form of transitional assistance to help cover the basic needs of ex-
combatants and their families and can include transitional safety allowances,
food, clothes, shelter, medical services, short-term education, training,
employment and tools. While reintegration is a long-term, continuous social and
economic process of development, reinsertion is short-term material and/or
financial assistance to meet immediate needs, and can last up to one year.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 13

REINTEGRATION

REINTEGRATION Slide 14

Is the process by which ex-combatants acquire civilian status and gain

sustainable employment and income.

> REINTEGRATION is the process by which ex-combatants acquire civilian

status and gain sustainable employment and income. Reintegration is
essentially a social and economic process with an open time-frame, primarily
taking place in communities at the local level. It is part of the general
development of a country and a national responsibility, and often necessitates
long-term external assistance.

> Types of assistance. In most demobilization and reintegration programs, ex-

combatants receive some form of material and financial assistance before
leaving the cantonment sites. The principal objective of such aid packages is to
assist the ex-combatants in their initial transition from a military to a civilian
environment.

Because the political, social and economic environment differs from country to
country and sometimes from region to region, there cannot be a blueprint for
the content of an ideal aid package that supports resettlement of ex-
combatants. All resettlement efforts, however, should include provisions for
some form of aid package to help ex-combatants in starting their civilian life.
The package should directly relate to such immediate, day-to-day needs as
food, clothing, shelter, transportation and education.

Example

Examples of resettlement aid packages:

Mozambique
♦ Civilian clothing
♦ Payment coupons for an additional 18 months of financial support in the
resettlement area
♦ Transport subsidy
♦ Rations for 2 weeks
♦ Seeds and agriculture tools

Nicaragua
♦ Rice and beans for a 7-month period
♦ Civilian clothing for ex-combatants and dependants

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 14 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

♦ Housing materials
♦ Cooking utensils
♦ Agricultural tools
♦ Cash payments of US$ 50.00

> Reintegration programs. Different types of vocational training may be

conducted according to the availability of resources: mechanics, farming,
sewing, carpentry and computer training. Vocational (job) training in different
fields is important at the level of both the individual and his or her country.

Who is DDR for?

Slide 15
Who is DDR for?
• Male and female adult combatants
• Children associated with armed forces and groups
• Those working in non-combat roles (including women)
• Ex-combatants with disabilities and chronic illnesses
• Dependants

> Who is DDR for?

There are five categories of people that should be taken into consideration in
DDR programs:
• Male and female adult combatants
• Children associated with armed forces and groups
• Those working in non-combat roles (including women)
• Ex-combatants with disabilities and chronic illnesses
• Dependants

> While provisions should be made for the inclusion of the first four groups in DDR
programs, the fifth group may, depending on resources and local
circumstances, be included in the reintegration phase of DDR. National
institutions will generally determine policy on the direct benefits this group will
receive during reintegration.
> Civilians and civil society groups in communities to which members of the
abovementioned groups will return need to be consulted during the planning
and design phase of DDR programs, as well as informed and supported in order
to assist them to receive ex-combatants and their dependants during the
reintegration phase.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 15

What are the key characteristics of DDR?

Slide 16
What are the key characteristics of DDR?
• People-centered
• Flexible, accountable and transparent
• Nationally owned
• Integrated
• Well planned

> What are the key characteristics of DDR?

The basic qualities that characterize UN DDR programs and activities are
discussed in this section. All UN DDR programs shall be: people-centered;
flexible, accountable and transparent; nationally owned; integrated; and well
planned.

> People-centered
UN programs shall be established taking into consideration:
• Criteria for participation/eligibility
• Inclusivity
• Gender equality
• Unconditional release and protection of children
• Human rights and humanitarian law and principles

> Flexible, accountable and transparent

Each UN or UN-supported DDR program shall strive to remain:
• Flexible and context-specific in approach
• Accountable and transparent
• Flexible, sustainable and transparent in funding arrangements

> Nationally owned

The primary responsibility for the successful outcome of DDR programs rests
with national and local actors, and national stakeholders are responsible for
planning, coordinating and running institutions set up to manage different
aspects of the peace agreement. However, because national capacity is
usually weak in post-conflict settings, it must be systematically developed, as
follows:
• Creating national institutional capacity: A primary role of the UN is to
supply technical assistance, training and financial support to national
authorities to establish credible, capable, representative and
sustainable national institutions and programs.
• Finding implementing partners: Besides national institutions, civil
society is a key partner in DDR programs.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 16 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

• Employing local communities and authorities: As these play an

important role in ensuring the sustainability of DDR programs,
particularly reintegration, their capacities for strategic planning and
program and/or financial management must be rebuilt.

> Integrated
From the earliest, pre-mission assessment phase and throughout all stages of
strategy development, program planning and implementation, it is essential to
encourage integration and unity of effort within the UN system and with
national players, and to coordinate the participation of international partners so
as to achieve a common objective.

> Well planned

Planning processes of UN or UN-supported DDR programs shall consider:
• Safety and security
• Assessment, planning, monitoring and evaluation
• Public information and community sensitization
• Transition and exit strategy

Participants, Beneficiaries and Actors

Slide 17
Participants, Beneficiaries and Actors

PARTICIPANTS

ACTORS
BENEFICIARIES

> Participants, Beneficiaries and Actors

A successful integrated DDR process leads to the transformation of individuals
from combatants to civilians and of societies from conflict to peace. These
complex changes are brought about by a range of local, national and
international actors working in partnership to achieve a common goal:
sustainable peace.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 17

Participants and beneficiaries (individuals)

Slide 18
Participants and Beneficiaries

Abductees
Dependants
Members
armed
forces Women
Youth

Civilian
returnees
Communities

Children Disabled
people

Participants and beneficiaries (individuals)

> Members of armed forces and groups

All those who are found to be members of an armed force or group, whether
they were involved in active combat or in support roles (such as cooks, porters,
messengers, administrators, sex slaves and ‘war wives’), shall be considered
part of the armed force or group and therefore shall be included in the DDR
program.

> Abductees
Abduction is a feature of modern conflicts and is a serious violation of
humanitarian and human rights law. Male and female youth and children, and
adult women are all vulnerable to abduction or forced recruitment by armed
forces and groups. They are forced to perform a number of military and non-
military support roles and are often exposed to extreme and long-term violence.

> Dependants
Dependants are civilians who rely on a combatant for their livelihood. Because
they are civilians, they do not directly participate in the disarmament and
demobilization phases of DDR.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 18 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

> Women
It is vital to ensure that women participate in all stages of DDR, from program
development to implementation, and are taken into account in all stages of the
DDR process, through representation in national institutions and decision-
making bodies, and through the planning, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of DDR.

> Youth
While there is no internationally recognized legal definition of ‘youth’, young
people associated with armed forces and groups make up an important part of
society and can both fuel conflict and support post-conflict reconciliation and
recovery. Many young ex-combatants may have been recruited as children, but
not demobilized until they were young adults. They have therefore been denied
normal socialization by families and communities, they have missed educational
and vocational opportunities, and lack basic living skills.

> Children
The recruitment of children into armed forces and groups is a serious violation
of human rights and is prohibited under international law. The UN shall promote
the unconditional release of children associated with fighting forces at all times,
i.e., during open conflict, while peace negotiations are taking place and before
the establishment of a national DDR process.

> Disabled people

Ex-combatants suffering from disability, chronic illness or substance addiction,
because of their health status, will not be eligible for integration into new
national security forces. They will require specialized DDR assistance and
should be given opportunities to participate and have their concerns reflected in
decisions dealing with their treatment and reintegration.

> Civilian returnees

Individuals who have been associated with armed forces or groups are not
granted refugee status by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to
avoid aiding people who have been responsible for human rights violations and
war crimes. However, certain excombatants, possibly self-demobilized, may be
present among refugee and returnee populations. It will be necessary to identify
them in consultation with the general local population and with UNHCR and the
refugee/IDP or returnee committee, and then to determine whether they are
eligible to enter the DDR program.

> Communities
Where ex-combatants receive individual reintegration support, this assistance
should be limited in time and scope and delivered, as far as possible, through
programs and projects that benefit the broader community.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 19

This is a point where the session will benefit from mission specific
information.

) Note to the instructor: provide information about the Participants and

beneficiaries of DDR.

National actors

Slide 19
National actors

Political
parties

The
media
Governments

Civil The
society Non Military
signatory
armed
groups

National actors

> Political parties

DDR is one component of the wider peace-building and recovery framework.
This framework is often outlined in a peace agreement that lays out the way in
which national institutions will manage post-conflict governance, including the
respective roles that parties who signed the peace agreement will play in
establishing and running national institutions and formulating policy.

> Governments
National or transitional governments generally lead the establishment of
institutions for DDR such as a national commission on DDR (NCDDR). This
commission, or its equivalent, must be closely linked with government
ministries, which will be responsible for longer-term national recovery and
reintegration strategies. DDR must also be connected to other transitional
authorities such as ceasefire commissions, reintegration commissions, national
economic recovery strategies, truth and reconciliation commissions, etc.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 20 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

> The military

The success of DDR programs depends on adequate coordination among
civilian, police and military institutions, so it is important to include civilian, police
and military personnel in the DDR team to facilitate cooperation between the
peacekeeping mission and external partners, including UN funds, agencies and
programs, as well as national military authorities.

> Non-signatory armed groups

Ideally, the DDR of all armed forces and groups is discussed as part of the
peace accord and political agreement, and the different motivations and
interests of leaders, field commanders, and members of armed forces and
groups are understood before DDR planning begins. If other forces and groups
have not been represented in political processes or formal institutional
mechanisms for DDR and/or have not signed the peace accord, a framework
must be set up to secure their buy-in and participation. This is particularly
important in areas where informal militias and/or criminal gangs have been
active in conflict, but are not represented in political processes and
negotiations.

> Civil society

Civil society organizations based in local communities are stakeholders in the
policy development and planning phases of DDR, and should be consulted
through formal and informal mechanisms. During the implementation phase,
they are local partners and service providers. However, international assistance
will usually be necessary to build their capacity in networking, strategic
planning, program development, and financial management and
communications strategies.

> The media

Like other institutions in post-conflict societies, the capacities, infrastructure and
even neutrality of the local and national media will have been reduced. Yet the
media are crucial for the delivery of messages to armed forces and groups, and
members of the general public regarding post-conflict reconciliation and peace-
building strategies, including the implementation of DDR programs.

This is a point where the session will benefit from mission specific
information.

) Note to the instructor: provide information about the National actors of

DDR.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 21

International actors
Slide 20
International actors

The UN system The region

Member States International non-

and bilateral Development governmental
partners banks organizations

International Research and

corporations policy centers

This is a point where the session will benefit from mission specific
information.

) Note to the instructor: provide information about the International actors

of DDR present in mission AOR.

International actors

> The UN system

Where the Secretary-General has appointed a Special Representative (SRSG),
the latter will generally have overall responsibility for the UN system in-country,
as well as direct responsibility for the UN peacekeeping mission, including the
DDR unit. The SRSG may also represent the UN in political negotiations on
DDR, overseeing the provision of technical assistance and implementation of
UN support operations.

> The region

Regional actors and neighboring countries may have been direct or indirect
parties to the conflict, and DDR will have an impact on them when foreign
combatants are repatriated. Consultation with regional actors and neighboring
countries in the planning phases of DDR will establish the appropriate
mechanisms for dealing with such situations.

> Member States and bilateral partners

Member States and bilateral partners act as guarantors and supporters of
political transition processes and as donors for peace-building and recovery

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 22 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

programs, and may even assume responsibilities as primary international

sponsors of particular components of DDR and security sector reform
processes.

> Development banks

Although the mandates of development banks do not generally allow them to
support disarmament or other security-related components of DDR programs,
the World Bank and regional development banks have been involved in the
financing, program development and monitoring of a number of DDR programs.

> International non-governmental organizations

Several international NGOs have developed experience in managing and
implementing various components of DDR programs (among others, German
Agro Action, World Vision, International Rescue Committee, Oxfam and
Gesellschaft für Zusammenarbeit ). They are also often engaged in
humanitarian and development activities in regions where DDR programs are
being established.

> International corporations

Where conflict has resulted from competition for natural resources or where
their exploitation fuels conflict, there can be direct and/or indirect links between
international commercial interests and local armed groups.

> Research and policy centers

A number of national and international research centers have made
contributions to the development, monitoring and review of past and current
DDR programs, and are a valuable external resource in the design and
implementation of new programs.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 23

Military component contribution

Slide 21
Military component contribution

Information-
gathering &
reporting

Security Logistic
support
Specialized Information
weapon & dissemination &
ammunition sensitization
expertise
Program
monitoring &
reporting

This is a point where the session will benefit from mission specific
information

) Note to the instructor: provide information about the military component

contribution to DDR

> Military component contribution

Military capability, particularly in specialized capacities such as communications,
aviation, engineering, and medical and logistical support, is often difficult for the
UN to obtain, and may be used only where it is uniquely able to fulfill the task at
hand. Where civilian sources can meet an approved operational requirement
and the military component of a mission is fully employed, civilian resources
should be used. If mandated, and therefore resourced and equipped
appropriately, the military should be able to contribute to a DDR program in the
ways described below.

Security

Slide 22
Security

Is essential both to ensure former combatants’ confidence in a DDR

program, and to ensure the security of other elements of a mission
and the civilian population.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 24 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

> Security
Security is essential both to ensure former combatants’ confidence in a DDR
program, and to ensure the security of other elements of a mission and the
civilian population. A military component is often tasked with providing a secure
environment so that a UN mission can meet its overall objectives. If tasked and
resourced, military capability can be utilized to provide security that is
specifically related to a DDR program. This can include camp/cantonment
security, including security of weapons and ammunition that have been handed
in or stored as part of a DDR program, and security of disarmament and/or
demobilization sites. The military component can also be tasked with providing
security to routes that former combatants will use to enter the program, and
provide escorts to movement of those participating in the program. Experience
has shown that unarmed MILOBs do not provide security, although in some
situations they can assist by contributing to early warning, wider information-
gathering and information distribution.

The use of MILOBs in remote situations must be carefully balanced with their
security requirements. Unfortunately, the UN flag is not a guarantee of security
in many of the situations facing UN peacekeeping forces.

If the mandate and the concept of operations specify that military support to
DDR should carry out specific tasks, then the need for this must be factored into
the force structure when the concept is drawn up. It is preferable to provide a
single recommendation for the force requirement rather than going back to the
UN Security Council for additional forces once a mission has started.

Information-gathering and reporting

Slide 23
Information-gathering and reporting

The military component can contribute to DDR operations by seeking

information on the locations, strengths and intentions of former
combatants who may or will become part of a DDR program.

> Information-gathering and reporting

The military component can contribute to DDR operations by seeking
information on the locations, strengths and intentions of former combatants who
may or will become part of a DDR program. Parties to the conflict are often
reluctant to fully disclose troop strengths and locations, and it would also be
naive to assume that all combatants fully accept or trust a peace process. As a
result, accurate figures on weapons and ammunition which are expected to be
collected during the program may never be available; hence there must be
some degree of flexibility included in the technical part of the program.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 25

The information-gathering process can be a specific task of the military

component, but it can also be a by-product of its normal operations, e.g.,
information gathered by patrols and the activities of MILOBs. The military
component can be used to detect whether the withholding of information is
occurring, and can assist in dealing with this as part of the public information
and sensitization campaign associated with DDR. A mission’s Joint Operations
Centre (JOC) and Joint Mission Analysis Centre should coordinate the
information-gathering and reporting activities.

Information dissemination and sensitization

Slide 24
Information dissemination and sensitization

The military component is normally widely spread across the post-

conflict country/region, and can therefore assist by distributing
information on a DDR program to potential participants and the local
population.

> Information dissemination and sensitization

The military component is normally widely spread across the post-conflict
country/region, and can therefore assist by distributing information on a DDR
program to potential participants and the local population. This is particularly
useful when command chains and communications in armed factions are poor.
Any information campaign should be planned and monitored by the DDR and
wider mission public information staff. Depending on the security situation,
MILOBs may be particularly useful in fulfilling this function.

Program monitoring and reporting

Slide 25
Program monitoring and reporting

If involved in a program to provide security, the military component can

assist dedicated mission DDR staff by monitoring and reporting on
aspects of program progress.

> Program monitoring and reporting

If involved in a program to provide security, the military component can assist
dedicated mission DDR staff by monitoring and reporting on aspects of program
progress. This work must be managed by the DDR staff in conjunction with the
JOC.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 26 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

Specialized weapon and ammunition expertise

Slide 11
Specialized weapons and ammunition expertise

The military possesses specialized ammunition and weapons

expertise that will be useful as part of disarmament aspects of a DDR
program.

> Specialized weapons and ammunition expertise

The military possesses specialized ammunition and weapons expertise that will
be useful as part of disarmament aspects of a DDR program. Depending on the
methods agreed on in peace agreements and plans for future national security
forces, weapons and ammunition will either be destroyed or stored safely and
securely.

Logistical support

Slide 26
Logistical support

The logistics and related tasks may encompass:

• Administration (assistance with registration and disarmament
forms)
• Supply support (food, equipment/spare parts, petrol)
• Engineering support, if no civilian contractor is available
(including explosive ordnance disarmament)
• Medical support, if no civilian medical personnel are available
• Transport support including material handling, if host nation
support insufficient
• Communications

> Logistical support

Military logistical capabilities can be useful in a DDR program. Their support
must be coordinated with units that provide integrated services support to a
mission. Where the military is specifically tasked with providing certain kinds of
support to a DDR program, additional military capability may be required by the
military component for the duration of the task. A less ideal solution would be to
reprioritize or reschedule the activities of military elements carrying out other
mandated tasks. This approach can clearly have the disadvantage of degrading
wider efforts to provide a secure environment, perhaps even at the expense of
the security of the population at large.

The logistics and related tasks may encompass:

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 27

• Administration (assistance with registration and disarmament forms)

• Supply support (food, equipment/spare parts, petrol)
• Engineering support, if no civilian contractor is available (including
explosive ordnance disarmament)
• Medical support, if no civilian medical personnel are available
• Transport support including material handling, if host nation support
insufficient
• Communications

Tasks for United Nations Military Observers (UNMOs)

Slide 27
Tasks for United Nations Military Observers (UNMOs)

Tasks for UNMOs generally include:

• Monitoring separation of forces

• Monitoring withdrawal and disbandment of irregular forces
• Manning reception centers
• Registering and collecting weapons, ammunition and
explosives
• Registering ex-combatants
• Performing investigations

> Tasks for United Nations Military Observers (UNMOs)

UNMOs are normally unarmed and provide liaison functions with warring
factions. They may also be involved in the organization and coordination of a
demobilization site. Their tasks generally include:

• Monitoring separation of forces

• Monitoring withdrawal and disbandment of irregular forces
• Manning reception centers
• Registering and collecting weapons, ammunition and explosives
• Registering ex-combatants
• Performing investigations

In addition, other groups of observers from regional organizations, international

organizations or NGOs may be participating in reintegration programs.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 28 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

Learning Activity: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration

processes exercise: role playing

Learning Activity Time Required:

5 minutes for activity introduction and instructions and

reading the scenario
20 minutes for perform the role-playing exercise
5 minutes Complete the DDR questionnaire
15 minutes For comparing the results of the different
groups
Total time: 45 minutes

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 29

‡ Handout
Definition of Disarmament, Demobilization, Reinsertion,
Reintegration

DISARMAMENT is the collection, documentation, control and disposal of small arms,

ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons belonging to combatants and
often also to the civilian population. Disarmament also includes the development of
responsible arms management programs.

DEMOBILIZATION is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from

armed forces or other armed groups. The first stage of demobilization may extend
from the processing of individual combatants in temporary centers to the massing of
troops in camps designated for this purpose (cantonment sites, encampments,
assembly areas or barracks). The second stage of demobilization encompasses the
support package provided to the demobilized, which is called reinsertion.

REINSERTION is the assistance offered to ex-combatants during demobilization but

prior to the longer-term process of reintegration. Reinsertion is a form of transitional
assistance to help cover the basic needs of ex-combatants and their families and can
include transitional safety allowances, food, clothes, shelter, medical services, short-
term education, training, employment and tools. While reintegration is a long-term,
continuous social and economic process of development, reinsertion is short-term
material and/or financial assistance to meet immediate needs, and can last up to one
year.

REINTEGRATION is the process by which ex-combatants acquire civilian status and

gain sustainable employment and income. Reintegration is essentially a social and
economic process with an open time-frame, primarily taking place in communities at
the local level. It is part of the general development of a country and a national
responsibility, and often necessitates long-term external assistance.

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 30 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

Section 1.4 Learning Outcome Assessment

It is up to the learning institution to decide whether the learning assessment
questions are used informally in a group question and answer session, or if they are
provided to the participants as a written quiz. In either case, it is recommended that
the correct answers be provided at the end of the assessment in order to ensure
participants are clear on the key messages.
At the end of the entire unit and/or the conclusion of the STMs instructors may want
to choose some of the following questions for review.

Questions
1. What is DDR?
2. What are the elements of DDR?
3. What are the key characteristics of DDR?
4. Who is DDR for?

) Expected outcome
1. The DDR of ex-combatants is a complex process, with political, military,
security, humanitarian and socio-economic dimensions
2. The elements of DDR are DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION,
REINSERTION and REINTEGRATION
3. The key characteristics of DDR are:
• People-centered
• Flexible, accountable and transparent
• Nationally owned
• Integrated
• Well planned
4. DDR is for:
• Male and female adult combatants
• Children associated with armed forces and groups
• Those working in non-combat roles (including women)
• Ex-combatants with disabilities and chronic illnesses
• Dependants

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 31

Annex 1: UN documents and legal instruments guiding DDR

‡ Handout

1. UN documents
Each mission-specific mandate for DDR is established through a unique Security
Council resolution, but direction can also be drawn from the following:
• Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/PRST/2000/10, of 23
March 2000, in which “the Council notes that disarmament, demobilization and
reintegration must be addressed comprehensively so as to facilitate a smooth
transition from peacekeeping to peace-building”;
• Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security, in
which the Council “[e]ncourages all those involved in the planning for
disarmament, demobilization and reintegration to consider the different needs of
female and male ex-combatants and to take into account the needs of their
dependants” (para. 13);
• Resolutions 1379 (2001), 1460 (2003) and 1539 (2004) on Children in Armed
Conflict, in the last of which the Security Council “[r]eiterates its requests to all
parties concerned, including UN agencies, founds and programs as well as
financial institutions, to continue to ensure that all children associated with
armed forces and groups, as well as issues related to children are
systematically included in every disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
process, taking into account the specific needs and capacities of girls, with a
particular emphasis on education, including the monitoring, through, inter alia,
schools, of children demobilized in order to prevent re-recruitment” (art. 8);
• A series of statements and resolutions adopted by the Security Council on the
Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict that are relevant to the planning and
implementation of DDR programs.

The Secretary-General and other UN bodies provide policy guidance on DDR in a

number of reports adopted by the Security Council and General Assembly, including:

• The Secretary-General’s report on The Role of UN Peacekeeping in

Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, S/2000/101, of 11 February
2000, paras. 2 and 8, in which the Secretary-General lays out the UN’s basic
approach to DDR as a key element of stabilization in post-conflict situations to
facilitate a society’s transition from conflict to development. He establishes that
DDR cannot be viewed as a simple sequence of events, but rather, that each
activity forms a continuum whose elements overlap and mutually reinforce each
other;
• The Report of the Panel on UN Peace Operations, A/55/305; S/2000/809, of 21
August 2000, which reaffirms the importance of DDR to the achievement of the
UN’s peacebuilding objectives, the indivisibility of its component parts and the
importance of linking DDR programs to other elements of the peace-building
framework, such as the rule of law and democratic governance. In addition, the

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
Pg. 32 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes

Report of the Panel on UN Peace Operations, A/55/502/2000, calls for an

integrated or team approach to be taken by the different departments, agencies
and programs of the UN system to achieve peace-building objectives; The
Secretary-General’s Study on Women, Peace and Security (2002), which
recommends that the UN system should incorporate the needs and priorities of
women and girls as ex-combatants, ‘camp followers’ and families of ex-
combatants in the design and implementation of DDR programs, in order: to
ensure the success of such programs, the participation of women and girls and
their full access to benefits; to pay attention to the specific needs of girl soldiers;
to develop programs on the prevention of domestic violence in the families and
communities of ex-combatants; and to recognize the contributions of women
and girls in encouraging ex-combatants to lay down their arms;
• The Secretary-General’s bulletin on Special Measures for Protection from
Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, ST/SGB/2003/13, of 9 October 2003,
which applies to the staff of all UN departments, programs, funds and agencies,
as well as to forces conducting operations under UN command and control, who
are prohibited from committing acts of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse and
who have a particular duty of care towards women and children. The bulletin
also establishes standards of conduct and the responsibility of heads of office,
mission or department in this regard;
• The Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change,
A/59/565, of 2 December 2004, which concludes that “[d]emobilization of
combatants is the single most important factor determining the success of
peace operations” (paras. 227, 228), but notes that it is difficult to secure timely
funding for DDR operations. The Panel calls for the creation of a standing fund
for peace-building to be used to finance the recurrent expenditure of a newly
formed government and key agency programs in the areas of rehabilitation and
reintegration;
• The report of the Secretary-General on Disarmament, Demobilization and
Reintegration, A/60/705, of 2 March 2006, which discusses the UN’s increased
engagement in DDR processes as part of complex peacekeeping and non-
peacekeeping operations over the last five years, including lessons learned from
these operations. The report further discusses the development of the
Organization’s new approach to DDR within the United Nations system, based
on these lessons learned, which is articulated in the IDDRS.

2. International legal framework

The standards and provisions of international law operate both during and after
conflict, and establish the broad normative framework for peace-building and
recovery programs, including DDR. Legal regimes with particular relevance to DDR
operations include the following:

International humanitarian law

• The Geneva Conventions (1949) and Additional Protocols (1977) provide legal
definitions of combatants and armed groups, standards for the protection of
civilians, and rights to relief for the wounded, sick and children;

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010
 Section 1.4 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes Pg. 33

• The International Criminal Court Statute (1998) establishes individual and

command responsibility for crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide.

International human rights law

• The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1978) recognizes the
right of all people to self-determination and establishes a range of civil and
political rights to be respected without discrimination, including rights of due
process and equality before the law, freedom of movement and association,
freedom of religion and political opinion, and the right to liberty and security of
person;
• The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1978)
establishes rights of individuals and duties of States to provide for the basic
needs of all persons without discrimination, including access to employment,
education and health care;
• The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (1984) establishes that torture is prohibited under all
circumstances, including a state of war, internal political instability or other
public emergency, regardless of the orders of superiors or public authorities;
• The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (1979) prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex and promotes equal
access for men and women to employment, education, and legal, political,
economic, social and cultural rights;
• The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) recognizes the special status
of children and establishes their economic, social and cultural rights, as well as
States’ duty to protect children in a number of settings, including during armed
conflict.

International refugee law

• The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) establishes the rights
of refugees and duties of States in this regard, including the prohibition of forced
repatriation.

Statements of international principles and standards

• The Cape Town Principles and Best Practices (1997) establishes 18 as the
minimum age for recruitment in any form into any armed force or armed group
and encourages governments to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention
on the Rights of the Child, which raises the minimum age for recruitment from
15 to 18 years. Children associated with armed groups and forces are defined
as “any person under 18 years of age who is part of any kind of regular or
irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to
cooks, porters, messengers and anyone accompanying such groups, other than
family members. The definition includes girls recruited for sexual purposes and
for forced marriage. It does not, therefore, only refer to a child who is carrying or
who has carried arms.”

UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Military Experts on Mission 1st
Edition 2010