Publisher's Solution for HW # 8

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

25.1. θ 1 decreases. As the crystal is compressed, the spacing d between the planes of atoms decreases. The Bragg
condition is mλ = 2d cosθ m so as d decreases, cosθ m must increase. But cosθ increases as θ decreases.

25.2.(a) Ea > Eb > Ec because the energy per photon depends only on the frequency so E = hf = hc / λ . The smaller wavelengths
correspond to higher frequencies. (b) N c > N b > N a because the powers are equal, there must be more photons when the energy
per photon is less.

E2 hc / λ 2 λ 1 1
25.3. = = =
E1 hc / λ 1 2λ 1 2

[Link] electrons will have a shorter wavelength leading to less diffraction spreading and better resolution.

h2
[Link] En = n 2 we see that for a given n , En is inversely proportional to L2 . If L is doubled then En is decreased
8mL2
by a factor of 4. So the new E1 = 1× 10− 19 J.

h2 h2
EH1 = EHe1 = 2
= EH1
[Link] is the same, or 1.0 × 10− 20 J. 8m0 L0 2  L 
8(4m0 )  0 
 2

EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS

[Link]:The angles of incidence for which diffraction from parallel planes occurs satisfy the Bragg condition.
Solve:The Bragg condition is 2d cosθ m = mλ , where m = 1, 2, 3, … For first and second order diffraction,
2d cosθ 1 = ( 1) λ , 2d cosθ 2 = ( 2 ) λ

Dividing these two equations,

cosθ 2
= 2 ⇒ θ 2 = cos − 1 ( 2cosθ 1 ) = cos − 1 ( 2cos68° ) = 41°
cosθ 1
[Link]:The angles corresponding to the various diffraction orders satisfy the Bragg condition.
Solve:The Bragg condition is 2d cosθ m = mλ , where m = 1, 2, 3, … The maximum possible value of m is the number of possible
diffraction orders. The maximum value of cosθm is 1. Thus,
2d 2 ( 0.180 nm )
2d = mλ ⇒ m = = = 4.2
λ ( 0.085 nm )
We can observe up to the fourth diffraction order.

[Link]:Use the photon model of light.

Solve:The energy of a photon with wavelength λ1 is E1 = hf1 = hc λ 1 . Similarly, E2 = hc λ 2 . Since E2 is equal to 2E1,
hc hc λ 600 nm
= 2 ⇒ λ2 = 1 = = 300 nm
λ2 λ1 2 2
Assess:A photon with λ = 300 nm has twice the energy of a photon with λ = 600 nm. This is an expected result, because energy is
inversely proportional to the wavelength.

[Link]:Your mass is, say, m ≈ 70 kg and your velocity is 1 m/s. Thus, your momentum is p = mv ≈ (70 kg)(1 m/s) = 70 kg m/s.
Your de Broglie wavelength is
h 6.63 × 10− 34 Js
λ = = ≈ 9 × 10− 36 m
p 70 kg m/s

[Link]: We'll employ Equations 25.8 (λ = h / p ) and 25.9 ( E = p 2 /2m) to express the wavelength in terms of kinetic
energy.
Solve: First solve Equation 25.9 for p : p = 2mE .

h h 6.63 × 10− 34 J ⋅ s
λ = = = = 1.0 nm
p 2mE 2 ( 9.11 × 10− 31 kg ) ( 2.4 × 10− 19 J )

Assess: The energy given is about 1.5 eV, which is a reasonable amount of energy. The resulting wavelength is a few to a few
dozen times the size of an atom.

[Link]:Model the 5.0-fm-diameter nucleus as a box of length L = 5.0 fm.

Solve:The proton’s energy is restricted to the discrete values

( 6.63 × 10− 34 Js ) n2
2
h2 2
En = n = = ( 1.316 × 10− 12 J ) n 2
8 ( 1.67 × 10 kg ) ( 5.0 × 10 m )
2
8mL2 − 27 − 15

where n = 1, 2, 3, … For n = 1, E1 = 1.3 × 10 J , for n = 2, E2 = ( 1.316 × 10 J ) 4 = 5.3 × 10 J , and for n = 3,

− 12 − 12 − 12

E3 = 9 E1 = 1.2 × 10− 11 J .
[Link]:Use the photon model of light.
Solve:(a) The wavelength is calculated as follows:

 c
Egamma = hf = h   ⇒ λ =
( 6.63 × 10− 34 Js ) ( 3.0 × 108 m/s ) = 2.0 × 10− 12 m
λ  1.0 × 10− 13 J
(b) The energy of a visible-light photon of wavelength 500 nm is

 c  ( 6.63 × 10 Js ) ( 3.0 × 10 m/s )

− 34 8

Evisible = h   = = 3.978 × 10− 19 J

λ  500 × 10− 9 m

The number of photons n such that Egamma = nEvisible is

Egamma 1.0 × 10− 13 J

n= = = 2.5 × 105
Evisible 3.978 × 10− 19 J

[Link]:Use the photon model.

Solve:The energy of a 1000 kHz photon is

Ephoton = hf = ( 6.63 × 10− 34 Js ) ( 1000 × 103 Hz ) = 6.63 × 10− 28 J

The energy transmitted each second is 20 × 103 J. The number of photons transmitted each second is 20 × 103 J/6.63 × 10 − 28 J =
3.0 × 1031.

[Link]:Use the photon model of light and the Bragg condition for diffraction.
Solve:The Bragg condition for the reflection of x-rays from a crystal is 2d cosθ m = mλ . To determine the angles of incidence θm,
we need to first calculate λ. The wavelength is related to the photon’s energy as E = hc λ . Thus,

hc ( 6.63 × 10 Js ) ( 3.0 × 10 m/s )

− 34 8

λ = = − 15
= 1.326 × 10− 10 m
E 1.50 × 10 J
From the Bragg condition,

−1 (
 mλ   1.326 × 10− 10 m ) m 
θ m = cos − 1   = cos   = cos − 1 ( 0.3157 m ) ⇒ θ 1 = cos − 1 ( 0.3157 ) = 71.6°
 2 ( 0.21× 10 m ) 
−9
 2d 

Likewise, θ 2 = cos ( 0.3157 × 2 ) = 50.8° and θ 3 = 18.7° . Note that θ 4 = cos ( 0.3157 × 4 ) is not allowed because the cosθ cannot be
−1 −1

larger than 1. Thus, the x-rays will be diffracted at angles of incidence equal to 18.7° , 50.8° , and 71.6° .
[Link]:Particles have a de Broglie wavelength given by λ = h p . The wave nature of the particles causes an interference
pattern in a double-slit apparatus.
Solve:(a) Since the speed of the neutron and electron are the same, the neutron’s momentum is
mn m m
pn = mn vn = mevn = n meve = n pe
me me me

where mn and me are the neutron’s and electron’s masses. The de Broglie wavelength for the neutron is
h h pe m
λn = = = λe e
pn pe pn mn

From Section 22.2 on double-slit interference, the fringe spacing is ∆ y = λ L / d . Thus, the fringe spacing for the electron and
neutron are related by

λn m  9.11× 10− 31 kg 
 ( 1.5 × 10 m ) = 8.18 × 10 m = 0.818 µ m
−3 −7
∆ yn = ∆ ye = e ∆ ye =  − 27
λe mn  1.67 × 10 kg 
(b) If the fringe spacing has to be the same for the neutrons and the electrons,
h h m  9.11× 10− 31 kg 
∆ ye = ∆ yn ⇒ λ e = λ n ⇒ = ⇒ vn = ve e = ( 2.0 × 106 m/s )  − 27  = 1.1× 10 m/s
3

meve mn vn mn  1.67 × 10 kg 

[Link]:Electrons have a de Broglie wavelength given by λ = h p . The wave nature of the electrons causes a diffraction
pattern.
Solve:The width of the central maximum of a single-slit diffraction pattern is given by Equation 22.22:

2λ L 2 Lh 2 Lh 2 ( 1.0 m ) ( 6.63 × 10− 34 Js )

w= = = = = 9.7 × 10− 4 m = 0.97 mm
a ap amv ( 1.0 × 10− 6 m ) ( 9.11× 10− 31 kg ) ( 1.5 × 106 m/s )

[Link]:Electrons have a de Broglie wavelength given by λ = h p .

Visualize:Please refer to Figure 25.11. [REFER TO THE SUPPLEMENTAL FOR THE IMAGE AND ANALYSIS THEREOF]
Notice that a scattering angle φ = 60° corresponds to an angle of incidence θ = 30° .
Solve:Equation 25.6 describes the Davisson-Germer experiment: D sin ( 2θ m ) = mλ . Assuming m = 1, this equation simplifies to
D sin 2θ = λ . Using λ = h mv , we have
h 6.63 × 10− 34 Js
D= = = 1.95 × 10− 10 m = 0.195 nm
mv sin 2θ ( 9.11× 10 kg ) ( 4.30 × 106 m/s ) sin ( 60° )
− 31
[Link]:A confined particle can have only discrete values of energy.
Solve:(a) Equation 25.14 simplifies to

( 6.63 × 10− 34 Js )
2
h2 2
En = n = = ( 1.231× 10− 19 J ) n 2
8 ( 9.11× 10 kg ) ( 0.70 × 10 m )
2
8mL2 − 31 −9

Thus, E1 = ( 1.231× 10 J ) ( 1 ) = 1.2 × 10 J, E2 = ( 1.231× 10 J ) ( 2 ) = 4.9 × 10 J, and E3 = 1.1× 10− 18 J.

− 19 2 − 19 − 19 2 − 19

(b) The energy is E2 − E1 = 4.9 × 10− 19 J − 1.2 × 10− 19 J = 3.7 × 10− 19 J.

(c) Because energy is conserved, the photon will carry an energy of E2 − E1 = 3.69 × 10− 19 J . That is,

E2 − E1 = Ephoton = hf =
hc
⇒ λ =
hc
=
( 6.63 × 10− 34 Js ) ( 3.0 × 108 m/s ) = 540 nm
λ E2 − E1 3.69 × 10− 19 J

[Link]:A particle confined in a one-dimensional box has discrete energy levels.

Solve:(a) Equation 24.14 for the n = 1 state is

( 6.63 × 10− 34 Js )
2
h2
En = = = 5.5 × 10− 64 J
8mL2 8 ( 10 × 10− 3 kg ) ( 0.10 m ) 2
The minimum energy of the Ping-Pong ball is E1 = 5.5 × 10− 64 J.
(b) The speed is calculated as follows:

2 ( 5.50 × 10− 64 J )
E1 = 5.50 × 10− 64 J = 1
2 mv 2 = 1
2 ( 10 × 10− 3 kg ) v 2 ⇒ v = 10 × 10− 3 kg
= 3.3 × 10− 31 m/s

[Link]:A particle confined in a one-dimensional box of length L has the discrete energy levels given by Equation 24.14.
Solve:(a) Since the energy is entirely kinetic energy,
h2 2 p 2 h
En = n = = 1
2 mvn2 ⇒ vn = n n = 1, 2, 3, 
8mL2 2m 2mL
(b) The first allowed velocity is
6.63 × 10− 34 Js
v1 = = 1.82 × 106 m/s
2 ( 9.11× 10− 31 kg ) ( 0.20 × 10− 9 m )

For n = 2 and n = 3, v2 = 3.64 × 106 m/s and v3 = 5.46 × 106 m/s.