CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in India with annual
consumption exceeding 100 million cubic metres. It is well known that conventional
concrete designed on the basis of compressive strength does not meet many
functional requirements such as impermeability, resistance to frost, thermal cracking
adequately. Conventional Portland cement concrete is found deficient in respect of:
 Durability in severe environs (Shorter service life and require
maintenance)
 Time of construction (longer release time of forms and slower gain of
strength)
 Energy absorption capacity (for earthquake-resistant structures)
 Repair and retrofitting jobs
High performance concrete (HPC) successfully meets the above
[Link] is an engineered concrete possessing the most desirable properties
during fresh as well as hardened concrete stages. HPC is far superior to conventional
cement concrete as the ingredients of HPC contribute most optimally and efficiently
to the various properties.
High performance concrete (HPC) is a specialized series of concrete designed
to provide several benefits in the construction of concrete structures that cannot
always be achieved routinely using conventional ingredients, normal mixing and
curing practices. In the other words a high performance concrete is a concrete in
which certain characteristics are developed for a particular application and
environment, so that it will give excellent performance in the structure in which it
will be placed, in the environment to which it will be exposed, and with the loads to
which it will be subjected during its design life.

1
1.2 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
The performance requirements of concrete cannot be the same for different
applications. Hence the specific definition of HPC required for each industrial
application is likely to vary. The Strategic Highway Research Programme (SHRP)
has defined HPC for highway application on the following strength, durability, and
w/c ratio criteria.
(a) It should satisfy one of the following strength criteria:
4 hour strength -17.5 Mpa
24 hour strength - 35.0 Mpa
28 days strength - 70.0 Mpa
(b) It should have a durability factor greater than 80% after 300 cycles of
freezing and thawing.
(c) It should have a water-cement ratio of 0.35 or less.
In general, a “High performance Concrete” can be defined as that concrete
which has the highest durability for any given strength class, and comparison
between the concretes of different strength classes is not appropriate.
1.2.1 American Concrete Institute (ACI)
A more broad definition of HPC was adopted by the ACI. HPC was defined as
concrete, which meets special performance and uniformity requirements that cannot
be always be achieved routinely by using only conventional materials and normal
mixing, placing and curing practices. The requirements may involve enhancement of
placement and compaction without segregation, long term mechanical properties,
early age strength, volume stability or service life in severe environments. Concretes
possessing many of these characteristics often achieve higher strength. Therefore,
HPC is often of high strength, but high strength concrete may not necessarily be of
high performance.

2
1.3 ACHIEVING HIGH PERFORMANCE
In general, better durability performance has been achieved by using high-
strength, low w/c ratio concrete. Though in this approach the design is based on
strength and the result is better durability, it is desirable that the high performance,
namely, the durability, is addressed directly by optimizing critical parameters such as
the practical size of the required materials.
Two approaches to achieve durability through different techniques are as follows.
 Reducing the capillary pore system such that no fluid movement can occur is
the first approach. This is very difficult to realize and all concrete will have
some interconnected pores.
 Creating chemically active binding sites which prevent transport of aggressive
ions such as chlorides is the second more effective method.

The parameter to be controlled for achieving the required performance criteria

could be any of the following.
 Water/ (cement + mineral admixture) ratio
 Strength
 Densification of cement paste
 Elimination of bleeding
 Homogeneity of the mix
 Particle size distribution
 Dispersion of cement in the fresh mix
 Stronger transition zone
 Low free lime content
 Very little free water in hardened concrete

1.4 ADVANTAGES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
 Reduction in member size resulting in increase in plinth area / useable area and
direct saving in the concrete volume saved.

3
  Reduction in the self- weight and super imposed load DL with the
accompanying saving due to smaller foundation.
 Reduction in form work are and cost with the accompanying reduction in
shoring and stripping time due to high early age gain in strength .
 Constriction of high rise building with the accompanying saving in the real
estate costs in congested areas.
 Longer spans and fewer beams for the same magnitude of loading.
 Reduced axial shortening of compression supporting members.
 Reducing in the number

1.4 GGBS
1.4 .1 General:
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) [1] is a by product from the
blast furnaces used to make iron. These operate at a temperature of about 1500
degrees centigrade and are fed with a carefully controlled mixture of iron ore, coke
and limestone. The iron ore is reduced to iron and the remaining materials from a slag
that floats on top of the iron. This slag is periodically tapped off as a molten liquid
and if it is to be used for the manufacture of GGBS it has to be rapidly quenched in
large volumes of water. The quenching optimises the cementations properties and
produces granules similar to coarse sand. This „granulated‟ slag is then dried and
ground to a fine powder. Although normally designated as “GGBS” in the UK, it can
also be referred to as “GGBS” or “Slag cement” Concrete is basically a mix of fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and cement. The main problem is the original
conventional materials are depleting and we are in hunt for alternate building
materials which lands us here on the purpose of GGBS. Being a by product and waste
using it effectively up to some extent serves as a step for a greener environment and
at the same time keeping in mind that the strength of the concrete doesn‟t degrade by
the usage GGBS.

4
 1.1 Sources of Ground Granulated Blast Slag

1.4 .2 Chemical Composition Of GGBS

The chemical composition of a slag varies considerably depending on the

composition of the raw materials in the iron production process. Silicate and
acuminate impurities from the ore and coke are combined in the blast furnace with a
flux which lowers the viscosity of the slag. In the case of pig iron production the flux
consists mostly of a mixture of limestone and forsterite or in some cases dolomite. In
the blast furnace the slag floats on top of the iron and is decanted for separation.
Typical chemical composition:
 Calcium oxide = 40%
 Silica = 35% Alumina = 13%
 Magnesia = 8%
The glass content of slag’s suitable for blending with Portland cement typically
varies between 90-100% and depends on the cooling method and the temperature at
which cooling is initiated. The glass structure of the quenched glass largely depends
on the proportions of network-forming elements such as si and Al over network-
modifiers such as Ca, Mg and to a lesser extent Al. Increased amounts of network-
modifiers lead to higher degrees of network DE polymerization and reactivity. It is a
5
granular product with very limited crystal formation, is highly cementations’ in
nature and, ground to cement fineness, and hydrates like Portland cement.
 Typical physical properties:-
 Colour : off white Specific gravity : 2.9
 Bulk density : 1200 Kg/m3
 Fineness : 350 m2/kg
1.4.3 Applications and Uses Of GGBS
 GGBS is used to make durable concrete structures in combination with
ordinary Portland cement and/or other pozzolanic materials. GGBS has been
widely used in Europe, and increasingly in the United States and in Asia
(particularly in Japan and Singapore) for its superiority in concrete durability,
extending the lifespan of buildings from fifty years to a hundred years.
 Two major uses of GGBS [2] are in the production of quality-improved slag
cement, namely Portland Blast furnace cement (PBFC) and high-slag blast-
furnace cement (HSBFC), with GGBS content ranging typically from 30 to 70%
and in the production of ready-mixed or site-batched durable concrete.
 Concrete made with GGBS cement sets more slowly than concrete made with
ordinary Portland cement, depending on the amount of GGBS in the
cementations’ material, but also continues to gain strength over a longer period
in production conditions. This results in lower heat of hydration and lower
temperature rises, and makes avoiding cold joints easier, but may also affect
construction schedules where quick setting is required.

1.4.3 Uses Of GGBS

 The major use of GGBS is in ready mixed concrete, and it is utilised in a third
of all UK [2] „ready-mix‟ deliveries. Specifies are well aware of the technical
benefits, which GGBS imparts to concrete, including:
 Better workability, making placing and compaction easier.

6
 Lower early age temperature rise, reducing the risk of thermal cracking in large
pours.
 Elimination of the risk of damaging internal reactions such as ASR
 High resistance to chloride ingress, reducing the risk of reinforcement
corrosion
 High resistance to attack by sulphate and other chemicals
 Considerable sustainability benefits.

1.5 Fly Ash

 Fly ash, the fine particulate waste material produced by pulverized coal-based
thermal power station, is an environmental pollutant, it has a potential to be a
resource material. It is nowadays used in cement, concrete and other cement
based applications in India.
 As per IS 3812: 2003, the generic name of the waste product due to burning of
coal or lignite in the boiler of a thermal power plant is pulverized fuel ash.
Pulverized fuel ash can be fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash or mound ash. Fly ash
is the pulverized fuel ash extracted from the fuel gases by any suitable process
like cyclone separation or electrostatic precipitation. Pulverized fly ash
collected from the bottom of boilers by any suitable process is termed as
Bottom Ash. The terminology Pond Ash is used when fly ash or bottom ash or
both mixed in any proportion is conveyed in the form of water slurry is
deposited in pond or lagoon. When fly ash or bottom ash or mixture of these in
any proportion is conveyed or carried in dry form and deposited dry, it is
known as Mound Ash.
1.5.1 Source, Use and Quality of Fly Ash
 In view of the use of coal of relative high ash content made available to
thermal power projects. The amount of fly ash generated from 69 thermal
power stations in 1998 was estimated to be of the order of 60 mt. The estimate
was updated to 90 mt. from 82 thermal power stations, having aggregate
capacity of 60,000 MW in the year 2000, 125 mt. in year 2005 to generate
7
 1,15,000 MW and it is estimated to be 150 mt. in year of 2010 to
generate1,40,000 MW electricity, which is expected to go up every year, with
increase in production of electricity from coal-base thermal plants. The coal
used in India is predominantly bituminous, which gives rise to low-lime fly ash.
Sub-bituminous lignite coal, used in some power plants gives high-lime fly ash.
In view of their large scale availability, low-lime fly ashes are mainly used in
India and elsewhere.

1.6 SUPERPLASTICIZERS:
Super plasticizers are also known as high range water reducers, are
chemical Admixtures used where well-dispersed particle suapension is
required. These polymers are used as dispersants to avoid particle segregation
and to improve the flow characteristics of suspensions such as in concrete
applications. The strength of concrete increases when the water content ratio
decreases.
1.6.1BENEFITS:
 Better surface texture.
 Improve strength in less time.
 Reduce absorption.
 Eliminate fine cracks.
1.6.2 DISADVANTAGES:
 High cost.
 Need strong and sealed forms.
1.6.3 APPLICATION OF SUPERPLASTICIZERS:
 Super plasticizers are capable of reducing the water content of a concrete mix
by 15 to 30% without reducing the slump of the fresh concrete.
 A super plasticizing admixture is a key component of concrete when trying to
produce high strength concrete of normal workability. High strength concrete
requires good materials and a low water-cement ratio.
8
  The addition of a super plasticizers can provide the necessary workability for
the mix at the low water-cement ratio needed for high strength concrete.
 Another application of super plasticizers involves normal strength concrete of
increased workability.
 Placement of concrete underwater using a tremie pipe and pumping efficiency
are significantly improved with super plasticized concrete.
 The use of super plasticizers improves the appearance of pigmented concrete
through a more uniform distribution of color.

1.7 OBJECTIVE:
 To find the optimum percentage of replacement of cement with Ground
granulated blast furnace slag at which maximum strength is obtained.
 To find the optimum mix design with regards to the amount of water, Ground
granulated blast furnace slag and cement ratio.
 To conduct compression test on concrete on standard IS specimen size
(150x150x150) mm.
 To study in detail about the presence Ground granulated blast furnace slag in
concrete..
 To conduct compressive strength test, split tensile strength test
 To provide economical construction material.
 Provide safeguard to the environment by utilizing waste properly.

1.8 SCOPE:
The scope of the study is to cast the concrete specimens and conduct the
compressive strength test, split tensile strength test after 7, 14 and 28 days after
curing with the specified percentage Ground granulated blast furnace slag and
then it is compare with controlled concrete specimens. M30 mix design is
designed for various combinations.

9
 CHAPTER- 2
2 .LITTREATURE REVIEW
Chandrakar Kavita, Singh V. V., : the determination of the mechanical properties
(compression, split tensile and flexural tests) of the specimens (cubes, cylinders, and
beams). The specimens are of M60 grade high strength concrete which includes
ground granulated blast furnace slag (10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40%) and Fly ash (10 %,
20 %, 30 % and 40%) to obtain the desired strengths and properties. Finally, we used
in combination of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag in different
percentages as replacement of cement and concrete was prepared. It is observed that
the slump value of concrete increases as the percentage of GGBS increases up to 20%
replacement and then decreases. The increase in slump value is due to the higher
smoothness and fineness of slag increases the entrainment of air in the matrix,
subsequently increasing the volume of paste. It is observed that the water absorption
of concrete decreases as the percentage of GGBS increases. From this result, it is
concluded that the GGBS can be used to improve the water im-permeability
characteristics of the structure. Cement replacement by in combination of fly ash and
adding Ground granulated blast furnace slag leads to increase in compressive strength
up to 40% GGBS and 30 % Fly Ash for M60 grade of concrete. Beyond %
replacement of fly ash and 30 % of ground granulated blast furnace slag compressive
strength decreased.

T. Vijaya Gowri et. al. (2011) investigated the effects of partial replacement of
cement with GGBS on compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength of concrete at 28, 90, 180 and 360 days. He used 50% GGBS as replacement
material of cement for various water/binder ratios i.e. 0.55, 0.50, 0.45, 0.40, 0.36,
0.32, 0.30 and 0.27. He observed that the High Volumes of slag concrete gains an
appreciable amount of strength at later ages (90 days onwards) and it increases with a
decrease in water/binder ratios. He found out that the strength of high volume of slag
concrete is more at later ages because of slower hydration of slag with Ca(OH)2 and
10
water. He concluded that on replacement of cement by 50% GGBS helps to reduce
the cement content of concrete, thereby reducing the cost of concrete and also
protecting the environment from pollution.

Praveen Kumar S R et. al. (2016) prepared a high strength SCC of grade M60 by
partially replacing the cement content with the untreated industrial by-products like
fly ash & ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and also by replacing 100%
of natural sand with manufactured sand (M. Sand). With the use of these industrial
by-products, it results in an eco-friendly environment and also solves the problem at
its disposal.

D. Suresh1 and K. Nagaraju2 Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate,

coarse aggregate and water. Concrete plays a vital role in the development of
infrastructure Viz., buildings, industrial structures, bridges and highways etc. leading
to utilization of large quantity of concrete. On the other side, cost of concrete is
attributed to the cost of its ingredients which is scarce and expensive, this leading to
usage of economically alternative materials in its production. This requirement is
drawn the attention of investigators to explore new replacements of ingredients of
concrete. The present technical report focuses on investigating characteristics of
concrete with partial replacement of cement with Ground Granulated Blast furnace
Slag (GGBS). The topic deals with the usage of GGBS and advantages as well as
disadvantages in using it in concrete. This usage of GGBS serves as replacement to
already depleting conventional building materials and the recent years and also as
being a by product it serves as an Eco Friendly way of utilizing the product without
dumping it on ground.

11
 [Link] AUTHOR YEAR CONFERENC
PLACE
1 Chandrakar MARCH 2017 International
Kavita, Singh V. Journal of
V Advance
Research, Ideas
and Innovations
in Technology.
2 T. Vijaya Gowri MAY 2014 International
Journal of Civil
Engineering and
Technology
(IJCIET)
3 Praveen Kumar S JUNE 2012 IJIRST –
R International
Journal for
Innovative
Research in
Science &
Technology|
Volume 3
4 D. Suresh1 and K. Aug. 2015 IOSR Journal p-
Nagaraju2 ISSN: 2320-334X,
Volume 12, Issue
4 Ver
5
Sanjay November 2014 International
Srivastava, Dr S.S Journal of
Jain, Dr M.P.S. Scientific and
Chauhan Research
Publications,
Volume 4,

12
 CHAPTER- 3

3. METHODOLOGY

COLLECTION OF MATERIALS

IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES

TEST ON MATERIALS

PROPORTION OF MATERIALS

MIXING OF CONCRETE

TEST ON CONCRETE

FRESH CONCRETE HARDENED CONCRETE

1. SLUMP TEST 1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
2. COMPACTION FACTOR
TEST 2. SPLIT TENSILE TEST
3. FLOW TABLE

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS

RESULT

CONCLUSION
13
 3.1 TEST OF MATERIALS

TEST OF MATERIALS

CEMENT AND GGBS FINE AGGREGATE TEST COARSE AGGREGATE TEST

TESTS TESYaggregaaggregateaAG TESTAGGREGATE
GREGATE

1. SPECIFIC 1. SPECIFIC 1. SPECIFIC

GRAVITY TEST GRAVITY TEST GRAVITY TEST
2. FINENESS TEST 2. IMPACT TEST
2. FINENESS TEST
3. INITIAL &FINAL 3. WATER
SETTING TIME ABSORPTION
4. CONSISTENCY TEST
TEST

14
 CHAPTER- 4

4 COLLECTION OF METERIALS
4.1 CEMENT
We bought 53grade cement ( NAGARJUNA brand ) cement at Anaicut.

Fig 4.1 Nagarjuna 53 grade cement

4.2 FINE AGGREGATE

We collect Natural sand from the RIVER PALLAR nearest to Virinjipuram and We
sieved in 4.75mm sieve for concrete mixing.

Fig 4.2 River sand

4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

We collect coarse aggregate from the thaangal stone quarry is nearest to our
college.
15
 Fig 4.3Thangal stone quarry

4.4 GGBS & FLYASH & SUPERPLASTIZER

We collected GGBS and fly ash from Hi-Tech concrete Solutions, Chennai

FIG 4.4 ggbs & fly ash &superplasticzer

16
 CHAPTER- 5
5 Properties of materials
5.1 CEMENT:

Fig. 4.1 CEMENT

Cement must develop the appropriate strength. It must represent the
appropriate rheological behaviour. Generally same types of cement have quite
different rheological and strength, characteristics, particularly when used in
combination with admixture and supplementary cementing materials.

5.1.1 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT:

Type : Ordinary Portland Cement
Grade : 53
Table 5.1: physical properties of cement

[Link]. Physical Properties of OPC 53 Results Requirements as per

Grade Cement obtained IS:8112-1989

1. Specific gravity 3.15 3.10-3.15

2. Standard Consistency(%) 28 25 – 30

3. Initial setting time(minutes) 30 30 maximum

4. Final setting time(minutes) 400 600 maximum

17
5.2 FINE AGGREGATE:
Fine aggregate normally consists of natural, crushed or manufactured sand.
Natural sand is the usual component for normal weight concrete. The maximum grain
size and size distribution of the fine aggregate depends on the type of product being
made, by over one gram the results should be discarded and a fresh test made. Good
quality river sand was used as a fine aggregate conforming to Zone- II of IS: 383-
1970

Fig. 5.2 Fine aggregate

Table 5.2 Physical properties of fine aggregate

[Link]. Materials test Obtained value

1. Specific gravity 2.6

2. Water absorption 2.5%

3. Fineness modulus 3.23

5.3 COARSE AGGREGATE:

Coarse aggregate is a broad category of coarse to medium grained
particulate material used in the construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone,
slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. The locally available crushed
granite metal with 50% passing through 12.5 mm and retained on 10 mm sieve and

18
50% passing through 20mm and retained on 12.5 mm sieve are used. The coarse
aggregate used in this investigation of size 20mm has been selected. The physical
properties will be tested as per IS 2389 (part 1) -1963.

Fig. 5.4Coarse aggregate

Table 5.3 Physical properties of coarse aggregate

Test Standard value Obtain value
Sp gravity 2.52 to 2.9 2.54
Water absorption Maximum 8% 2.5%
Impact test not more than 30% 9%
(IS:2386(part IV)-1963)

5.4 WATER :
Water is important ingredients of concrete as it actually participate in the
chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to from the strength of giving cement
gel, the quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully.
Mixing water should not contain undesirable organic substances inorganic
constituents in excessive proportion. In this project clean portable water was obtain
from mixing and curing of concrete

19
 Table 5.5properties of water
PH value 7.3
Density 1

5.5 GGBS
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) [1] is a by product from the
blast furnaces used to make iron. These operate at a temperature of about 1500
degrees centigrade and are fed with a carefully controlled mixture of iron ore, coke
and limestone. The iron ore is reduced to iron and the remaining materials from a slag
that floats on top of the iron. This slag is periodically tapped off as a molten liquid
and if it is to be used for the manufacture of GGBS it has to be rapidly quenched in
large volumes of water.

Fig. 5.5 GGBS

Table 5.5properties of GGBS
TEST Standard value Obtain value
Sp gravity 2.8-52.9 2.9
Fineness 2.1 to 2.3 3%

20
5.6 Fly ash

Fig. 5.6 fly ash

Table 5.6 properties of fly ash

TEST Standard value Obtain value

Sp gravity 2.1 to 3 2.13
Fineness Not 10%not exit 4%

21
 CHAPTER- 6
6 .MIX DESIGN
5.1 Design mix for M60grade of concrete as per IS 10262-2009.
I. STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING:
a) Grade designation : M60
b) Type of cement : OPC 53 grade
c) Maximum size of aggregate : 20 mm
d) Minimum cement content : 440 kg/m3
e) Maximum water-cement ratio: 0.28
f) Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m3
g) Chemical admixture type : Super plasticizers
II. TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS:
a) Specific gravity
 Cement : 3.15
 Fine aggregate : 2.69
 Coarse aggregate : 2.6
 GGBS :2.9
 Fly ash : 2.13
 Admixture :1.14

b) Water absorption
 Fine aggregate : 2.5%
 Coarse aggregate: 0.8%
Fine aggregate : Conforming to grading Zone II from IS 383
Mix Calculation
The mix calculation per unit volume for a concrete shall be as follows :

a) Volume of concrete = 1m3

22
b) Volume of cement

= ( Mass of cement / Specific gravity of cement ) x ( 1/1000 )

= ( 440 / 3.15 ) x ( 1/1000 )

= 0.139 m3

c)Volume of fly ash

= ( Mass of fly ash / Specific gravity of cement ) x ( 1/1000 )

= (110 / 2.13 ) x ( 1/1000 )

= 0.0516 m3

D) Volume of water

= ( Mass of water / Specific gravity of water ) x ( 1/1000 )

= ( 154/ 1 ) x ( 1/1000 )

= 0.126 m3

f)Volume of chemical admixture

(super plasticizer) @ 0.4% by mass of cementitous material)

= ( Mass of chemical admixture / Sp gravity of chemical admixture) x

(1/1000 )

= ( 2.2/ 1.14 ) x ( 1/1000 )

= 0.00192 m3

Volume of ingredient=(a-(b+ c + d + f))

=1-(0.139+0.0516+0.00192+0.154)

=0.653 m3

Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.653× 0.58×2.78×1000

=1015.812kg

Mass of fine aggregate = 0.653× 0.42×2.56×1000

23
 =677.37kg

Water absorption on fine aggregate = 0.8%

=1015.812×(0.8/100)

= 8.12 litre

Water absorption on fine aggregate =2.5%

=677.37×(2.5/100)

=16.93litre

=25.39 lit

Total water =154+8.126+16.93=179 litre

MIX PROPOSION FOR - 1M3

Cement - 440 Kg/ m3

Fly ash - 110 Kg/ m3

Coarse aggregate - 998.882 Kg/ m3

Fine aggregate - 669.244 Kg/ m3

Total water - 179 litres/ m3

Admixture - 2.2 litres/ m3

24
 CHAPTER- 7

7. MIX PROPORTION

[Link] MIX REPLACEMENT CEMENT GGBS FLY

OF CEMENT CONTENT CONTANT ASH
(%) KG/M3 KG/M3 KG/M3

1 1 0 440 0 110

2 2 10 396 44 110

3 3 20 352 88 110

4 4 30 308 132 110

5 5 40 264 176 110

25
 CHAPTER- 8
8. FRESH CONCRETE TEST

8.1 WORKABILITY TESTS OF FRESH CONCRETE

8.1.1 SLUMP CONE TEST

 It is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete.

 This test can be conducted in the field or in laboratory, however this test not
suitable for very wet or very dry concrete.
 The mould is filled in four layer of equal height. Each layer is compacted by
giving 25 blows with the tamping rod uniformly.
 The mould is lifted upwards from the concrete immediately by raising it
slowly.
 This allows the concrete to subside. This subsidence is referred to as slump of
concrete.
 of concrete.

Fig 8.1.1 Slump test

26
 Table 8.1 Workability Test for Slump Value

REPLACEMENT OF
W/C RATIO Slump Value (cm)
GGBS(%)
0 0.28 80
10 0.28 120
20 0.28 125
30 0.28 90
40 0.28 135

180
160
140
120
Slump Value (cm)
100
80 REPLACEMENT OF
GGBS(%)
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5

Graph8.1.1: Workability of concrete for various percentage of concrete

8.1.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

 This is a more refined test then the slump test and this property is measure of
workability.
 Test apparatus consists of two conical hoppers with bottom doors and a
separate cylinder kept at the bottom

27
 The concrete is filled in the top hopper fully without compaction and release
successively through the two hoppers and into the bottom cylinder.
 After striking off the level in the cylinder the weight of the concrete in the
cylinder
 The same cylinder is filled with same batch of concrete and compaction to get
the maximum weight.
 The workability compaction factor and the corresponding slump are given in
the table
 The compaction factor test measures the quality of concrete which relates very
close to the workability.
 The test clearly depicts the workability of concrete.

Mass of partially compacted concrete (M1)

Compaction factor =
Mass of fully compacted concrete (M2)

Fig 8.1.2 compaction factor test

28
 Table 8.1.2 Compaction Factor Value for M60 Grade Mix

[Link] Replacement of GGBS COMPACTION FACTOR

(%)
1 0 0.92
2 10 0.89
3 20 0.87
4 30 0.91
4 40 0.81

COMPACTION FACTOR
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
COMPACTION FACTOR
0.82
0.8
0.78
0.76
0.74
1 2 3 4 5

Graph 8.1.2: Compaction factor for Various Percentage of Concrete

8.1.3 FLOW TABLE TEST

 This test gives an indication of the quality of concrete with respect to

consistency, cohesiveness and non-segregation.
 In this test a mass of concrete is subjected to jolting and the flow or spread
of the concrete is measured
 The test apparatus consists of a flow table of 76 mm dia on which
concentric circles are marked.

29
 A mould similar to the one used in slump test with base diameter as 25 cm
and upper diameter as 17 cm with a height of 12 cm is used.
 The mould is kept on the clean table and concrete is filled in two layers
with each layer being rodded 25 times with a tamping rod of 1.6 cm
diameter and 61 cm long with rounded ends.
 The table is raised and dropped 12.5 cm with a cam arrangement, 15 times
in 15 seconds.
 The diameter of the spread-concrete is measured in 6 directions and the
average value is taken.

Average spread in diameter in cm−25

Flow = X 100
25

Fig 8.1.3 Flow Table Test

30
 Table 8.3 Flow Table value for M60 Grade Mix

[Link] Replacemen w/c RATIO TIME FLOW

t 0f GGBS RATIO
MIX(%)
1 0 0.28 15 49.33%

2 10 0.28 15 58,76%

3 20 0.28 15 54.55%

4 30 0.28 15 49.33%

5 40 0.28 15 67.25%

FLOW RATIO
5

3
FLOW RATIO

0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00%

Graph 8.1.3 Flow table results for various percentage of concrete

31
 CHAPTER- 9
[Link] OF CONCRETE
The test moulds are kept ready before preparing the mix. Tighten the bolts of
the moulds carefully because if bolts of the moulds are not kept tight the concrete
slurry coming out of the mould when vibration takes place. Then moulds are cleaned
and oiled on all contact surfaces of the moulds and place the moulds on vibrating
table. The concrete is filled into moulds in layers and then vibrated. The top surface
of concrete is struck off level with a trowel. The number and date of casting are put
on the top surface of the cubes, cylinders and moulds

Fig.9. MOULDS

9.1 PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

All materials shall be brought to room temperature preferably 270 ± 30 C

before commencing the results. The cement samples on arrival at the laboratory shall
be thoroughly mixed dry either by hand or in a suitable mixer in such a manner as to
ensure the greatest possible blending and uniformly in the material care is being taken
to avoid the intrusions of foreign matter. The cement shall then be stored in a dry
place preferably in air-tight metal containers. Samples of aggregates for each batch of
concrete shall be of the desired grading and shall be in an air-dried condition. In
general the aggregate shall be separated into fine and coarse fraction and recombined
for each concrete batch in such a manner as to produce the desired grading. IS sieve
480 shall be normally used for separating the fine and coarse fractions but where

32
special grading are being investigated both fine and coarse fraction shall be further
separated into different sizes.

9.2 PROPORTIONING

The proportions of the materials including water in concrete mixes used for
determining the suitability of the materials available shall be similar in all respects to
those to be employed in the work. Where the proportions of the ingredients of the
concrete as used on the site are to be specified by volume they shall be calculated
from the proportions by weight used in the test cubes and the unit weights of the
materials.

9.3 WEIGHING

The quantities of cement each size of aggregate and water for each batch
shall be determined by weight to an accuracy of 0.1 percent of the total weight of the
batch.

9.4 MIXING CONCRETE

The concrete shall be mixed by hand or preferably in a laboratory batch

mixer in such a manner as to avoid loss of water or other materials. Each batch
concrete shall be of such a size as to leave about 10 percent excess after moulding the
desired number of test specimens.

9 4.1 HAND MIXING

The concrete batch shall be mixed on water-tight non absorbent platforms

with a shovel trowel or similar implement using the following procedure. The cement
and fine aggregate shall be mixed dry until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is
uniform in colour. The coarse aggregate shall be added and mixed with the cement
and fine aggregates until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the
[Link] water shall be added and the entire batch mixed until the concrete appears
to be homogeneous and has the desired consistency. If repeated mixing is necessary
33
because of the addition of water in increments while adjusting the consistency the
batch shall be discarded and a fresh batch made without consistency tests.

Fig. 9. 4.1 MIXING OF CONCRETE

9.5 COMPACTION BY HAND

When compacting by hand the standard tamping rod shall be used and
the strokes of the rod shall be distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section
of the mould. The number of strokes per layer required to produce specified
conditions will vary according to the type of concrete. For cubical specimens in no
case shall the concrete subjected to less than 35 strokes per layer for 15cm cubes. The
stroke shall penetrate into the underlying layer and the bottom layer shall be nodded
throughout its depth. Where voids are left by tamping rod the sides of the mould shall
be tapped to close the voids.

9.6 BATCHING

After cleaning the aggregates, batching process was started for 7 and 28
days cube, 28 days cylinder. The different percentage of mixtures used as 0%, 10%,
20%, 30% and 40% replacement of Compact marble powder and quarry powder. For
each proportion three specimens (cube + cylinder) has been tested for compressive
strength and tensile splitting strength.

34
 Fig 9.6 BATCHING

9 .7 MIXING & FILLING OF CONCRETE IN MOULD:

After the batching process is done, water was added accordingly as per
requirement and mixing was carried out by shovel by turning it over and over until
uniformity in colour was achieved. Care was taken so as to avoid excess pouring of
water. The homogeneous mixture so formed was filled in the moulds in 3 layers by
tamping each layer 25 times so that voids get filled within the moulds and concrete is
compacted. The figure 5.3 below shows the manual compaction methods in cubes as
well as in cylinders.

Fig 9 .7.1 Before filling moulds

35
 Fig. 9 .7 2 after Filling mould
9 .8 CURING OF SPECIMEN

The test specimens shall be stored on the site at a place free from vibrations
under damp matting, sacks, gunny bags or other similar material for 24 hours from
the time of adding the water to the other ingredients. The specimens curing time
period 7 days, 14 days and 28 days curing time after testing the specimen on arrival at
the testing laboratory specimen should be very dry and clean throughout the
specimens.

Fig 9 .8 Curing of Specimen

36
 CHAPTER- 10
[Link] FOR HARDENED CONCRETE:
When we take strength we do not imply the strength of the parent rock from
which the aggregate are produced, because the strength of the rock does not exactly
represent the strength of the aggregate in concrete. Since concrete is an assemblage of
individual pieces of aggregate bound together by cementing material, its properties
are based primarily on the quality of the cement paste and the aggregate. But when
cement paste of good quality is provided and its bond with the aggregate is
satisfactory, then the mechanical properties of the rock or aggregate
10.1 TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRET CUBES:

The compression test is carried out according to determine the characteristic

strength of the concrete. In this test, 150 mm standard cube mould is used for
concrete mix. The apparatus should be clean and free from hardened concrete and
superfluous water before testing. The test is carried out for each cube. The reported
compressive strength is the average of 3 measurements tested at the age of 7days,
14days and 28 days.

Fig 10.1 specimen before failure Fig 10.2 Specimen after failure

37
10.1.1 PROCEDURE:

The testing for the specimens should be carried out as soon as

possible after took out from the curing room. The specimens need to get the
measurements before the testing. The diameter and height of the specimens were
measured and recorded. The weight of each specimen was measured and recorded too.
The platens of the testing machine were cleaned with a clean rag. Leaned the
uncapped surface of the specimen and place the specimen in the testing machine.

The axis of the specimen was aligned with the centre of the
thrust of the spherically seated platen. Carefully placed the rubber cap on the
specimen. The platen was lowered to the rubber cap until the uniform bearing was
obtained. The force was applied and increased continuously at a rate equivalent to
20MPa compressive stress per minute until the specimen failed. Recorded the
maximum force from the testing machine.

Fig 10.1.1 Concrete specimen testing

38
10.1.2 CALCULATIONS
The Compressive strength can be calculated by dividing the max
load applied to the area of the cube. The formula for finding the Compressive strength
is,
C = P/A
Where,
P = Max load applied on the specimen,
A = Area of cross section of the specimen

Similarly compressive strength of other cubes can be calculate and result of

the same is shown in table below.

39
 Table 10.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR 7 DAYS

LOAD COMPRESSIVE AVERA

AREA
[Link] DESCRIPTION IN STRENGTH GE IN
(mm)
(KN) `( N/mm2) (N/mm2)

150x150 860 38.22

1 Normal cube 150x150 870 38.66 38.07
150x150 840 37.33
150x150 800 35.55
2 10% of GGBS 150x150 790 33.11 35.55
150x150 810 36
150x150 840 36.44
3 20% of GGBS 150x150 870 38.66 36.48
150x150 850 37
150x150 740 37.33
4 30% of GGBS 150x150 760 38.66 37.92
150x150 720 37.77
150x150 740 32.88
5 40% of GGBS 150x150 760 33.77 32
150x150 720 32

40
39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28
Normal cube 10% of GGBS 20% of GGBS 30% of GGBS 40% of GGBS

Graph 10.1.1 Average compression strength for 7 days

41
 Table 10.1.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR 14 DAYS
AVER
LOAD COMPRESSIVE
AREA AGE IN
[Link] DESCRIPTION IN STRENGTH
(mm) (N/mm2
2
(KN) `( N/mm )
)
150x150 1230 54.66
1 Normal cube 150x150 1200 53.33 53.92
150x150 1210 53.77
150x150 1190 52.88
2 10% of GGBS 150x150 1200 53.33 52.73
150x150 1180 52.00
150x150 1160 51.55
3 20% of GGBS 150x150 1190 52.88 52.43
150x150 1170 52.88
150x150 1210 53.77
4 30% of GGBS 150x150 1230 54.66 53.62
150x150 1180 52.44
150x150 960 42.66
5 40% of GGBS 150x150 1110 49.33 46.8114
150x150 1090 48.44

42
56

54

52

50

48

46

44

42
Normal cube 10% of GGBS 20% of GGBS 30% of GGBS 40% of GGBS

10.1.2: Average compression strength for 14 days

43
 10.1.3COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR 28 DAYS

AVER
LOAD COMPRESSIVE AGE
AREA
[Link] DESCRIPTION IN STRENGTH IN
(mm)
(KN) `( N/mm2) (N/mm
2
)
150x150 1400 62.22
1 Normal cube 150x150 1370 60.88 60.88
150x150 1340 59.55
150x150 1300 57.7
2 10% of GGBS 150x150 1310 58.22 57.7
150x150 1290 57.33
150x150 1320 58.22
3 20% of GGBS 150x150 1260 56.56 56.63
150x150 1240 55.66
150x150 1310 58.22
4 30% of GGBS 150x150 1340 59.55 58.81
150x150 1320 58.66
150x150 1200 53.33
5 40% of GGBS 150x150 1230 54.66 53.47
150x150 1180 52.44

44
62

60

58

56

54

52

50

48
Normal cube 10% of GGBS 20% of GGBS 30% of GGBS 40% of GGBS

Graph 10.1.3: Average compression strength for 28 days

45
10.2 TEST FOR SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CYLINDERS
The cylindrical specimens of diameter 150mm and height 300mm were
used to determine the split tensile strength. The specimens were tested in
computerized universal testing machine of capacity 1000 kN. Three cylindrical
specimens were tested for each percentage of replacement. The cylinders were placed
in the machine horizontally. Load was applied gradually at a uniform rate until the
specimens failed. Split tensile strength was taken as the average strength of three
specimens .The split tensile strength of conventional concrete was found to be 2.0
N/mm2.

Fig 10 .3 Concrete cylinder specimen testing

46
10.2.1 PROCEDURE

Measured the diameter and length of the specimen. Recorded the

measurements. Placed the specimen on the testing machine. Bearing strips were
aligned on the top and bottom of the specimen and placed the bearing plate outside
the bearing strips. Applied a small initial force and the side constrain was removed.
Applied the force without shock and increased continuously at a constant rate of
15MPa. Recorded the maximum force from the testing machine when the specimen
failed.

10.2.2 CALCULATIONS
The split tensile strength of the specimen calculated from the following formula
Tsp = (2P/ (𝜋dL))
Where P = maximum load in tone,
L = length of the specimen,
D = diameter of width of the specimen Final values are
adopted from using standard deviation

47
 10. 4 TENSILE STRENGTH FOR 7 DAYS

SPECIMEN TENSILE
REPLACEMENT `LOAD
[Link] AREA STRENGTH
OF CEMENT(%) ( KN)
(DLπ) ( N/MM2)
1 0 150x300xπ 270 3.81
2. 10 150x300xπ 250 3.57
3. 20 150x300xπ 265 3.67
4. 30 150x300xπ 280 3.96
5 40 150x300xπ 240 3.39

3.96

3.81

3.67

3.57

3.39

1 2 3 4 5

Graph 10.1.3: Average tensile strength for 7 days

48
 10. 5 TENSILE STRENGTH FOR 14 DAYS

SPECIMEN TENSILE
REPLACEMENT `LOAD
[Link] AREA STRENGTH
OF CEMENT (%) ( KN)
(DLπ) ( N/MM2)
1 0 150x300xπ 360 5.9
2 10 150x300xπ 350 4.95
3 20 150x300xπ 335 4.73
4 30 150x300xπ 370 5.23
5 40 150x300xπ 330 4.52

5.9

5.23
4.95
4.73
4.52

1 2 3 4 5

Graph 10.1.3: Average tensile strength for 14 days

49
 10.6 TENSILE STRENGTH FOR 28 DAYS

SPECIMEN TENSILE
REPLACEMENT `LOAD
[Link] AREA STRENGTH
OF CEMENT(%) ( KN)
(DLπ) ( N/MM2)
1 0 150x300xπ 400 5.65
2. 10 150x300xπ 390 5.51
3. 20 150x300xπ 375 5.47
4. 30 150x300xπ 420 5.94
5 40 150x300xπ 360 5.09

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2

4.8

4.6
1 2 3 4 5

Graph 10.1.3: Average tensile strength for 28 days

50
 CHAPTER 10

COST ANALYSIS

Material Rate Conventional M 60 (Optimum %

Fly Ash Saving
Concrete
and GGBS
cost
Concrete)

Quantity Cost(Rs) Quantity Cost

Cement Rs 400 8.8 bags 3250 6.16 2464

per
bag

Fly Ash Rs 2.75/ 110 kg 302.5 110 kg 302.5

kg

GGBS Rs 3/Kg 0 0 132kg 396

Fine Rs 0.669 m3 575.34 0.669 m3 575.34

Aggregate
860/m3
5.81%
Coarse Rs 0.998M3 2495 0.998M3 2495
Aggregate
2500/m3

Super Rs 40/Kg 2 .2kg 88 2 .2kg 88

Plasticizer

Total cost 6710.84 6320.84

51
 CHAPTER 11

6. CONCLUSION

It is observed that the slump value of concrete increases as the percentage of

GGBS increases up to 30% replacement and then decreases. The increase in slump
value is due to the higher smoothness and fineness of slag increases the Entrainment
of air in the matrix subsequently increasing the volume of paste.

It is observed that the water absorption of concrete decreases as the percentage

of GGBS increases. From this result, it is concluded that the GGBS can be used to
improve the water im-permeability characteristics of the structure. Hence the
corrosion of reinforcement may be retarded & durability of R.C.C. structure may be
increased.

Cement replacement by in combination of fly ash and adding Ground

granulated blast furnace slag leads to increase in compressive strength upto 30 %
GGBS and 20 % Fly Ash for M60 grade of concrete. Beyond 40% replacement of
ground granulated blast furnace slag compressive strength decreased.

For 28 days of curing, fly ash of 20 % with GGBS of 30% shows increase
compressive strength compared to nominal mix concrete.

The maximum percentage of the GGBS with 20 % fly ash on the replacement
of cement should be 30 % when OPC used. From the above observations, we have
concluded that the compressive strength is increasing normally for 28 days when
compared with controlled concrete.

A similar increase in the split tensile strength was observed when the GGBS is
increased 30 % ( at the end of 28 days).

From all above, it can be concluded that replacement of 30% GGBS works best
for all tests than any other.
Use of GGBS in concrete saves money up to 19.07 % over the conventional
cement concrete. This is a significant saving of money. Hence GGBS and fly ash
concrete are more economical.

52
 CHAPTER 12

REFERENCE
 Bureau of Indian Standard, IS 10262:2009, Concrete mix Proportioning-
Guidelines.
 Bureau of Indian Standard, IS 12269:1987, “OPC-53 Grade Cement”.
 Bureau of Indian Standard, IS 4301:1968, for determining the properties of
cement.
 IS 456 – 2000, Concrete Code book .
 Concrete Technology – M.S. Shetty .

 Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) In Concrete – A Review- D. Suresh

and K. Nagaraju
 An Experimental Study on High Performance Concrete Using Mineral Fly Ash
and GGBS with M-60 grade Concrete- Kavita Chandrakar

53