Chapter 11 Modal Analysis 1
Chapter 11
Modal Analysis
11.1 Gearbox
11.2 Two-Story Building
11.3 Compact Disk
11.4 Guitar String
11.5 Review
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.1 Gearbox 2
Section 11.1
Gearbox
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.1 Gearbox 3
Techniques/Concepts
Unprestressed
Modal Analysis
Prestressed Modal
Analysis
Create Mode Shape
Results
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.2 Two-Story Building 4
Section 11.2
Two-Story Building
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.2 Two-Story Building 5
Original Structure...
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.2 Two-Story Building 6
After Bracing...
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.3 Compact Disk 7
Section 11.3
Compact Disk
Problem Description
The MythBusters succeeded in shattering CDs at speeds of 23,000
rpm. We want to find out the maximum stress in the CD due to the
centrifugal force to justify if the shattering is indeed due to the high
stress.
We also want to investigate the possibility of resonant vibrations. We
will conclude that the CD shattering may be due to vibrations rather
than centrifugal stress.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.3 Compact Disk 8
Stresses Due to Centrifugal Force
The maximum
tensile stress is
20.8 MPa, far less
than the material's
tensile strength
(65 MPa).
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.3 Compact Disk 9
Natural Frequencies
[4] The CD may be
[2] The
second excited and cause
lowest damage when the
natural rotational speed
frequency.
reaches about
25,000 rpm.
[3] This is the "line of
resonance," which has
a slope of unity (note
that 30,000 rpm =
[1] The 500 Hz). If any
lowest frequencies fall on this
natural line, they will be
frequency. excited and resonance
will occur.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 10
Section 11.4
Guitar String
Terminologies
Harmonic Series
Just Tuning System
Twelve-Tone Equally Tempered Tuning
System
Beat Frequency
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 11
Harmonic Series
A harmonic mode has a
frequency that is an
integral multiplication of
the fundamental
frequency.
If you pluck a string, you
will produce a tone made
up of all harmonic modes,
the harmonic mixes
determine the quality of
the note.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 12
Just Tuning System
In the early 20th century, the "just
tuning" systems prevail in the
music world. C# D# F# G# A# C#
Db Eb Gb Ab Bb Db
If we play the notes do and sol
together, the sound is pleasing to
our ears, since they have the
simplest frequency ratio.
C D E F G A B C
The major cord C consists of the
do re mi fa sol la ti do
notes do, me, sol, do, the simplest 9 5 4 3 5 15
1 2
8 4 3 2 3 8
frequency ratios.
The problem of this system is that it is
almost impossible to play in another key.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 13
Twelve-Tone Equally Tempered Tuning
System
The idea is to compromise on [1] The
frequencies in the C
the frequency ratios between
just tuning system B
the notes, so that they can be are marked by
small circles.
played in different keys.
A
In this system, an octave is G
equally divided into 12 tones F
(including semitones) in E [2] The frequencies
of the notes in the
D
logarithmic scale. equal temperament
C system are plotted as
In other words, the adjacent a solid curve.
tones have a frequency ratio of C D E F# G# A# C
.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis Section 11.4 Guitar String 14
Beat Frequency
When two waves of different frequencies are combined, they interfere
with each other. The fluctuation in amplitude of the combined wave is
called beats, and the frequency is called the beat frequency.
The beat frequency is equal to the frequency difference of the two waves.
When we play C and D together, the beat frequency is 32.03 Hz (293.66 -
261.63), which is a harsh buzz and unpleasant for our ears.
When we play C and G together, the beat frequency is 130.37 Hz (392.00 -
261.63), which is close to a harmonic frequency of the middle C (261.63
Hz).