Review of Related Literature

Chapter- II

2.0.0 Introduction

Every piece of ongoing research needs to be connected with the work already done, to

attain an overall relevance and purpose. The review of literature thus becomes a link

between the research proposed and the studies already done. It tells the reader about

aspects that have been already established or concluded by other authors, and also

gives a chance to the reader to appreciate the evidence that has already been collected

by previous research, and thus projects the current research work in the proper

perspective.

A large part of review of literature actually needs to be done even before the research

project is formalized. This is essential to make sure that one is not repeating the work

that someone has already done earlier. Sometimes, if the research proposed by the one

has already been undertaken earlier, then it provides you an option of modifying one’s

work by adding a new perspective or altering some of the methods of research to

obtain a perspective that will be different from earlier works and thus more valuable.

Occasionally, one’s work may be exact repetition of the work done earlier, but with a

different set of data or sources of facts, and purpose of the research may just be seeing

if one’s results are similar to earlier works or otherwise.

A good researcher usually goes through a lot more literature than is actually

incorporated in the paper. This is because different literature may have differing

relevance for the current project and all of it may not worth reporting in the end, but

in the initial phase, when you are looking for all aspects of an issue that could be

relevant one would like to extensively explore the literature and see if any relevant

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
findings are already available. Some of the literature reviewed is directly relevant and

hence used as a preface to explain the background of work. Then other reports may be

relevant from the point of view of the project as they provide some clues to the puzzle

by suggesting a hypothesis, which may be the subject matter of the research project.

Lastly, review of literature is also important to highlight difference in opinions,

contradictory findings or evidence, and the different explanations given for their

conclusions and differences by different authors. In some cases, an analysis of these

factors can help one understand may facets of a complex issue and at other times,

such analysis can lead to a new possibility that can be researched upon in the current

project. Thus review of literature is a very important part of one's research.

2.1.0 Significance of the Review of Related Literature

To answer this question it can be said that when a new research project is launched,

the research has to construct its background with the previous work done by others we

learns from others’ experiences. Boote and Beile (2005) eloquently explain the

purpose of a literature review in planning research:

“As the foundation of any research project, the literature review should accomplish

several important objectives. It sets the broad context of the study, clearly demarcates

what is and what is not within the scope of the investigation, and justifies those

decisions. It also situates an existing literature in a broader scholarly and historical

context. It should not only report the claims made in the existing literature but also

examine critically the research methods used to better understand whether the claims

are warranted. Such an examination of the literature enables the author to distinguish

what has been learned and accomplished in the area of study and what still needs to be

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
learned and accomplished. Moreover, this type of review allows the author not only to

summarize the existing literature but also to synthesize it in a way that permits a new

perspective. Thus a good literature review is the basis of both theoretical and

methodological sophistication, thereby improving the quality and usefulness of

subsequent research.”(p. 4)

The literature of any field forms the foundation upon which all future work will be

built If we fails to build the foundation of knowledge provided by the review of

related literature our work is likely to shallow and native and will often duplicate

work that has already been done better by someone else. In writing the literature

review your purpose is to convey to our reader what knowledge and ideas have been

established on a topic and what their strengths and weakness are. Generally the

purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of published body of knowledge

through summary classification and comparison of prior research studies review of

literature and theoretical articles.

The survey of related literature acts as the backbone for any research work. Review of

literature not only helps in the discovery of important variables, locating of

comparative data and findings useful in the interpretation and discussion of results but

provides insight regarding strong points and limitations of the previous studies. Thus

it helps in improvement of the investigation and to bring about a more rational plan

for drawing out generalization.

2.2.0 Reasons for Conducting Review of Related Literature

A crucial element of all research degrees is the review of relevant literature. So

important is this chapter that its omission represents a void or absence of a major

element in research. There are good reasons for spending time and effort on a review

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
of the literature before embarking on a research project. These reasons are as follows:

to identify gaps in the literature, to avoid reinventing the wheel ( at the very least this

will save time and it can stop to carry on from making the same mistakes as others), to

carry on from where others have already reached ( reviewing the field allows you to

build on the platform of existing knowledge and ideas), to identify other people

working in the same fields ( a researcher network is a valuable resource), to increase

the breadth of knowledge of the subject area, to provide the intellectual context for

own work, enabling one to position your project relative to other work, to identify

opposing views, to put the work into perspective, to demonstrate that one can access

previous work in an area, to identify information and ideas that may be relevant to

one’s research and to identify methods that could be relevant to one’s research.

2.3.0 Sources of Related Literature

In this chapter an attempt is made to present all those researches which directly or

indirectly have impact on the problem. Researcher has tried to search all literature

from all possible sources to get acquainted with different problems of desired area,

method and techniques relevant to the problem and to have clear concept of the work

itself. There are several sources of acquiring knowledge such as Primary sources and

Secondary Sources. The knowledge obtained from primary sources is related to

“direct material unfiltered through the mind of another”. While knowledge obtained

from secondary sources are related to “another’s synthesis, ideas, or opinion,”

The current knowledge explosion has made selective data retrieval the key to the

research enterprise as well as to effective practice and it can be possible by review of

related literature. Thus it can be concluded that the review of related literature is

foundation of research work. Keeping in view the importance of related literature

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
before starting the actual work on the problem, the investigator made survey of the

related literature in relation to the variables of the study.

2.4.0 Sections of the Chapter

The whole chapter has been classified into three broad sections; Peer Pressure,

Ragging and Suicidal Ideation. Under these sections researches related to each

construct and their related other variables have been highlighted separately.

2.4.1 Peer Pressure

As child grows up, environmental influence start increasing and effects of peers start

dominating him. Each and every individual is his life experience peer pressure but the

important is how deep the influence of peers is. There are many factors which are

relevant to Peer Pressure and some of them as follows

a) Peer Pressure and Parental Influence

Bester (2004) conducted a study with the aim to determine if peers and parents have a

different impact on the personality development of the adolescent. An empirical

investigation was carried out involving 98 learners from Grades 8 to 11 (53 boys and

55 girls). The respondents completed instruments measuring parent- child

relationship, relationship with peers, self-concept, and personality characteristics. The

results indicated that the peer group, when compared with parents, had a stronger

relationship with the personality development of the adolescent. Parents also play an

important role in determining the peer pressure. Charlotte and Geary (2005) have

proposed in their research that adolescents who are independent from their parents

become dependent on their peers and susceptible to peer pressure. They examined the

relationship between adolescent autonomy within the family and susceptibility to peer

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
pressure. Autonomy was measured from the teen reports, parent reports, and observed

family interaction of 88 adolescents when the teens were 16 years old. Then

susceptibility to peer pressure was measured from teen reports when they were 18.

The study examined three aspects of family relationships that affect teens’ behavioral

or social cognitive autonomy: parental control, decision-making, and conflict

resolution. Results indicated that high parental control and decision-making by

parents or teens alone was related to high susceptibility to peer pressure. In addition,

teens whose mothers undermined their autonomy during conflict resolution were also

high in susceptibility to peer influence. However teens who participated in joint

decision-making were lower in susceptibility to peer influence. Overall, it was found

that autonomy at age 16 could predict low susceptibility to peer pressure at 18. These

findings suggest that adolescents may not move from a dependency on parents to a

dependency on peers. Instead, autonomy seems to be a consistent trait over time and

across different social relationships.

b) Peer Pressure, Gender and Socio demographic Variables

The social environment has a deep impact on the effect of peer pressure. Societies in

all parts of the world have used substances to suppress pain and sorrow and also to get

pleasurable sensations. Consequences of peer pressure were examined by Boehnke,

(2008). He examined the consequences of high peer pressure on academic

performance in mathematics among 14-year-old middle-school students in Germany,

Canada, and Israel. 1,700 students were surveyed in the three cultures. Findings of the

study make it obvious that—concerning achievement in mathematics—the primary

victims of peer pressure in middle school are girls, boys more likely than girls being

the perpetrators.

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Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
A cross-sectional community based field survey by Ranjan (2009) was conducted to

find out the socio-demographic factors contributing to the habit of drug abuse through

door to door visit, to interview all individuals of either sex aged 15 and above in the

selected sample household to enquire about drug abuse and their socio-demographic

factors with structured Performa by two stage systematic sampling method, in the

urban slum community of Malvani in P-North ward of Mumbai. The data collected

were analyzed with the help of Mean, Standard deviation, Percentage, Chi-Square

(χ2) test and Standard error of proportion. 49.7% were found positive for any type of

either single or multiple drug abuse habit. 59.8% drug abusers were in the age group

15 to 34 yrs. 72.1% of drug abusers were either illiterate or primary or middle school

educated. 53.1% drug abusers belonged to semiskilled group while 27.2% belonged to

unemployed group. 65.2% males were having age of starting any drug in the age

group 15-24 yrs. In males, reason of starting drug abuse was 81% due to peer

pressure.

Ahmad (2009) aimed at find out the prevalence, pattern and socio demographic risk

factors of substance abuse in male adolescents. This study examined 390 male school

children aged 10‐19 years in the rural and urban areas of district Aligarh, Uttar

Pradesh, India. Data was analyzed by SPSS ‐10. Substance abuse was prevalent in

13.3% of adolescents of whom 96.1% were using various forms of tobacco and 3.8%

were taking alcohol. While there was statistically significant association between the

substance abuse and the age group of adolescents and size of their families, variables

such as religion, socioeconomic status, place of residence were not associated with

substance use. Most of the students reported initiation of substance use at 14 yrs of

age due to peer pressure. Peer educators would be a useful strategy for

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
communication with adolescents to counter peer pressure. The prevention and control

measures should be started at primary education level.

c) Peer Pressure and Fashion

Peer pressure starts from very minor issues and has deep impact on important issues

related to life, career. Elliott and Leonard (2007) studied in their research, attitudes

towards fashion brands (trainers/athletic shoes) and their symbolic meanings are

explored among a sample of 30 children aged 8–12 years from poor homes in the UK,

in an interpretive study using projective methods. The children form stereotypes about

the owners of trainers: if the trainers are obviously branded and expensive the

children believe the owner to be rich and young, if the trainer is unbranded and

inexpensive looking the children believe the owner to be poor and old. If a child is

wearing branded trainers they are seen as popular and able to fit in with their peers.

These opinions are so strongly held that the children would prefer to talk to someone

wearing branded trainers than unbranded trainers. The children also feel pressure to

wear the trainers that their friends wear, partly to make friends and fit in and partly

because of the teasing experienced if they are wearing unbranded clothes or are

clearly from a poor home.

d) Peer Pressure and Internet Addiction

Peer pressure affect anyone’s day to day life activities also. Esen and Gundogdu

(2010) investigated the relationships between internet addiction, peer pressure and

social support among adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of 558

adolescents (290 female 268 male) selected from high school 9th and 10th grade at

Mersin. The data related with the internet addiction was gathered by means of Internet

Addiction Questionnaire developed by Young (1998) and adapted to Turkish culture

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
by Bayraktar (2001). The data related with the peer pressure gathered with the peer

Pressure Questionnaire developed by Kıran (2002) and Perceived Social Support

Measure developed by Yıldırım (1997) was used to measure the social support. To

examine the relationships between internet addiction, peer pressure and social

support, gender X peer pressure (low-mediumhigh), gender X peer support (low-

medium-high), gender X parental support (low-mediumhigh) and gender X teachers’

support (low-medium-high) design four different analyses of variance was applied to

the Internet Addiction Questionnaire scores of the adolescents. For low, medium and

high peer pressure, peer support, parental support and teachers’ support, 0,5 standard

deviation was used as cut off point. The results showed that the lower the peer

pressure, internet addiction decreases. Moreover, the more the parental and teachers’

support increase, internet addiction scores of the adolescents decrease. Furthermore, it

was observed that internet addiction scores of the adolescents differed according to

gender, and the internet addiction scores of the girls were lower than that of boys.

e) Peer Pressure, Tobacco and Smoking Habits

Basu (2011) studied the prevalence and determinants of smoking practices among

undergraduate medical students. The practice of smoking for last 6 months to 1 year

was in 43.6% and 40% smoked less than 6 months. Half of them (50.9%) smoked 5-9

cigarettes per day. Peer pressure was significantly high in smokers (83.6%); 42% had

other addictions. The effect of parental smoking on smoking habits of the participants

was quite evident among smokers (82%), which was significantly higher than

nonsmokers (χ2 = 63.49, P < 0.05). Peer pressure was the most important risk factor

(57.69%) of initiation of smoking habit followed by parental influence (16.49%).

Among morbidities of smokers, 60.6% were suffering from regular cough, 6% from

bronchitis, and 2% had asthma.

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
Another study was conducted by Joseph and Zacker (2012) examined peer pressure

and tobacco smoking among undergraduate students of the University of Calabar,

Nigeria. Result indicated that 46 per cent of tobacco use among undergraduate

students were accounted for by peer pressure, while the ANOVA result indicated that

peer pressure had significant influence on undergraduate students’ tobacco use

(F=4.069, p<0.05); the model further revealed that a unit increase in peer influence

factor would result in 62% unit rise in the percentage of undergraduates that make use

of tobacco substance. Result of independent samples test showed that the frequency of

tobacco use differs between sexes (t=3.100, p<0.05). Study revealed that the

frequency of tobacco use among undergraduate student in Nigeria’s university

environment was in the increase.

f) Peer Pressure, Alcoholism and Premarital Sex

Peer pressure not only leads to smoking and drinking habits but also to many other

problems such as premarital sex and pregnancy. Mishra, Pimple and Shastri (2009)

assessed the tobacco quit rates among employees, through self report history, and

validate it with rapid urine cotinine test. He compared post-intervention KAP

regarding tobacco consumption with the pre-intervention responses and assessed the

tobacco consumption pattern among contract employees and provide assistance to

encourage quitting. This is a cohort study implemented in a chemical industry in rural

Maharashtra, India. All employees (104) were interviewed and screened for oral

neoplasia. Active intervention in the form of awareness lectures, focus group

discussions and if needed, pharmacotherapy was offered. Medical staff from the

industrial medical unit and from a local referral hospital was trained. Awareness

programs were arranged for the family members and contract employees. Forty eight

per cent employees consumed tobacco. The tobacco quit rates increased with each

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Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
follow-up intervention session and reached 40% at the end of one year. There was

96% agreement between self report tobacco history and results of rapid urine cotinine

test. The post-intervention KAP showed considerable improvement over the pre-

intervention KAP. 56% of contract employees used tobacco and 55% among them

had oral pre-cancerous lesions. A positive atmosphere towards tobacco quitting and

positive peer pressure assisting each other in tobacco cessation was remarkably noted

on the entire industrial campus. Olufemi (2012) examined the informal, unsupervised

peer group, adolescent susceptibility to pressure from such groups and the negative

influences on behaviour that results in such antisocial behaviour as alcohol use, in

regards to premarital sex. Results revealed that there is a significant relationship

between adolescent susceptibility to peer pressure and tendency to engage in

premarital sexual activity. Susceptibility to peer pressure is correlated to adolescent

engagement in premarital sexual activity. Peer pressure levels and its impact are

increasing with the advancement of life. There are many recent studies which also

support the impact of peer pressure on drinking and smoking behavior. Kiran-Esen

(2013) executed his study in 2001-2002 academic year on 7182nd grade high school

students (311 girls and 407 boys) between ages 15-17 who are impartially selected by

cluster sampling and random sampling techniques. A Peer Pressure Scale, developed

by the author, is used to determine the peer pressure. Information about the frequency

of students’ smoking is calculated according to the answers of students. The results

showed that, there is a significant relation ( p<0.05) between peer pressure levels and

smoking.

The summary of the above researches on peer pressure can be seen in the tabular form

in the table 2.1;

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 Table 2.1: Exhibiting the summary of the Researches Conducted on Peer Pressure

S. No. Related Author and Year Aim Findings

1 Parental Bester (2004) Whether peers and parents have a different Peer group, when compared with parents, had a stronger relationship with the
Influence impact on the personality development of the personality development of the adolescent. Parents also play an important role in
adolescent. determining the peer pressure.
Charlotte and To examine the relationship between Adolescents may not move from a dependency on parents to a dependency on peers.
Geary
adolescent autonomy within the family and Instead, autonomy seems to be a consistent trait over time and across different social
(2005)
susceptibility to peer pressure. relationships.
2 Gender and Boehnke, To examine the consequences of high peer The primary victims of peer pressure in middle school are girls, boys more likely than
Socio (2008) pressure on academic performance. girls being the perpetrators.
demographic Ranjan To find out the socio-demographic factors 15 to 34 yrs. 72.1% of drug abusers were either illiterate or primary or middle school
Variables (2009) contributing to the habit of drug abuse. educated. 53.1% drug abusers belonged to semiskilled group while 27.2% belonged to
unemployed group. 65.2% males were having age of starting any drug in the age
group 15-24 yrs. In males, reason of starting drug abuse was 81% due to peer
pressure.
Ahmad (2009) To find out the prevalence, pattern and socio Initiation of substance use at 14 yrs of age due to peer pressure. Substance abuse was
demographic risk factors of substance abuse prevalent in 13.3% of adolescents of whom 96.1% were using various forms of
in male adolescents. tobacco and 3.8% were taking alcohol.

3 Fashion Elliott and Leonard To study attitudes towards fashion brands The children also feel pressure to wear the trainers that their friends wear, partly to
(2007) (trainers/athletic shoes) and their symbolic make friends and fit in and partly because of the teasing experienced if they are
wearing unbranded clothes or are clearly from a poor home.
meanings.

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature

4 Internet Esen and To investigate the relationships between Lower the peer pressure, internet addiction decreases. Moreover, the more the
Addiction Gundogdu (2010) internet addiction, peer pressure and social parental and teachers’ support increase, internet addiction scores of the adolescents
support among adolescents decrease.
5 Tobacco and Basu To study prevalence and determinants of Peer pressure was significantly high in smokers (83.6%); 42% had other addictions.
Smoking Habits (2011) smoking practices among undergraduate Peer pressure was the most important risk factor (57.69%) of initiation of smoking
medical students. habit followed by parental influence (16.49%).
Joseph and Zacker To examine peer pressure and tobacco 46 per cent of tobacco use among undergraduate students were accounted for by peer
(2012) smoking among undergraduate students of the pressure, while the ANOVA result indicated that peer pressure had significant
University of Calabar, Nigeria. influence on undergraduate students’ tobacco use (F=4.069, p<0.05); the model
further revealed that a unit increase in peer influence factor would result in 62% unit
rise in the percentage of undergraduates that make use of tobacco substance.
6 Alcoholism and Mishra, Pimple and To assess the tobacco quit rates among A positive atmosphere towards tobacco quitting and positive peer pressure assisting
Premarital Sex Shastri employees each other in tobacco cessation was remarkably noted on the entire industrial campus.
(2009)
Olufemi (2012) To examine the informal, unsupervised peer
There is a significant relationship between adolescent susceptibility to peer pressure
group, adolescent susceptibility to pressure
and tendency to engage in premarital sexual activity. Susceptibility to peer pressure is
from such groups and the negative influences
correlated to adolescent engagement in premarital sexual activity.
on behaviour that results in such antisocial
behaviour as alcohol use, in regards to
premarital sex.
Kiran-Esen (2013) To Examine the Adolescents’ Smoking There is a significant relation ( p<0.05) between peer pressure levels and smoking.
According to Their Peer Pressure Levels and
Gender

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2.4.2 Ragging

In the name of introduction or initiation, millions of students are brutally abused in

many educational institutions. Teenagers entering those colleges (and now even in

some schools) are physically, mentally and often sexually (heterosexually and

homosexually) abused. They are often subjected to tortures comparable to the

sufferings of the victims of Nazi Holocausts... except the gas chambers. In case of

severe ragging cases of deaths, suicides and homicides are however not uncommon.

Ragging and hazing can be used interchangeably. Hazing is defined as committing

acts against an individual or forcing an individual into committing an act that creates a

risk for harm in order for the individual to be initiated into or affiliated with an

organization. Hazing is an enduring activity with roots that date back to the ancient

and medieval eras. It has become increasingly prevalent in fraternities and sororities,

high school and college athletic organizations, the military, professional sports teams,

and street gangs. Scant information is available in the medical literature regarding

hazing. This article reviews the history of hazing, provides statistics regarding its

prevalence, presents information on specific hazing practices and consequent

traumatic injuries, and assesses alcohol's influence on hazing.

a. Ragging and Professional Courses

Ragging is not acceptable in any country direct or indirectly. It is practiced in most of

the countries. Exact prevalence rate of ragging can also be not found out because most

of the cases are not reported. There is a close association found in raging and students

studying professional courses. Kaiser (2008),Only last year seven students from

medical colleges were suspended for alleged ragging bordering on sexual harassment.

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
Teasing, ducking and ragging in medical colleges are becoming a serious problem in

professional institutes.

b. Hazing, humiliation, isolation, sleep-deprivation and sex acts

Hazing and ragging may be found in any form. Campo, Poulos and Sipple (2005),

studied Prevalence and Profiling: Hazing among College Students. The sample of the

study was comprised of 736 undergraduate students at a large university. They found

36% of respondents engaged in at least one activity that would be classified as hazing

The most commonly reported hazing activity in which students engaged is Drinking

Games/Contests (17.1%), followed by Sleep Deprivation (14.9%). However, when

asked if they participated in hazing according to the university’s definition, 12.4% of

respondents reported that they had been hazed; while 6.7% of respondents reported

that they were the ones hazing their peers. Respondents indicated that they would be

most likely to leave a situation in which they are being hazed if they have friends who

were not members of the organization that is hazing

Allan & Madden (2012) explored the nature and extent of college student hazing in

the USA. Hazing, a form of interpersonal violence, can jeopardize the health and

safety of students. Using a web-based survey, data were collected from 11,482

undergraduate students, aged 18–25 years, who attended one of 53 colleges and

universities. Additionally, researchers interviewed 300 students and staff at 18 of the

campuses. Results revealed that hazing among USA College students is widespread

and involves a range of student organizations and athletic teams. Alcohol

consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep-deprivation and sex acts are hazing

practices common across student groups. Furthermore, there is a large gap between

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
the number of students who report experience with hazing behaviors and those that

label their experience as hazing.

c. Ragging and Death

A study was conducted by Srabstein (2008) with the purpose to determine the extent

of news reports of deaths associated with bullying and hazing among young people

over a period of 57 years. This study was based on a survey of death events linked to

bullying or hazing reported in English newspapers from January 1, 1950 through

December 31, 2007. The search was based on the review of major United States and

world publications, written in English, using the terms "bullying, hazing, ragging, and

death." In the last 57 years, at least 250 reported cases of deaths were linked to

bullying, hazing, or ragging, reported in English language newspapers from around

the world. Of these news stories (n = 121), 76% contained an alleged history that the

victim was bullied. Twenty-two per cent (n = 55) of these reports were associated

with suspected hazing or ragging. In only four cases (2%), those who died had a

history of bullying others. The majority of the reports of bullying related deaths

(62.3%) originated in Europe, with most of them (93%) occurring in the United

Kingdom. Sixty-seven percent of bullying-related deaths were reported during the last

10 years. Thus the present review indicates the high rate of ragging and hazing cases

in all over the world.

The summary of the above researches can be seen in tabular from in the table 2.2

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 Table 2.3: Exhibiting the summary of the Researches Conducted on Ragging (Hazing)
Related
S. No. Author and Year Aim Findings
Variables
1 d. Ragging and Kaiser To study Ragging in Medical Colleges Last year seven students from medical colleges were suspended for alleged ragging
Professional (2008) bordering on sexual harassment. Teasing, ducking and ragging in medical colleges are
Courses becoming a serious problem in professional institutes.

2 e. Hazing, Campo, Poulos and To study Prevalence and Profiling: Hazing 36% of respondents engaged in at least one activity that would be classified as hazing
humiliation, Sipple (2005) among College Students The most commonly reported hazing activity in which students engaged is Drinking
isolation, sleep- Games/Contests (17.1%), followed by Sleep Deprivation (14.9%).
deprivation and
sex acts Allan & Madden To explore the nature and extent of college Results revealed that hazing among USA College students is widespread and involves a
(2012) student hazing in the USA range of student organizations and athletic teams. Alcohol consumption, humiliation,
isolation, sleep-deprivation and sex acts are hazing practices common across student
groups.

3 f. Ragging and Srabstein To determine the extent of news reports of In the last 57 years, at least 250 reported cases of deaths were linked to bullying,
(2008) deaths associated with bullying and hazing hazing, or ragging. 76% contained an alleged history that the victim was bullied.
Death
among young people Twenty-two per cent (n = 55) of these reports were associated with suspected hazing or
ragging. Sixty-seven percent of bullying-related deaths were reported during the last
10 years.

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2.4.3 Suicidal Ideation

Suicide is increasing its roots in society day by day. If data is studied it would be clear

that there is increment in number of cases of suicide every year. Suicide is prevalent

not only in older age but during teenage age it has taken a deep place.

a. Distribution of Suicide rate and related Facts

Kumar (2007) analyzed in his study that the majority of suicides (37.8%) in India are

by those below the age of 30 years. The fact that 71% of suicides in India are by

persons below the age of 44 years imposes a huge social, emotional and economic

burden on our society. The prevalence of suicide ideation, attempt and its associates

was assessed by Ziaaddini, Navadeh and Saeedi (2009). Study was based on the

multistage cluster sampling, 860 subjects aged 15 and older were selected as the non-

attempter group and 58 hospital cases admitted due to suicide attempts were selected

as the attempter group. Results showed that the prevalence of suicide ideation was

10% in total: 48.3% in the suicide attempters and 7.33% in the non-attempters. Self-

reported reasons for concealing suicidal ideation were explored by Denmark, Hees

and Becker (2012) by using data from a national survey of undergraduate and

graduate students: 558 students indicated that they seriously considered attempting

suicide during the previous year and did not tell anyone about their suicidal thoughts.

Content analysis of students’ qualitative responses to the question “Why did you

choose not to tell anyone about these thoughts?” generated nine reasons: (a) perceived

low risk, (b) concern for others, (c) dispositional privacy, (d) pointlessness of help-

seeking, (e) others’ negative reactions, (f) personal negative reactions, (g)

repercussions, (h) interference, and (i) perceived isolation.

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
b. Suicidal Ideation and Family Environment

Family Environment plays an important role in the emergence of suicidal ideation.

Positive environment on one hand motivates to perform well while on other hand

negative environment in creates pressure over children. Gençoz & Or (2006) aimed

to study the importance of family environment as a significant associate of suicide

probability among university students. After controlling the total variance accounted

for by the control variables (i.e., gender, age, living with family versus away from

family, and Grade Point Averages) and mood related variables (i.e., depressive

symptoms, and positive and negative affect), family cohesion still emerged as a

significant associate of the suicide probability. These findings underline the

importance of family relations as a risk factor of suicide among university students.

The associations between suicidal behaviors, including suicidal ideation and attempts,

and poor peer and parental relationships were investigated by Fotti, Katz, Afifi &

Cox (2006). The study was carried out on nationally representative sample of

Canadian adolescents aged 12 to 13 years. They found that the unadjusted logistic

regression models found that, among early adolescent boys and girls, depression, poor

peer relationships, decreased parental nurturance, and increased parental rejection

were all significantly associated with suicidal ideation and attempts. A study was

conducted by Sun, Hui & Watkins (2006) to investigate the family, school, peer and

psychological factors that contribute to adolescent suicidal ideation. The participants

were 1,358 (680 boys and 678 girls) Hong Kong Chinese adolescents who were

divided into younger (12.3 years, n=694) and older (15.4 years, n=664) age groups.

By using structural equation modeling, the results showed that family cohesion and

sense of school belongingness were the core predictors of self-esteem and depression,

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Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
and that depression was a strong mediator of suicidal ideation. Sharma, Grover and

Chaturvedi (2008) aimed to study the prevalence of suicidal behavior and its

epidemiological correlates amongst adolescent students in south Delhi. In the data

analysis statistically significant associations were observed with the age of the

student, living status of parents, working status of mother, and whether the student

was working part-time. Chan, Law, Liu, Wong, Law, and Yip (2009) found that

perceived responsibilities for family was the only protective factor, while a coping

mechanism by behavioral disengagement, severity of depressive symptoms, a history

of deliberate self-harm, chronic physical illness or pain, media reporting of suicide

news, and low household income were the risk factors for adolescent suicidal

ideation. Gilreath, King, Graham, Flisher, & Lombard (2009) conducted a

research on 657 South African youth assessed over two time points with comparison

of effects between males and females. Maternal closeness had a significant effect on

suicidal ideation among females. The associations between childhood adversities as

risk factors for the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour across 21 countries

worldwide was examined by Bruffaerts and Demyttenaere (2010) Respondents

from nationally representative samples (n = 55 299) were interviewed regarding

childhood adversities that occurred before the age of 18 years and lifetime suicidal

behaviour. It was found that Childhood adversities were associated with an increased

risk of suicide attempt and ideation in both bivariate and multivariate models (odds

ratio range 1.2–5.7). The risk increased with the number of adversities experienced,

but at a decreasing rate.

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
c. Hopelessness and Suicidal Ideation

Suicidal ideation and suicidal tendency have been discussed and explored by many

researchers. Various causes such as hopelessness are being discussed in the following

researches; Alina, Spirito & Julie (2002) aimed to study Neighborhood Predictors of

Hopelessness among Adolescent Suicide Attempters. Adolescents (N=48) who

attempted suicide were administered measures of hopelessness and depression. Those

living in neighborhoods with weak social networks reported higher levels of

hopelessness, even after controlling for socioeconomic backgrounds and depression.

Findings suggest that the environmental context may play a role in the emotional

status of adolescents who attempt suicide. Deprivation of love and care was

considered as one of major contributor in suicidal ideation. Stroebe, Stroebe &

Abakoumkin (2005) found in their research that suicidal ideation was higher among

widowed people than married people and was most excessive for widows.

d. Psychopathological disorders and Suicidal Ideation

Nehra, Kumar, Grover, Kaur, and Khehra (2006) examined the personality and

socio-clinical profile of 26 suicide attempters. They found that subject showed

constriction in thinking with low ego strength, poor group conformity in thinking,

disturbed interpersonal relations, immature stereotypic thinking, and features of

suspiciousness, affective distress and impulsivity. Bhattacharjee and Deb (2007).

They examined the suicidal tendencies among depressive patients. A group of 118

depressive patients was covered in the study and they were selected from different

Government and Private Health Care Centers following incidental sampling

technique. Data were collected by Background Information Schedule and Suicidal

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Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
Tendencies Inventory. Three hypotheses were formulated and were verified by

applying suitable statistical tests. Findings revealed that suicidal thoughts among

depressive patients and normal population of same age group differed significantly

(p<. 01) which indicates that depressive patients have lost hope in life and wish to end

their lives. Suicidal tendencies of depressive patients across chronicity of the disease

also differed significantly (p< .01) which indicates that the depressive patients who

were suffering from depression for more than last one year possessed more suicidal

thoughts as compared to the depressive patients who were suffering from depression

for the last one year. Heo (2008) conducted a study in order to explore a casual path

among trauma, object relations deficits, mental pain and suicidal ideation amongst

college populations both in Korea and in the US. He found that suicidal ideation is

mediated by trauma. Prinstein (2008) also concluded in their research that depressive

symptoms contribute a lot in the development of suicidal tendencies. It is not the

depression that contributes to the suicidal ideation. There are various psychological

disorders also which are considered a major cause of suicidal ideation. Goldston,

Daniel, Erkanli, Reboussin, Mayfield, Frazier and Treadway (2009) conducted a

study with the purpose to examine the relationships between suicide attempts and

contemporaneous psychiatric disorders, and developmental changes in these

relationships from adolescence to young adulthood. The sample consisted of 180

adolescents, 12–19 years of age at hospitalization, repeatedly assessed for up to 13

years (n = 1,825 assessments). Semistructured psychiatric diagnostic instruments were

administered at repeated assessments to assess psychiatric disorders and suicide

attempts. Results showed that most major psychiatric disorders are associated with

increased risk for suicide attempts, but the strength of the relationships between these

disorders and attempts changes over the course of development. In another study by

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
O'Connor, Jobes, Lineberry and Michael (2010), it was found that emotional upset

is a heterogeneous construct in suicidal individuals, the properties of which may

provide for a more thorough risk assessment.

e. Demographical Factors and Suicidal Ideation

The study conducted by Updhayaya and Singh (2006) in context to suicidal

tendencies in male and female. They found Males of all the ages commit suicide at a

higher rate than females although females attempt suicide more often than males.

Suicide rates in India have shown a gradually increasing trend. Study reveals that

male adolescents have scored significantly higher on the measures of suicidal

ideation, whereas male adolescents have more psychological impairment on

psychopathic deviation. In another research Broota, Agarwala & Kaur (2008)

investigated suicidal ideation among adolescents. The study was conducted in two co-

educational public schools in Delhi. The sample consisted of 100 students (50 boys

and 50 girls) aged 16-19 years from Arts, Commerce and Science sections.

Information Schedule, suicidal ideation by Beck and Steer, Beck Hopelessness Scale

Impulsivity Scale, Self Esteem Inventory and State Trait Anger Inventory were used

to measure environmental factors, Suicidal ideation, hopelessness, Impulsivity, self

esteem and aggression respectively. It was found that the differences between boys

and girls on all measures were non-significant. It was found that high hopelessness,

impulsivity and anger were related to higher level of suicidal ideation among

adolescents. Sourander (2009) studied the prevalence of and factors associated with

suicidal behaviour among 580 adolescents, an 8-year longitudinal study included

questions about suicidal attempts and thoughts were done at age 16. Results showed

that 14% of girls and 7% of boys reported suicidal thoughts or preoccupations at this

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
age. Peltzer and Pengpid (2012) estimate the prevalence and identify associations

between suicidal ideation and indicators of psychosocial distress and social-

environmental factors in Thai adolescents. Results revealed that psychosocial, health-

risk behaviours and lack of protective factors appear to effect suicidal ideation in this

youth population. Abel, Sewell, Martin, Bailey-Davidson, & Fox (2012) determined

the prevalence of suicidal ideation and examine the association between suicidal

ideation and sociodemographic characteristics, protective and risk factors among

Jamaican youth. He found that prevalence rate of suicidal ideation was 9.7%. Logistic

regression analysis revealed that significant correlates of suicidal ideation were being

female, being depressed, living in a rural area, likes oneself, indulging in aggressive

behavior, has considered harming others, protective factors in the home, involvement

in risky behaviour and being teased/bullied.

f. Bullying and Suicidal Ideation

Bullying is recognized as a major public health problem, and it appears to have

devastating consequences such as suicidal ideation. Kim & Leventhal (2008)

analyzed that being a victim or perpetrator of school bullying, the most common type

of school violence, has been frequently associated with a broad spectrum of

behavioral, emotional, and social problems. Suicide is third leading cause of mortality

in children and adolescent in the United States of America and around the world.

They presented a systematic review of the previous 37 studies conducted in children

and adolescents from communities as well as in special populations that examined the

association between bullying experiences and suicide. They concluded that any

participation in bullying increases the risk of suicidal ideations and/or behaviors in a

broad spectrum of youth. Pranjic and Bajraktarevic (2010) conducted a study. A

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Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
self-reported school-based survey was completed by 290 secondary school students

aged 17 years, attending the third grade, coming from 15 different classes of

secondary schools. Results showed that there was an increased prevalence of

depression (29.0% versus 8.8%) and suicidal ideation (16.1% versus 3.5%) in

adolescents who have been victims in relationships to respondents who were

uninvolved subjects.

Skapinakis, Bellos, Gkatsa, Magklara, Lewis, Araya, Stylianidis & Mavreas

(2011) selected 5614 pupils 16-18 years old and attending 25 senior high schools

were screened in the first phase and a stratified random sample of 2431 were selected

for a detailed interview at the second phase. Psychiatric morbidity and suicidal

ideation were assessed with the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) while

bullying was assessed with the revised Olweus bully/victim questionnaire. Results

showed that Victims of bullying behavior were more likely to express suicidal

ideation. This association was particularly strong for those who were bullied on a

weekly basis. The strong cross-sectional association between frequent victimization

and suicidal ideation in late adolescence offers an opportunity for identifying pupils in

the school setting that are in a higher risk for exhibiting suicidal ideation. Espelage &

Holt (2013) in their study selected a large sample of middle school students (n = 661;

fifth through eighth grades; ages 10–13 years of age) who completed a pencil-and-

paper survey that included the University of Illinois Bully, Fight, and Victim scales.

Students also self-reported how often they had thought of killing themselves or

deliberating hurting themselves in past 6 months, and provided information about

delinquent behaviors and symptoms of depression and anxiety. They found that

approximately 32%–38% of verbal bullies and victims, 60% of bully-victims, and

43% of physically aggressive bullies reported suicidal ideation. 24%–28% of verbal

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
bullies and victims, 44% of bully-victims, and 35% of physically aggressive bullies

reported deliberately trying to hurt or kill themselves.

g. Alcoholism and Suicidal Ideation

There are many behavioral problems which are also associated with suicidal ideation.

Sher (2006) found in his research that alcohol dependence is an important risk factor

for suicidal behaviour. Impulsivity and aggression are strongly implicated in suicidal

behaviour. Constructs related to aggression and impulsivity confers additional risk for

suicidal behaviour in people with alcohol dependence. About 90% of people in

Western countries use alcohol at some time in their lives, and 40% experience

temporary or permanent alcohol-related impairment in some area of life as a result of

drinking. Similar results were found by another research by Swahn and Bossarte

(2007). They found that alcohol use by adolescents, particularly preteen alcohol use,

was a significant risk factor for both suicide ideation and suicide attempts among both

boys and girls. Among study participants (n=13,639 high school students in grades 9-

12), 25.4 percent reported drinking before they were 13 years old. Preteen alcohol use

initiation was statistically significantly associated with suicidal ideation and suicide

attempts compared to nondrinkers. Increased efforts to delay and reduce early alcohol

use are needed, since they may reduce suicide attempts by adolescents. Cross-

sectional logistic regression analyses were conducted in order to determine the

associations between early alcohol use and reports of suicide ideation and suicide

attempts for boys and girls, controlling for demographic characteristics, substance

use, involvement in physical fights, weapon carrying, physical abuse by a dating

partner, sexual assault, and sadness.

The summary of the above researches can be seen in tabular from in the table 2.3

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 Table 2.3: Exhibiting the summary of the Researches Conducted on Suicidal Ideation

S. No. Related Variables Author and Year Aim Findings

1 h. Distribution of Kumar (2007) To find out the Distribution of suicide rate. Majority of suicides (37.8%) in India are by those below the age of 30 years. The fact
Suicide rate and that 71% of suicides in India are by persons below the age of 44 years imposes a huge
related Facts social, emotional and economic burden on our society.
Ziaaddini, Navadeh To study prevalence of suicide ideation, The prevalence of suicide ideation was 10% in total: 48.3% in the suicide attempters and
and Saeedi (2009) attempt and its associates 7.33% in the non-attempters.
Denmark, Hees and To explore the Self-reported reasons for 558 students indicated that they seriously considered attempting suicide during the
Becker concealing suicidal ideation previous year and did not tell anyone about their suicidal thoughts. They generated nine
reasons for this concealment.
(2012)
2 i. Suicidal Ideation Gençoz & Or To study the importance of family After controlling the total variance accounted for by the control variables (i.e., gender,
and Family environment as a significant associate of age, living with family versus away from family, and Grade Point Averages) and mood
(2006)
Environment suicide probability among university students related variables (i.e., depressive symptoms, and positive and negative affect), family
cohesion still emerged as a significant associate of the suicide probability.
Fotti, Katz, Afifi and To study the associations between suicidal Depression, poor peer relationships, decreased parental nurturance, and increased
Cox (2006) behaviors, including suicidal ideation and parental rejection were all significantly associated with suicidal ideation and attempts.
attempts, and poor peer and parental
relationships
Sun, Hui & Watkins To investigate the family, school, peer and Family cohesion and sense of school belongingness were the core predictors of self-
(2006) psychological factors that contribute to esteem and depression,
adolescent suicidal ideation
Sharma, Grover and to study the prevalence of suicidal behavior statistically significant associations were observed with the age of the student, living
Chaturvedi (2008) and its epidemiological correlates amongst status of parents, working status of mother, and whether the student was working part-
adolescent students time
Chan, Law, Liu, To study Suicidality in Chinese adolescents Perceived responsibilities for family was the only protective factor, while a coping
Wong, Law, and Yip in Hong Kong: the role of family and cultural mechanism by behavioral disengagement, severity of depressive symptoms, a history of
(2009) influences deliberate self-harm, chronic physical illness or pain, media reporting of suicide news,
and low household income were the risk factors for adolescent suicidal ideation.

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature

Gilreath, King, To study associations between maternal Maternal closeness had a significant effect on suicidal ideation among females.
Graham, Flisher, & closeness, suicidal ideation, and risk
Lombard (2009) behaviors in Cape Town
Bruffaerts and To study Childhood adversities as risk Childhood adversities were associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt and
Demyttenaere factors for onset and persistence of suicidal ideation
behavior
(2010)
3 j. Hopelessness and Alina, Spirito & Julie To study Neighborhood Predictors of Those living in neighborhoods with weak social networks reported higher levels of
Suicidal Ideation Hopelessness among Adolescent Suicide hopelessness, even after controlling for socioeconomic backgrounds and depression.
(2002)
Attempters. Findings suggest that the environmental context may play a role in the emotional status
of adolescents who attempt suicide. Deprivation of love and care was considered as one
of major contributor in suicidal ideation.

Stroebe, Stroebe and To examine suicidal behavior during Suicidal ideation was higher among widowed people than married people and was most
Abakoumkin (2005) bereavement excessive for widows.
4 k. Psychopatholo- Nehra, Kumar, To examine Psychosocial Risk factors in They found that subject showed constriction in thinking with low ego strength, poor
gical disorders Grover, Kaur, and suicide group conformity in thinking, disturbed interpersonal relations, immature stereotypic
and Suicidal Khehra (2006) thinking, and features of suspiciousness, affective distress and impulsivity.
Ideation Bhattacharjee and To examine the suicidal tendencies among Suicidal thoughts among depressive patients and normal population of same age group
Deb (2007) depressive patients differed significantly which indicates that depressive patients have lost hope in life and
l.
wish to end their lives.
Heo (2008) To explore a casual path among trauma, Suicidal ideation is mediated by trauma. The structural model also showed that the
object relations deficits, mental pain and relationship between trauma and mental pain was fully mediated by object relations
suicidal ideation deficits, regardless the type of trauma
Prinstein (2008) To study unique challenges and important Depressive symptoms contribute a lot in the development of suicidal tendencies. It is not
directions for self-injury the depression that contributes to the suicidal ideation. There are various psychological
disorders also which are considered a major cause of suicidal ideation.
Goldston, Daniel, To examine the relationships between suicide Most major psychiatric disorders are associated with increased risk for suicide attempts,
Erkanli, Reboussin, attempts and contemporaneous psychiatric but the strength of the relationships between these disorders and attempts changes over
Mayfield, Frazier & disorders, the course of development.
Treadway (2009)

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature

O'Connor, Jobes, To Investe of Emotional Upset in Suicide Emotional upset is a heterogeneous construct in suicidal individuals, the properties of
Lineberry and Ideation which may provide for a more thorough risk assessment.
Michael (2010)
m. Demographical Updhayaya and To study Suicide Ideation and Male adolescents have scored significantly higher on the measures of suicidal ideation,
Factors and Singh (2006) Psychopathology Among Adolescents whereas male adolescents have more psychological impairment on psychopathic
Suicidal Ideation deviation.
n. Broota, Agarwala & To investigate suicidal ideation among The differences between boys and girls on all measures were non-significant. It was
Kaur (2008) adolescent found that high hopelessness, impulsivity and anger were related to higher level of
suicidal ideation among adolescents.
Sourander (2009) To study prevalence of and factors associated 14% of girls and 7% of boys reported suicidal thoughts or preoccupations at this age.
with suicidal behavior
Peltzer and Pengpid To study prevalence and identify associations Psychosocial, health-risk behaviours and lack of protective factors appear to effect
(2012) between suicidal ideation and indicators of suicidal ideation in this youth population.
psychosocial distress and social-environmental
factors
Abel, Sewell, Martin, To study prevalence of suicidal ideation and There was significant correlates of suicidal ideation were being female, being depressed,
Bailey-Davidson, & examine the association between suicidal living in a rural area, likes oneself, indulging in aggressive behavior, has considered
Fox (2012) ideation and sociodemographic harming others, protective factors in the home, involvement in risky behaviour and
characteristics being teased/bullied.
5 o. Bullying and Kim & Leventhal To study Bullying and suicide Being a victim or perpetrator of school bullying, the most common type of school
Suicidal Ideation (2008) violence, has been frequently associated with a broad spectrum of behavioral, emotional,
and social problems. Participation in bullying increases the risk of suicidal ideations
and/or behaviors in a broad spectrum of youth.
Pranjic and To study depression and suicide ideation there was an increased prevalence of depression (29.0% versus 8.8%) and suicidal
Bajraktarevic (2010) among secondary school adolescents ideation (16.1% versus 3.5%) in adolescents who have been victims in relationships to
involved in school bullying, respondents who were uninvolved subjects.
Skapinakis, Bellos, To study the association between bullying Victims of bullying behavior were more likely to express suicidal ideation. This
Gkatsa, Magklara, and early stages of suicidal ideation association was particularly strong for those who were bullied on a weekly basis.
Lewis, Araya,
Stylianidis &
Mavreas (2011)

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 Chapter- II Review of Related Literature

Espelage & Holt To study Suicidal Ideation and School Approximately 32%–38% of verbal bullies and victims, 60% of bully-victims, and 43%
(2013) Bullying Experiences after Controlling for of physically aggressive bullies reported suicidal ideation. 24%–28% of verbal bullies
Depression and Delinquency and victims, 44% of bully-victims, and 35% of physically aggressive bullies reported
deliberately trying to hurt or kill themselves.

6 p. Alcoholism and Sher (2006) To study Alcohol consumption and suicide. Alcohol dependence is an important risk factor for suicidal behavior. About 90% of
Suicidal Ideation people in Western countries use alcohol at some time in their lives, and 40% experience
q. temporary or permanent alcohol-related impairment in some area of life as a result of
drinking.

Swahn and Bossarte To study the relation between Gender, Early Alcohol use by adolescents, particularly preteen alcohol use, was a significant risk factor
(2007) Alcohol Use, and Suicide Ideation and for both suicide ideation and suicide attempts among both boys and girls.
Attempts

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2.5.0 Overview of the Chapter

Thus in this chapter related literature of Peer Pressure, Ragging and Suicidal Ideation

has been reviewed. The whole chapter was distributed in three major sections; Peer

Pressure, Ragging and Suicidal Ideation.

The first section identified the literature that explains the Peer pressure and its

statistical relationship with other variables. This section shows that peer pressure has

relationship with Parental Influence, Gender and Socio demographic Variables,

Fashion, Internet Addiction, Tobacco and Smoking Habits, Alcoholism and

Premarital Sex. All the literature on Peer Pressure suggests that Peer Pressure either

negatively affect the behavior or lead to the negative conduct. The consequences of all

the activities eventually lead to dangerous and harmful results. Peer pressure can lead

to a loss of individuality. Peer pressure is the human tendency to join the bandwagon,

in which, the person loses his/her original way of looking at life.

The second section was dealing with the second independent variable of the research

i.e. ragging internationally known as hazing. There are evidences suggesting that

ragging is very well related to Hazing, humiliation, isolation, sleep-deprivation and

sex acts and even Death. Act on Anti Ragging has been made. Many committees have

been constructed but Ragging is still widespread in the colleges. The report on

Ragging in India by Agarwal and Garg, Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education

(CURE) highlighted that in India Zero research has been done on Ragging.

The final section highlighted researches done on suicidal ideation and its relationship

with Family Environment, Hopelessness, Psychopathological disorders such as trauma

and Depression, Demographical Factors, Bullying , Alcoholism. The phase of college

life is period of confusion with varying temperaments where students have to deal

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Chapter- II Review of Related Literature
with academic, social and Peer pressures. Additional stress factors like poor

performance and career etc can make them feel there is nothing to live for. Student

Suicides are like precious lives turned futile causing an irreparable loss to the

individual as well his close concerns. Death is chosen because suffering becomes

intolerable. There is little hope for change, improvement or possibility of a better

future with the life that they experience. They have an easy solution in mind i.e death

means no pain.

The investigator has explored many researches on the variables of the present study

but unable to find any research that have dealt with Peer Pressure, Ragging and

Suicidal Ideation therefore during the exploration period, an insight was developed in

the researcher to conduct a research on these three variables with the view of

individual and social benefit. The quoted studied were very helpful not only in

generating the idea of the present research but also at the time of giving research

support to findings.

65