CHAPTER 2 NATION AND NATIONALISM behind the passage of the Rizal Law was the strong intent to still nationalism in the hearts and minds of the Filipino youth. This chapter will now focus on nation and nationalism in the Philippine context. It will explain the concepts of nation, state, and nation-state as a precursor to understanding nationalism and the projects that lead to it. Likewise, the discussion will touch on some of Rizal's works that deal with nation and nationalism. T= previous chapter stated that one of the major reasons The chapter also aims to reflect on nation-building in the Philippines. which is a major force behind the passage of the Rizal Law. WV ome as At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: A define nationalism in relation to the concepts of nation, state, and nation-state; A appraise the development of nationalism in the country; and A explain the relevance of nationalism and nation-building at present.Jose RIZAL nd bayan/banua — indigenous Filipino concepts of community > territory that may be related to nationalism shored languag® oa! qunure, and MstOry nation —a group of people with nation-building — a project undertaken with the $ the bond of the nation nation-state — 2 state ruling over anation patriotism — a feeling of attachment to one’s jovern a polity with homeland out external sovereignty — the authority to 0° interference/incursions Ee Nation, State, Nation-State lism, one must learn first the das well as state and nation- To better understand national concepts of nation and nationhoo state, Refer to the following summary: Nation Nation-State State Apolitical entity Astate governing that wields and other a nation sovereignty over a ctices like defined territory Social scientists have fleshed out the nuances of natiom state, and nation-state. A nation is a community of people that are believed to share a link with one another based on cult? practices, language, religion or belief system, and historicaNATION AND NATIONALISM 15, perience, tO name a few. A state, on the other hand, is a political entity that has sovereignty over a defined territory. states have laws, taxation, government, and bureancracy— pasically, the means of regulati h : ing life within the territory. This sovereignty needs diplomatic recognition to be legitimate and acknowledged internationally. The state’s boundaries and territory are not fixed and change across time with war, sale, arbitration and negotiation, and even assimilation or secession. ‘The nation-state, in a way, is a fusion of the elements of the nation (people/community) and the state (territory). The development of nation-states started in Europe during the periods coinciding with the Enlightenment. The “classical” nation-states of Europe began with the Peace of Westphalia in the seventeenth century. Many paths were taken towards the formation of the nation-states. In the “classical” nation-states, many scholars posit that the process was an evolution from being a state into a nation-state in which the members of the bureaucracy (lawyers, politicians, diplomats, etc.) eventually moved to unify the people within the state to build the nation- state. A second path was taken by subsequent nation-states which were formed from nations. In this process, intellectuals and scholars laid the foundations of a nation and worked towards the formation of political and eventually diplomatic recognition to create a nation-state. A third path taken by many Asian and African people involved breaking off from a colonial relationship, especially after World War I] when a series of decolonization and nation-(re)building occurred. During this time, groups initially controlled by imperial powers started to assert their identity to form a nation and build their own state from the fragments of the broken colonial ties. A fourth path was by way of (sometimes violent) secessions by people already part of an existing state. Here, a group of people who refused to of could not identify with the rest of the population built a nation, asserted their own identity, and demanded recognition. In the contemporary world, the existing nation-states continuouslyse RIZAL 16 The Lire AND WORKS OF Jose of nation-building especially rojects: : projects eal connections are progressing strive with snat globalization and tran’ id Nationalism one major component of the Nation.s ‘oncept assumes that there is a bond = w pmests a group of POPE together to form a communi, 1. $4 grotgion, and concomitantly nationals, has by ‘among social scientists and scholarg t ties about the roots of the nation will, Nation an As mentioned, the nation. This ¢ origin of a subject of debates this section, three theo presented. “The frst theory traces the root of the nation and nation) identity to existing and deep-rooted features of a group of people like race, languages religion, and others. Often calle gues that a national identity has always Fisted and nations have “ethnic cores.” In this essentialist stan, one may be led co conclude that divisions of “us” and “them? fre naturally formed based on the assumption that there exis fn unchanging core in everyone. The second theory states tht nation, national identity, and nationalism are products of the modern condition and are shaped by modernity. This line of thinking suggests that nationalism and national identity ae necessary products of the social structure and culture brought about by the emergence of capitalism, industrialization, seculatization, urbanization, and bureaucratization. This idee further posits that in pre-modern societies, the rigid social hierarchies could accommodate diversity in language até culture, in contrast with the present times in which rapid chanst pushes statehood to guard the homogeneity in society through nationalism. Thus, in the modernist explanation, nationalism is political project. primordialism, it an explanation The third theory—a very influential e ideas af a < * i nation and nationalism maintains that thes iscursive. Often referred to as the constructivist appro!NATION AND NATIONALISM 17 to understanding nationalism, this view maintains that nationalism is socially constructed and imagined by people who identify with a group. Benedict Anderson argues that nations are “imagined communities” (2003). He traces the history ‘of these imagined communities to the Enlightenment when Furopean society began challenging the supposed divinely- ordained dynastic regimes of the monarchies. This idea was starkly exemplified by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. The nation is seen as imagined because the people who affiliate with that community have a mental imprint of the affinity which maintains solidarity; they do not necessarily need to see and know all the members of the group. With this imagined community comes a “deep, horizontal comradeship” that maintains harmonious co-existence and even fuels the willingness of the people to fight and die for that nation. Anderson also puts forward the important role of mass media in the construction of the nation during that time. He underscores that the media (1) fostered unified fields of communication which allowed the millions of people within a territory to “kaow” each other through printed outputs and become aware that many others identified with the same community; (2) standardized languages that enhanced feelings of nationalism and community; and (3) maintained communication through a few languages widely used in the printing press which endured through time. Nation and Bayan In the Philippines, many argue that the project of nation- building is a continuing struggle up to the present. Considering the country’s history, historians posit that the nineteenth century brought a tremendous change in the lives of the Filipinos, including the actual articulations of nation and nationhood that culminated in the first anti-colonial revolution in Asia led by [Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan. Furthermore, scholars noteor JOSE RIZAL 18 THe Lire AND WORKS f the propagandists like Rizal j he nation and enact change c " themes will be discussed in the Seat tinue to familiarize yourselves eet nationalism, it would be worthwhi the look at how these ideas have been articulated in the past we as how scholars locate these efforts in the indigenous culture Many Filipino scholars who endeavored 0 understany indigenous/local knowledge have identified concepts that rea, to how Filipinos understand the notions of community ang, te an extent, nation and ation-building, The works of Virgi. Enriquez, Prospero Covas and Zeus Salazar, among ane attempted to identify and differentiate local categories ee aevmanities and social relations. The indigenous intllecrag sonvements Fike Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Bagong Kasaysa al onead the concepts of kapiea and bayar that can pa discussions about nationelism in the context of the Philippines, Kapwa is an important concept in the country’s social relations. Filipino interaction is mediated by understandin ch tnt ith net dsb yt phrase ig ee “ioe 0 In the formation and strengthening unity-and hannonica oe concept supports the notion of Te Ess Role ich a pail From this cental concp and “pakikipag-ugney,” ‘pakil ipagkapwa, “pakikisama,” Filipi ig-ugnay,” as well as the collective orientation of lipino culture and psyche. of work ol the important J < to build € sustained effort anish colony. These chapters. As you 60" concepts of nation and In the field of history, a maj i cana, { history, a major movement in the Wy Dead See is led by Bagong Kasaysayan, founded Panayon Ttaraw, Scholars in this movement are among the pte earcers that nuance the notion of bayan or bats fe acd a eae nus eens, Bayan Banu, which 2° loosely defined a he Austronesian language family, s the territor guage 'y where the people live or theNATION AND NATIONALISM 19 actual community they are identi encompasses both the spatial comm community. The concept of bayan notion of nacién during the Spanish coloni of Pantayong Pananaw maintain the divide that separated the elite ( (bayan) as a product of the coloni: the project of nation-building to a fying with, Thus, bayan/banua existence of a great cultural naci6n) and the folk/masses ial experience. This issue brings contested terrain. Throughout Philippine history, the challenge of building the Filipino nation has persisted, impacted by colonialism, violent invasion during World War II, a dictatorship, and the perennial struggle for development. The succeeding chapters will look into the life and works of José Rizal and through them, try to map how historical events shaped the national hero’s understanding of the nation and nationalism.NATION AND Nationatism 2] Excerpts from Emilio Jacinto’s Kartil i Liwanag at Dilim Iya ng Katipunan and Kartilya ng Katipunan: Sa May Nasang Makisanib Sa Katipunang Ito Sa pagkakailangan, na ang lahat na nagiibig pumasuk sa katipunang ito, ay magkaroon ng lubos na pananalig at kaisipan sa mga layong tinutungo at mga kearalang pinaiiral, minarapat na ipakilala sa kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng bukas makalawa’y huag silang magsisi at tuparing maluag sa kalooban ang kanilang mga tungkulin. ‘Ang kabagayang pinag-uusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos na dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog (*) sa pamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa, upang sa pagkakaisang ito’y magkalakas na iwasan ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag se kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katuiran at Kaliwanagan. (*) Sa salitang tagalog katutura’y ang lahat nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluang ito; sa makatuid, bisaya man, iloko man, kapangpangan man, étc., ay tagalog din. Dito’y isa sa mga kaunaunabang utos, ang tunay na pag: ibig sa bayang tinubuan at lubos na pagdadamayan ng isa’t isa. Liwanag at Dilim “Ang alinmang katipunan at pagkakaisa ay nangangailangan 08 isang pinakaulo, ng isang kapangyarihang makapagbibigay 8 ayos, makapagpapanatili ng tunay na pagkakaisa at makapag- aakay sa hangganang ninanais, katulad ng sasakyang22 THE LiFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL itinutugpa ng bihasang piloto, na kung ito’y may, 1 nanganganib na maligaw at abutin ng kakila-kiy na kamatayan sa laot ng dagat, na di na makasae™ makaduduong sa pampang ng maligaya ar Paya San kabuhayang hinahanap. Ang pinakaulong tee tinatawag na pamahalaan. ay “Ang kadahilanan nga ng mga pinuno ay ang bayan ang kagalingan at kaginhawahan nito ay siyang engl dapat tunguhin ng lahat nilang gawa at kautusaye Tungkol nila ang umakay sa bayan sa ikagiginhawa, kailan pa ma’t maghirap at maligaw ay kasalanan nija, =[A]ng alinmang kapangyarihan upang maging tunay at matuwid ay sa Bayan lamang at sa kanyang mga tunay na pinakakatawan dapat na manggaling. Sa madaling salita, di dapat nating kilalanin ang pagkatao ng mga pinuno na mataas kaysa madla. Ang Pagsunod at pagkilala sa kanila ay dahil sa kapangyarihang ipinagkaloob ng bayan, samakatuwid, ang kabuuan ng kapangyarihan ng bawat isa. Sa bagay na ito, ang sumusunod sa pinunong inilagay ng bayan ay dito sumusunod at sa paraang ito’y nakikipagisa sa kalahatan.” a ay{in the apter, the imperative of ing ed in f ated ie minds of the youth was a major { the Rizal Law. To have a basic ge jonalist u till, i hi te nationalism i as; e passage © = behind the passag a waitonalirn, the concepts of nation, state, and nations st be examined. This chapter explained the basic definitions dt fation {a community of people), state (a political ene; of nation (a A 4 ity), and nation-state (a fusion of the previous two) and traced th development of the nation-state. It then esi the various Ways by which social seientists made sense of the concepts of nation and nationalism, their origins, and development, Discussed were the primordialist, modernist, and social constructionist approaches as lenses in which nationalism could be viewed, The chapter ended with brief discussion about nationalism, in the context of the Philippines, particularly how indigenous knowledge could be used to examine how Filipinos understand the concepts of nation and nationalism. As you study the life of José Rizal, it is important to remind yourself of the multiplicity of ideas during his time and beyond that will affect your understandings of nation and nationalism. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abinales, Patricio and Donna Amoroso. 2005. State and society in the Philippines. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, Inc. Anderson, Benedict. 2003. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, Inc. Aquino, Clemen. Mula sa Kinaroroonan: Kapwa, kapatiran, it bayan sa agham penlipunan. CSSP Centennial Professorial Chair Papers Series of 1999. Gallaher, Caroline, et al. 2009. Key concepts in politcl Seography. London: Sage Publications Led. Griffiths, Martin, et al. 2002, In ternational relations: The ke concepts. London: Routledge.