AUTOMATIC CONTROL AND THE PROTECTION OF BAR SCREENS
In general, the bar screens cleaning systems works on an intermittent basis. It can
be controlled in three ways:
a) by a cyclic system of controllable frequencies ( 1 min to 1 h) and lengths of time
( 1 to 15min)
b) By a differential head loss indicator
c) by a combination of both systems. When the bar screen is located downstream
from a pumping station, the control mechanism can be linked to start-up of the
pumps, with a built in timer to keep the screen in operation for 1 to 30 minutes.
Automatic bar screen must be equipped with torque limiter to prevent equipment
damage in case of overloading or blocking.
Normally, reciprocating cleaning bar screens, both curved and straight, include a
device to ensure that the rake automatically stops moving at a point outside of the
screen area, so as to avoid jamming upon restarting.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SCREENS :
• PARABOLIC SCREEN
• CURVED SCREEN
• INCLINED BAR SCREEN
Inclined bar screen
In operation, sewage flows though the inclined screen, approaching from the
upstream side and after passing through the screen, departing on the downstream
side. The screen is periodically raked by a mechanized comb system which is
actuated either by level switches mounted in the channel upstream of the screen or
by time clock. A doctor blade at the top of the comb travel removes the screenings
collected by the moving combs.
The moving combs are suspended between two endless side chains, which are
driven through a head shaft, and sprockets. The gear motor and moving comb
system is protected from damage caused by jamming by a torque overload
coupling with a micro switch.
The screenings removed from the doctor blade drop onto a skid plate, which
transports the screening down to a container, belt conveyor or sluice pipe.
CURVED BAR SCREEN
This type 2 bar screens uses hydraulics to ensure a simple kinematical operation,
you can see
it in the following picture
1. Rigid frame with bar screen rack 2
2. Moving frame
3. Moving frame jack
4. Rake carriage
5. Lifting jack
6. Ejector
7. Electrical cabinet
8. Latticed covers
9. Hydraulic unit
In operation, sewage flows though the curved screen, approaching from the
upstream side and after passing through the screen, departing on the downstream
side. The screen is periodically raked by a mechanized comb which is actuated
either by level switches mounted in the channel upstream of the screen or by time
clock. The screenings collected by the moving comb are cleaned from the comb by
a doctor blade at the top of the comb travel.
The screenings removed from the doctor blade drop onto a skid plate, which
transports the screening down to a container, belt conveyor or sluice pipe.
RADIAL BAR SCREEN
Features and operation are similar to the curved bar screen. The drive mechanism
is simplerfor small installations and will remove a larger quantity of screenings due
to two cleaningsper revolution.
STEP SCREEN
Step screens have become popular with some clients due to their ability to remove
smaller sized solids than the bar type screens. We have access to several makes of
this type of machine.
BRUSH TYPE INCLINED SCREEN
These units are inclined screens with a rotary brush type belt cleansing system.
This device is strongly favored by some clients instead of the step screen.\
STATIC SCREEN
These devices are for smaller flows and require manual cleansing. They may be of
the inclined bar type or the parabolic static sieve bend. This latter type can remove
solids down to 0.5mm size.
SCREENINGS HANDLING
As a result of the increased volume of entrained sharp objects such as hypodermic
syringes and the like, mechanical screenings handling equipment now has a higher
profile in the process designers strategy.
Equipment such as dewatering processes, shaftless screen conveyors and bagging
units are available .
The following chart shows the Upstream cleaning mechanical bar screens
Flow Equalization:
Flow equalization is the process of controlling hydraulic velocity, or flow rate,
through a wastewater treatment system. The equalization of flow prevents short
term, high volumes of incoming flow, called surges, from forcing solids and
organic material out of the treatment process. Flow equalization also controls the
flow through each stage of the treatment system, allowing adequate time for the
physical, biological and chemical processes to take place.
When flow equalization is incorporated into a residential treatment system,
numerous benefits are produced:
1. In the case of a septic tank or pretreatment tank, gravity separation of solids is
greatly enhanced. This prevents short-circuiting and eliminates excess solids from
being carried downstream into the secondary treatment facility or disposal system.
2. In the case of a secondary biological or chemical treatment system, elimination
of hydraulic surges guarantees adequate process retention time and a much higher
degree of treatment.
3. Clarifiers following secondary treatment will have greater solids separation and
improved effluent quality. If a filtration device is used, solids loading to the
filtration device will be reduced, resulting in longer filter life and higher effluent
quality.
4. The operation of a downstream sand filter, media filter or constructed wetland is
enhanced by more consistent loading, the equalization of surge flows and the
removal of excess solids.
5. All types of effluent disposal systems, including tile fields, mounds, irrigation
systems, etc., will operate longer and more efficiently because organic and
hydraulic surges are eliminated and system overloading is prevented.
These benefits clearly demonstrate the important role flow equalization can play in
wastewater treatment. Incorporating flow equalization into residential onsite
treatment systems makes any system perform better and prevents premature
failure
Neutralization
Dyes increase alkalinity of water which makes it unfit for aquatic life.
So Neutralization process is carried out.
Chemical coagulation
Clarifier having chemical coagulation process
*Secondary treatment:
_Trickling filter
_ Activated sludge process
_ Aerated lagoon
_ Oxidation pond
_ Oxidation ditch
_ Aerobic Degradation of Dyes
_ Anaerobic digestion
_ Biosorption
Trickling filter
A trickling filter consists of a fixed bed of rocks, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam,
sphagnum peat moss, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater
flows downward and causes a layer or film of microbial slime to grow, covering
the bed of [Link] effluent is then passed through clarifier.
Aerated lagoon
Prolonge
d aeration to promote the biological oxidation
Oxidation pond
Main function of oxidation pond is lake aeration which increases
oxygen saturation of water. Do is a major contributor to water quality. Fish and
other aquatic animals require DO. Aerobic bacteria also needs oxygen to
decompose organic matter. Therefore, pond bottoms containing organic matter
demands more amount of oxygen.
Oxidation ditch
The oxidation ditch (OD) is a sort of equipment used for a long-term
aeration. It consists of a long channel of an elliptical or circular shape
equipped with an aeration equipment called a rotor for generating a water flow and
stirring water in the channel to supply oxygen.
Thoug
ht it requires a relatively large area, it has a simple structure and can be easily
operated as well as being able to remove nitrogen easily. Thus, it has recently been
widely used in relatively small wastewater treating plants.
Aerobic Degradation of Dyes
_ Inefficient treatment
_ Resistance to biological oxidation
_ Poor adsorption of dyes
_ Example : Three anionic dyes i.e CL reactive violet 15, reactive blue
19 and reactive red 5 were neither removed nor biodegraded by
activated sewage sludge even after 20 days of incubation.
_ Similar findings for sulphonated water soluble dyes.
Role of fungi and bacteria
Various aerobic fungi and bacteria are capable of aerobic oxidation of dyes. ajority
of fungi belonging to white rot group degrade variety of dyes. Dye decolorizing
activity of these fungi has been correlated to production of ligninolytic enzymes
such as laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and manganese
independent peroxidase which show broad substrate specificity.
Examples of fungus
_ One of the most studied fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been shown to
degrade large spectrum of azo, anthraquinone and triphenylmethane dyes, with
decolorization efficiency of more than 90%.
_ Other examples of white rot fungi degrading industrially relevant azo dyes are
Geotrichum candidum, Trametes versicolor, [Link], [Link], Pleurotus
ostreatus, Bjerkandera adustand.
Examples of Bacteria