Preface

Dropped Objects continue to present significant safety and operational challenges

in all areas of business, particularly during dynamic activities, lifting and working
at height. Industry statistical data continues to show that a significant number of
high potential incidents can be attributed to dropped objects.
Interrogations of these incidents highlight a wide range of contributing factors
including behaviour, design, work processes, environment and the inappropriate
securing of equipment, tools and structural components.

This revision of our ‘Best Practice’ DROPS would like to thank all DROPS
handbook consolidates Reliable Securing members and industry specialists who
as Industry's principle source of dropped have taken time to assist and contribute
object prevention recommendations and towards this latest edition.
risk management guidance.
Reliable Securing reflects a spirit of
The content is relevant and adaptable collaboration, sharing knowledge and
across all sectors, promoting the experience for the benefit of all in the
opportunity to focus on the underlying fight against dropped objects.
causes, to identify and assess the
hazards and to apply appropriate DROPS Reliable Securing Workgroup
preventive and mitigating controls. September 2017

We remind all readers that the content of this handbook expresses the
consensus of opinion from a broad cross-section of DROPS global
membership, including manufacturers and technical authorities.
Where illustrated, 'Best Practice Recommendations' reflect the generic
principles for appropriate selection, application and integrity of securing
methods and focuses on associated challenges and considerations.

This booklet is not a product catalogue. Example images are shown for
guidance purposes only.

To contact the Group responsible for the publication of this document,

please email admin@[Link]

DROPS Reliable Securing | Revision 4 1

Contents Hoisting, Lifting and
Hoisting, Lifting and Suspended Items
Correct Use of Shackles
58
60
Suspended Items
Sheaves and Snatch Blocks 62
Introduction 4 Banana Block / Roller Sheaves 64
DROPS Reliable
What is Reliable Securing? 5 Synthetic Web Slings 66
Securing
Lifecycle Opportunities 6 Wire Rope 67
Eye Bolts and Eye Nuts 68
Hooks 69
Galvanic Corrosion 8 Hanging Hoses and Service Loops 70
Securing Methods
Bolted Connections 10 Plate Pad Eyes and Lifting Eyes 72
Reliable Securing of Bolted Connections 11 Specialist Lifting Accessories 73
Locking Wire 16 Chain Hoists 74
Split Pins / Cotter Pins 17
Safety Securing Devices (Wires, Connectors) 18
Installation of Wire Clamps 20 Grating, Hatches, Doors, Access Panels 76
Safety Nets and Meshes 21 Securing Structural Piping and Equipment Feedthroughs 78
Items and Sundries Guard Rails 80
Toe Boards 82
Understanding Dropped Objects 23 Swing Gates 84
Understanding
DROPS Calculator 24 Ladders 86
Dropped Objects
Responsibilities 26 Wind Walls 88
Signage 90
Cladding 91
Risk Management Task Planning and Risk Assessment 28
Preventive and Mitigating Barriers (Controls) 30
Lighting Units 92
Securing Electrical CCTV Cameras 94
General Tips for Dropped Object Free Worksites 36 Equipment and Crane Boom Camera and Pivoting Floodlamps 96
General Tips for Instruments
Securing Equipment During Severe Weather 37 PA Loudspeakers 98
Dropped Object
Observation Techniques 38 Junction / Control Boxes and Cabinets 100
Free Worksites
Unnecessary Equipment at Height 39 Cable Trays and Ladders 102
Post Inspection / Final Check Of The Worksite 40 Antennas, Windsocks and Sensors 104

Workplace Best Practice 41 Valve Wheels and Handles 106

Working at Height Moving Equipment
Securing of Personnel 42 Chain Operated Valves 108
Derrick Evacuation Equipment 44 Cargo Inspections 110
Securing Tools <5kg / 11lbs 46
Securing Tools >5kg / 11lbs 48
Tool Cabinets for Work at Height 50 Material Storage Storage of Cylinders 112
Securing Other Portable Equipment 52 Racks and Shelving 114
Securing Equipment and Parts 54
Mobile Elevated Work Platforms 56

2 DROPS Reliable Securing | Revision 4 3

Introduction What is Reliable Securing?
This document is intended to help eliminate the risk of dropped objects. It In simple terms, Reliable Securing is the appropriate selection, application and
embraces the requirement for worksite hazard management and illustrates best management of all fastenings and fixings. To achieve and assure the required
practice recommendations for Reliable Securing. levels of performance, these should be designed accurately, installed properly
and maintained consistently.
The content applies to all personnel, tools, equipment and structures associated
with design, supply, transportation, installation, maintenance, operation and Reliable Securing provides RELIABLE SECURING DEFINITIONS
dismantlement activities across industry. a safeguard against potential
yielding, displacement or failure Primary Fixing
Reliable Securing is an independent Whilst it may be impracticable to adhere of fastenings which can lead to The primary method by which an item is
publication developed in close to all the recommendations, the content equipment or structure falling. installed, mounted and secured to prevent the
collaboration with equipment suppliers sets a standard we should aspire to. item falling, (eg bolted connections, screws,
This revised edition of DROPS
and users. It's purpose is to disseminate pins, buckles, clips, welds etc.)
Should you choose to adopt Reliable Reliable Securing demonstrates
knowledge and best practice.
Securing best practice, the onus is on you dependable retention methods Secondary Retention
In many cases, the recommendations to effectively manage any subsequent and technologies.
The engineered method for securing the
presented in this handbook will identify changes to existing equipment, systems primary fixing to prevent loss of clamping force
opportunities for improvement. and working practices. Reliable Securing reduces the
Probability of dropped objects or displacement of fastening components, (eg
through good design, planning, locking washers, locking wire, split pins / cotter
inspection and application pins, etc.)
The recommendations presented in this document do not affect,
of preventive controls and Also referred to as Second Barrier or Fail Safe
replace, or supersede any applicable industry Codes, Standards,
barriers. feature in some engineering descriptions.
Type Approvals or OEM Recommendations.

Please be advised: Reliable Securing reduces Note: Double Lock-nutting or Dual Nutting is
the Consequences of dropped NOT recommended as a reliable method for
• Any modifications made to equipment, tools, structure or working objects through implementation retaining loads in tensioned bolting.
methods - even if they provide a safer solution – will be subject to of appropriate safety securing
Management of Change. systems, mitigating practices
• Always identify Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and processes.
recommendations with regard to securing. (In many cases, appropriate Safety Securing
Reliable Securing outlines the
retention methods may already be integrated or are available on request.)
key factors that contribute to An additional mechanism for securing the
• Always identify all associated ownership, maintenance, inspection and dropped objects and identifies item to the main structure, suitably selected to
certification of equipment, tools and structures. opportunities to improve restrain the item or its components from falling
• Always confirm that you have the authority, knowledge, experience hazard identification and risk should the primary fixing fail, (eg rated steel or
and skills to proceed before applying any of the tools or techniques assessment processes. synthetic nets, lanyards, baskets, wires, slings,
presented in this document. chains etc.)

4 DROPS Reliable Securing | Revision 4 5

Lifecycle Opportunities
We are all exposed to dropped objects at every stage in the lifecycle of structures,
equipment and operations. We have the opportunity to introduce improvements
at every stage from design and manufacture through to dismantlement.
An important goal has been to define barriers that will prevent objects falling. These
barriers should be considered in the design, procurement, transportation, application
and maintenance of all structures, tools and equipment, particularly where they are
used, secured or stored at height.

Design processes should accommodate During transportation, apply cargo

key stages where DROPS best practice handling best practice through vigilant
recommendations can be incorporated. inspections and adherence to procedures.
When procuring, manufacturing and Throughout operational life, always consider
fabricating new assets, tools and the potential for dropped objects caused
equipment, identify and incorporate by poor behaviours, inadequate securing,
integrated barriers and safety systems. corrosion, vibration, environmental factors
and much more besides.
When modifying equipment and assets or
moving to new territories, carefully consider
potential dynamic and environmental effects
Above all, be aware that dropped
on retention techniques and systems.
objects happen everywhere.
Management of Change is essential in
Be sure to identify each dropped
maintaining integrity and design intent for
object hazard in every task.
all tools, equipment and structure.
The recommendations set out in
When installing new or temporary
this handbook should be followed
equipment, always evaluate the risks
throughout the full value chain;
associated with the chosen location in order
from engineering design through
to minimise the danger of dropped objects
operational life and with special
caused by snagging, collision or vibration.
attention to lifting, work at height
and transportation.
This is the fundamental basis for Adherence to each of these
eliminating dropped objects and, recommendations will help us all
as such, all designers, suppliers achieve our goal of zero harm and
and buyers should be aware of damage from dropped objects.
these recommendations.
Typical Lifecycle Opportunities

6 DROPS Reliable
DROPS Securing Revision 4 7 7
Reliable| Securing
 Graphite

Galvanic Corrosion Titanium

Silver

Cathode (more noble metal)

As a basic rule, only metal of the same or almost the same nobility should be Acid-proof steel A4 – passive
combined in a corrosive environment.
Stainless steel A2 – passive
Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals with different voltage potentials are
in contact with each other in the presence of an electrolyte (damp film or seawater / fresh Iconel – passive
water). When this happens, the less noble metal becomes the anode and the more
noble metal the cathode. Nickel – passive

Silver solder
For example, if a steel bolt is fixed into a
stainless steel plate, the bolt will become BOLT Environment Monel
the anode since stainless steel is the Anode
Copper/nickel alloys
nobler metal.
Bronze
The bolt will rust rapidly as the
Electrolyte STAINLESS
difference in potential is greater. STEEL Copper

Brass

If the same steel bolt is fixed into, or is in Tin

BOLT Environment

Anode (less noble metal)

contact with a less noble material, eg a
Lead
zinc plate or washer, the bolt will become Cathode
the cathode and will not rust. Tin solder
The zinc will corrode, as it is less noble Cast steel
than the screw. Electrolyte ZINC PLATE

Steel and iron

Aluminium 2024 – T4
Always consider the potential for galvanic corrosion where new
Cadmium
materials such as passivated stainless steel are introduced.
Certain working environments apply strict controls and guidance with Aluminium 1100
regard to the introduction of alloys. Always check first.
Galvanised steel

Zinc

Magnesium alloys

Magnesium

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 Reliable Securing of Bolted
Bolted Connections Connections
At present, bolts are being produced to at least 85 different industrial standards Flexing of bolted structures and vibration or shock loading in machinery can
and the requirements for bolted connections vary for the different sectors cause bolted joints to loosen, disengage or shear. Thermal cycling may also cause
depending on design, operational and maintenance requirements. nuts and bolts to become loose.

Loose nuts and bolts can lead to joint failure and dropped objects, resulting in
Achieving a stable bolted connection will Reasons why bolted connections and
avoidable incidents and unscheduled downtime.
therefore require a qualified evaluation of the fastenings fail:
following factors:
To prevent nuts and bolts from
• Load design loosening, a reliable, proven To distinguish between bolt
Improper use/
secondary retention method types and retention suitability,
• Choice of materials with a view to installation (30%)
should be used. we have presented best practice
mechanical properties and corrosion
resistance Vibrations (20%) recommendations in two groups
This is particularly important namely;
• Pre-loading (pre-tensioning) and use of the Knocks (12%) where maintaining the clamping
correct torque equipment force across the bolted Bolted connections where clamping
Overloading (11%) connection is critical to its force is critical (eg Tension Joints),
• Any effects upon the integrity of the
Wear (6%) integrity.
fastenings caused by the operational Bolted connections where clamping
environment, lubrication etc. force is not critical (eg Shear Joints).
Corrosion (5%)
Typically these factors will be verified by OEM
recommendations, Engineers or Fastener Source: PSA, 2008
Industry Specialists and should be consulted Preload is the tension created in a fastener when it is tightened.
prior to any maintenance or modifications. The tensile force creates compression in the bolted joint (clamping
force). If the correct preload is not applied, secondary retention
devices are less likely to retain the clamping force.
DOUBLE NUT/DUAL NUTTING
– NOT BEST PRACTICE
Torque is the application of
Several independent industry tests force that creates tension in
show that double nut, jam nut or the bolt. Tension generates
a clamping force between
dual nutting arrangements are
the two parts to achieve the
not reliable methods of securing desired 'preload'.
screwed / bolted connections
When preload is required,
and are particularly unsuitable for engineering design and
retaining loads in tensioned bolting. manufacturing will determine
The practice of dimpling threads is the most appropriate retention
also inadvisable. methods.

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Reliable Securing of EXPANDING PIVOT PIN

Tension Joints The system consists of an assembly that

includes an axle (tapered at both ends),
expansion sleeves, tension washers and
fasteners. When the fasteners are torqued, the
Here we illustrate secondary retention for tensioned bolted connections, eg nuts tension washers push the expansion sleeves
and bolts tightened with a suitable tool to the appropriate design load, typically up the tapered part of the pin, thereby locking
used for the securing of mechanical and structural joints. the system into the lug ears and eliminating
movement that causes pivot wear.
The following methods are recommended for mechanical and structural connections
The double-sided locking mechanism provides
where maintaining the clamping force is critical.
increased stability, security and a backlash-free
joint. Installation can be easily done in the field,
reducing downtime and cost
WEDGE LOCK WASHERS
Used on top drives, pipe rack cranes and other
Wedge Lock washers safely secure bolted joints pipe-handling equipment.
against loosening caused by simple flexing,
vibration and shock loading.
Wedge locking technology secures bolted joints
with tension instead of friction, allowing lubrication MULTI-BOLT TENSIONERS
to aid assembly and maintenance. The system
Available as nuts or bolts as replacements
comprises of a pair of lock washers that have
for conventional bolting elements. They
cams on the inner face and radial teeth on the
only require hand tools for installation and
outer face.
removal, eliminating requirements for hydraulic
Almost unlimited use in bolted joints where reliable tightening equipment. Their design makes
securing or secondary retention is required. them resistant to loosening caused by dynamic
loading.
Particularly useful for larger fasteners and
Surface material compositions may influence washer selection. where tightening is difficult at height and in
Always refer to OEM data sheets to verify application requirements. restricted spaces.

THREAD PROFILE LOCKING

To identify and establish the suitability of each bolting method,
The nut has a specially designed threaded profile always consult with the manufacturer, plant owner or operator.
that locks when tightened and distributes the For further guidance, consult relevant design and industry codes or
tension over the whole length of the thread. standards, or discuss the issue with a Subject Matter Expert.
This provides better load distribution, which in
turn helps to improve the locking of the screw
connection. Also available as a thread insert.
Almost unlimited use in bolted joints where reliable
securing or secondary retention is required.

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Reliable Securing of CASTLE NUT AND SPLIT PIN

Other Bolted Connections Castellated nuts provide a visual and reliable method for
locking bolted connections.
The nut has radial slots and is locked by a non-corrosive
split pins inserted through a hole in the bolt shank to prevent
Here we illustrate secondary retention for bolted connections typically used for movement.
securing of equipment components and other ancillary items.
Used on connections where clamping force is not required
The following methods are recommended for bolted connections where maintaining the (eg the bolt operates as a hinge) and where components are
clamping force is incidental and non-critical. disconnected frequently.
May also be referred to as Slotted or Crown nuts.

NYLON INSERT NUT These arrangements are only suitable

This nut includes a nylon collar insert. The collar deforms for bolted connections exposed to shear
elastically as it is applied to the bolt. This increases friction forces.
between both sets of threads creating the required purchase
for the connection.
A versatile fastening for non-critical connections.

SELF LOCKING COUNTER NUT

Re-use is not advised. May rotate These nuts cut into the bolt threads when applied and
and loosen when exposed to dynamic tightened, and should only be applied over the standard nut
loading or excessive UV radiation. once it has been correctly installed and tensioned.

Not suitable for re-use. Low-grade counter

nuts may corrode in marine environments.
METAL LOCKING NUT
Metal locking nuts may be used on all bolt dimensions.
This type of nut comes in various forms and may feature a
deformed head, split neck or toothed collar ring.
WASHERS ADHESIVES
Purchase is created by friction, cutting into the thread or
contact face. Friction grip relies upon high pre-load and There are various washer types and Thread locking compounds are primarily
correct torque. assemblies available, some with used where vibration is moderate and the
specific applications and some environment is mild / non-corrosive.
A versatile fastening for non-critical connections. that are shown to be ineffective in In selecting this method, be aware that there
preventing nut loosening. may be no visible evidence of its application.
Lubricating the threads without It is imperative that OEM and Always ensure that any locking compound
adjusting torque specifications may lead Subject Matter Expert or Duty is clearly specified on assembly drawings,
to over-tensioning of the fastener. Holder guidance is sought on the on Bill of Materials and documented in
suitability of washer type / assembly maintenance and operations procedures.
for the specific application.

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Locking Wire Split Pins / Cotter Pins
Locking wire should only be applied by competent
persons specifically trained in its correct use. A split pin is a metal fastener with
two ‘tines’ or 'prongs' that are bent
during installation. Also known as a
LOCKING WIRE / SAFETY WIRE
cotter pin or cotter key (USA), these
Wire locking of bolts is a method adopted from are used to secure other fasteners
the aviation industry. In brief, the method involves such as bolts, nuts and clevis pins.
threading a wire through holes in bolt heads to
prevent loosening due to vibration and other forces.
The wire is twisted before being threaded and is BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
locked to the next bolt.
Areas of use: • Split pins should be the correct • Split pins should be made of a
Used extensively for locking external bolted diameter and length for the stainless steel suitable for the
connections on machinery and equipment, in application and should be bent (or operational environment
particular where there are no through-bolts. The splayed) sufficiently to prevent them
presence of locking or safety wire may also serve to • Split pins should only be used once
from being knocked out, as shown and should be inspected regularly
indicate fasteners have been properly tensioned. in the image above and replaced when they no longer
• Extended Prong type pins should function as intended.
be used on 4 part shackles
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

Split Pins should only be used as a secondary retention method (ie.

• No more than three bolts should • Lock wire should be stainless
to retain nut on a shackle, to retain castle / crown nut etc).
be lock wired together and span steel suitable for the operational
between bolts should not exceed environment Linch Pins, R-Clips, Spring or Roll Pins, Nappy Pins, or any other
150mm • Lock wire diameter should suit type of pin device that can spring or be knocked out should be
application and respective bolt size. avoided when used on lifting and hoisting equipment or for securing
of equipment or structure at height.

May stretch, break or corrode if not properly fitted, allowing fastener

rotation and loosening when exposed to dynamic loading.

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Safety Securing Devices
(Wires, Connectors, Lanyards)

Wherever possible, equipment installed at height should have integrated secondary

retention (eg locking washers, lock wire, split pins etc).

Where this is not possible, or where such equipment is exposed to a risk of becoming
disengaged, the equipment should have safety securing in the form of wires or chains
and connectors that are securely attached to a sound body or structure.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• It is important that the selection and • All connectors/snap hooks/

rating of any safety securing device carabiners should be made of acid
considers the weight of the item to proof steel (AISI 316), with screw
be retained, potential shock load / lock or self-lock gates and include
break load and swing captive eyes
• The length of the safety securing • Shackles for use with securing
device should be as short as devices should have nuts and
possible to minimise the buildup of correctly installed split pins
dynamic fall energy and minimise • Chain should be made of acid-proof
the risk of snagging on other moving (AISI 316) or galvanised steel
equipment • Qualification and verification
• Purchase/manufacturing/installation of materials used in ferrule
and inspection of safety securing crimping should be established,
devices should be documented. in accordance with Steel Wire
(eg. batch marking, manufacturer/ Termination industry safety guidance
importer, production year, installation • Onsite crimping is not recommended
date, and information about the
• Ensure devices are suitable for the
minimum breaking load)
operation and the environment, with
• Only use acid-proof securing wire due regard to potential galvanic
(AISI 316, type 7x19 IWRC) corrosion.

Always check design ratings of electrical equipment before

installing securing devices as integrity may be compromised.
Never re-use securing wires, connectors or chains that have
sustained shock loading.

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Installation of Wire Clamps Safety Nets and Meshes
Wire clamps are used to form wire rope attachments and terminations. These safety securing devices fully enclose equipment
fixed at height that presents a high risk of becoming a
Incorrect installation of wire clamps on lifting equipment will likely result in failure.
dropped object.

Designed to be easily installed, they are particularly well

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS: suited to applications where equipment or its components
are assessed to be at risk of failure due to factors such as
• Clamps of a type with two gripping • Wire clamps should be sized to the numerous components, design quality, internal or external
surfaces are recommended dimension of the wire corrosion, vibration and so on.

• Clamps should be designed to • Number of clamps to be installed

prevent incorrect assembly depends on diameter of the BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
wire and should comply with
• It is a requirement that wire clamps manufacturer's specification • Always refer to net or mesh • The operational integrity of any
are assembled in accordance with
manufacturer’s recommendations electrical equipment should not
the manufacturer’s guidance and • Clamp bolt torque should be
for appropriate selection, be compromised or impeded by
relevant industry standards applied in accordance with the
installation, maintenance and the introduction of safety nets or
manufacturer’s guidance.
product life limitations meshes
• Ensure product is suitable for the • As with all other safety securing
operation and the environment, with devices, safety nets and meshes
due regard to potential galvanic should be regularly inspected and
corrosion replaced if they no longer perform
• Detailed risk assessment should their intended function
consider catastrophic failure of • Carefully assess any impact on
primary fixings both with and other activities such as general
without safety nets, meshes or maintenance access or snagging
safety wires hazards.

In accordance with industry

Iron grip wire clamp standards and regional directives,
Bull-dog, U-bolt or hoop style clamps
should not be used as wire clamps in
connection with lifting operations..

20 Securing Methods | Revision 4 DROPS Reliable Securing | Revision 4 21

 Understanding Dropped Objects
TOP CAUSES OF DROPPED OBJECTS

Safety alerts and incident reports show these recurring Dropped Objects continue to pose the number one risk of serious injuries,
themes continue to result in dropped objects: fatalities and equipment damage in several industries worldwide. Similar statistics
apply to leisure activities and home life too.

1 Inadequate Risk Assessment

(failure to identify dropped object hazards) Concerted campaigns and directives What Causes Dropped Objects?

2
have resulted in better dropped object A host of factors can contribute to a
Human Factors (operator error, prevention awareness, but the overall dropped object incident. It is important
poor behaviour, complacency, neglect) trend shows no sign of significant to consider these during worksite hazard

3
improvement. identification. Energy sources such as
Inadequate Procedures (bad planning,
gravity, wind, heave and mechanical
no management of change) What is a Dropped Object? motion can all contrive to initiate a

4
Any item that falls or falls over from its sequence of events that result in
Failed Fixtures and Fittings (corrosion, vibration,
previous position that has the potential something falling. Add corrosion, lack of
poor design, selection or improper installation) to cause injury, death or equipment / awareness and inadequate inspection

5 Poor Housekeeping (pre-existing hazards environmental damage. Dropped objects or maintenance and you can almost
may be further classified as static or guarantee a dropped object will occur.
from previous tasks)
dynamic.

6 Collisions and Snagging (lifting, travelling Statistics show that around 30% of all
equipment, tag lines, service loops) dropped object incidents are related to
Static Dropped Object design, technical or mechanical issues

7 Inadequate Inspection, Repair and

Maintenance (ignoring unsafe conditions)
Any object that falls from its
previous position under its own
but almost half can be attributed to
human factors. (Source DORIS)
weight due to gravitational forces

8 Redundant, Neglected and Home-made

Tools and Equipment (should be eliminated)
(ie without any applied force).
For example failure caused by
What Should We Do About It?
We cannot simply accept that dropped
objects are an inherent hazard of our

9
corrosion or improper fixings.
Inadequately Stored or Secured Tools and working environment. A system should
Equipment (no lanyards or tethers being used) Dynamic Dropped Object be put in place to identify and prevent,
Any object that falls from its

10
and where reasonably practicable,
Environmental Factors (wind, sea motion, ice, previous position due to applied manage the risks associated with
snow, extreme conditions) force. For example impacts dropped objects.
involving travelling equipment or
loads, snagging on machinery or This handbook is designed to help you
Dropped Objects also account for significant equipment do just that.
stacked items, motion, helicopter
and environmental damage. Even items that fall into the
downdraft or severe weather.
sea can still carry enough force to cause severe damage
to critical subsea infrastructure. Dropped objects are
bad for business too, even when nobody gets hurt.

22 22
Understanding
Understanding
Dropped
Dropped
Objects
Objects
| Revision 4 DROPS Reliable Securing | Revision 4 23
DROPS Calculator
The DROPS Calculator (shown opposite) provides a common benchmark in the
classification of the potential consequences of a dropped object.

One of a number of similar tools, the DROPS Calculator is endorsed by the DROPS
Workgroup and recognised by the majority of Operators and Contractors in the global
oil and gas sector. While other ‘calculators’ exist, they all follow the same principle
– plotting the mass of a dropped object against the distance it falls to determine its
possible consequences.

CONSIDERATIONS:

• The calculator assumes a blunt Remember personnel may be

object so is not compatible with crouched or prone, or objects may
broken glass, metal shards etc strike lower parts of the body
which may puncture the skin and
damage tissue/organic functions • DROPS Calculator and other similar
tools are guides only providing
• The wearing of standard PPE, cursory indication of possible
eg hard hat, safety boots and outcome – they are not an accurate
eye protection, is assumed in the prediction
calculator
• In reality, even a small object
• There is no requirement to falling from height can be lethal.
subtract the average height of an The heavier the object, the more
individual when determining fall severe the consequences - the
distance. The calculation is based further it falls, the more severe the
on the object striking solid ground. consequences.

The DROPS Calculator is best employed during planning and risk assessment
processes. It will determine the potential severity rating of potential dropped object
hazards and help with the risk ranking of appropriate corrective actions and control
measures.

Metric, Imperial and Electronic versions of the DROPS Calculator tool are available at
[Link]

24 Understanding Dropped Objects | Revision 4 DROPS Reliable Securing | Revision 4 25

 DISCOURAGED PRACTICES:

Responsibilities DROPS strongly discourage the following methods, techniques and actions:
• Uncertified lifting equipment including including grease tubes / guns, water
‘home-made’ lifting devices bottles, radios, detectors, pens,
POLICY AND PROCEDURE • Home-made or customised tools and phones, etc
equipment • Wire slings tied or wrapped around
Corporate guidelines and standards
• Use of welding rods / wire / tie wraps beams
should ensure that appropriate
inspection and control mechanisms instead of split pins or safety securing • Loads left suspended without proper
are implemented to identify, assess, pins authority
eliminate or manage potential • Use of two part shackles for lifting or • Use of scaffolding equipment for
dropped object risks. permanently suspended equipment permanent structures or mountings,
• Loaded / tensioned bolts secured with a including uncertified use of scaffold for
Preventive controls and mitigating lifting equipment
double nut arrangement
measures should be detailed in
• Unsecured hand tools at height, • Leaving fall arrestors un-retracted when
specific procedures to address the not in use.
inherent dropped object hazards
associated with task.

It is important that we identify and DESIGN AND PROCUREMENT BEST PRACTICE:

accept our Roles and Responsibilities
as set out in these documents. It is widely acknowledged that there are many challenges in selecting and sourcing
products and services in each global sector. DROPS recommend the following
However, everyone has a responsibility to prevent dropped objects through: considerations are taken into account:

• Observation and Intervention (being aware of the hazard, associated risks and • Company Policy and Procedures • All items selected for installation or use
prepared to stop work if conditions or actions are unsafe) governing dropped object prevention at height should incorporate appropriate
should be understood and barriers and be readily traced and
• Elimination (the removal of potential dropped object hazards if it is safe to do so, communicated to suppliers and partners certified if necessary
ensuring all loose items are cleared from the worksite before and after each task)
• Opportunities to incorporate DROPS • All items secured at height should be
• Control (ensuring all items of structure, equipment and tools are securely Reliable Securing Best Practice at situated to reduce or eliminate the risk
fastened or tied off, especially when using tools and equipment at height) each critical design and selection stage of damage by snagging or collision
should be identified • All Safety Securing devices should
• Reporting (recording all potential and actual incidents in accordance with
• All materials and equipment despatched include batch marking, manufacturer
company policy)
for use in the field should be securely details and clearly tagged details of
• Design and Procurement (informed selection, engineering and availability of packaged for transportation maximum load or working load limit
tools, equipment, materials and resources) • All materials and components should • Suppliers and Partners should be
• Inspection (regular and periodic worksite inspections of all high risk items, be suitably rated for the operational encouraged to support the initiative
environment. Where stainless steel through active involvement and
particularly loads prior to lifting or transportation).
is selected, there should be due innovative improvements.
consideration of the potential for
galvanic corrosion

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 Consideration should be given to the potential path that a dropped object may
take during the Task Planning and Risk Assessment phase.

Task Planning and Risk Assessment Considerations should include but not be limited to the potential deflection points,
environmental factors, dynamic factors and the potential dropped object’s shape
as they will affect the shape of the cone. If the object falls overboard, consider if there
Effective task planning and risk assessment will ensure appropriate resources are subsea assets or critical infrastructure that may be affected. Additional information
and personnel are assigned for the task to eliminate or reduce the likelihood of a relating to Subsea dropped objects can be found on the DROPS website.
dropped object.
When the potential for a dropped object has been identified, the primary focus should be
to implement preventive controls to eliminate or minimize the likelihood of the dropped
object occurring. However, robust mitigating controls should also be implemented to
reduce the consequence of a dropped object should the preventive controls fail.
Tools, equipment, structures, lights, suspended loads, temporary or portable appliances and any
pre-existing loose items will always be a threat. Effective task planning and risk assessment
will reduce the consequences and eliminate exposure to personnel.

Task Planning and Risk Assessment should include but not be limited to:

• Pre and Post Inspections of Worksite dropped objects can occur) Cone of Exposure
(remember loose items may have been • Realistic risk-based identification
there for years) of dropped object hazards to ensure
• Load Inspections prior to correct application of controls and
transportation or lifting (certification, resources (as opposed to identification
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:
equipment, loose items) of dropped object hazards in general)
• Working conditions, equipment and • Potential path of travel should Gravity is an inherent hazard in every • Load Movement (forces exerted on
operative's competence (consider the identified item drop (cone of workplace. When combined with constant loads during transportation and lifting,
behavioural influences too) exposure) exposure, sea motion and severe weather eg. road conditions, turning, braking
• Understanding each phase of • Effective control of service partner conditions, the risk of dropped objects etc)
the task, piece of equipment being and/or temporary equipment (be increases significantly. During all tasks,
• Ice and Snow (icicles, ice build-up, hard
employed and the associated hazards ready to help, not everyone will be particularly transport, lifting and working
packed snow – can also obscure loose
and challenges (Operators actions familiar with every element of dropped at height, take special care to identify and
items)
are likely to create scenarios where object prevention best practice). mitigate dropped object incidents that can
be caused by environmental factors. • Rain (accumulations in buckets and
vessels can add significant weight)
Wherever possible, eliminate unnecessary dropped object hazards at source. For those • Temperature (cold hands, sweaty
items that remain, carefully assess the likelihood of static or dynamic failure (based on common hands, materials perishing) • Mud and Sand (can add weight but also
causes, experience and site-specific alerts) and determine the potential severity should it fall obscures loose items, particularly on
• Winds and Helicopter Downdrafts (box
(using the DROPS Calculator). cargo units)
lids, doors, signage, meteorological
Remember that controls may already be in place (such as procedures, checklists, safety equipment, stacked items) Fog, poor light, sun light, darkness can
wires etc), so be prepared to identify these and ensure they are adequate. Where new physical
• Sea Motion (stacked items, shelving, also become contributing factors when
controls are recommended, always consider the potential for new dropped object hazards.
loose items, suspended items) vision is critical to safe operations.
Mats, covers and nets can fall too. Additional controls will be subject to Management of
Change processes.

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 We describe some of these in a little more detail, and where applicable make
Preventive and Mitigating Barriers reference to other sections within this handbook.

(Controls)
INDEPENDENT SURVEYS AND INSPECTIONS

Barriers are functions and measures designed to break a specified undesirable Independent Surveys are typically carried out annually and are expected to
identify all potential dropped object hazards and, where possible, assist with the
chain of events. In other words, their function is to prevent a hazard, such as
removal of any unnecessary or redundant equipment.
a dropped object, from manifesting itself or to mitigate the consequences by
breaking an undesirable chain of events. The Independent Survey Specialist will provide a Survey Report, presented by
areas and zones. Failed Items are reported to the asset management team. An
Inspection Book, based on the Survey is then presented to the asset team for
their daily, weekly and periodic inspections.

Inspection programmes should cover the entire Facility / Installation and

inspection periods should be determined based on likelihood and potential
consequence of dropped objects.

Inspection Books are regularly updated to reflect any changes in equipment and
conditions. Third Party and temporary equipment should also be incorporated
within the system.

Typical Survey Report

These are our barriers to prevent dropped objects. We need them all to be and Picture Book
synchronised for our barriers to function.

In managing dropped object risk, we first identify and ensure that our preventive Dropped Object Survey and Inspections are provided in many different formats,
barriers are in place. These will reduce the likelihood that an incident will occur. Where including integrated electronic systems.
we consider the risk that these preventive barriers will fail, we put mitigating barriers in
place to reduce the likelihood that an incident will reach its full potential. Further information on DROPS Surveys can be found at [Link] under
the heading Guidance Documents and Best Practices.

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 DROPPED OBJECT AWARENESS PRIMARY SECURING
All personnel should demonstrate a basic understanding of dropped object hazards Ensure the correct Primary Securing Method is used when installing equipment,
and the need to comply with all dropped object prevention policies and processes. eg nuts, bolts, screws, clamps, brackets, turnbuckles or welding.
Training, familiarisation and on-the-job coaching is key to achieving this. The Original Equipment Manufacturer‘s (OEM) recommendations for securing
These are the key objectives of a dropped object awareness programme: should always be identified and observed.
• Identifying and assessing potential hazards, their causes and consequences Where possible, the securing method for objects identified as having the potential
(observation and reporting) to drop at the Task Planning stage should be known to the persons involved in
• Understanding the methods for control and prevention (task risk assessment) the task and they should assure themselves that the object is secure prior to work
• Recognising personal responsibilities (compliance, intervention and commencing.
improvement).
Further training in use of Tools at Height systems, Working at Height, selection and
application of safety securing devices etc should be made available as appropriate. SECONDARY RETENTION AND SAFETY SECURING SYSTEMS
Wherever possible, equipment installed at height or in an area where
potential exists for the object to drop to a lower level, should have integrated
TIME OUT FOR SAFETY secondary retention. Where this is not possible, or where such equipment
Everyone has the authority to stop work - but we don’t is exposed to a risk of collision the equipment should have additional safety
have to wait for an unsafe act or condition to arise securing in the form of wires or chains and connectors that are securely attached
before we do. Take Time Out to discuss potential to the main structure.
dropped objects at the worksite. Best Practice Recommendations are detailed in this handbook.
Share experiences and learn from recent alerts
and incidents – use this knowledge during task risk
assessments. Discuss changes in the environment PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE (also Planned or Condition Based Maintenance)
and how they might affect equipment and structures The primary goal of Preventive Maintenance is to preserve and restore equipment
around you. Plan your Time Out sessions around your reliability by replacing worn components before they actually fail. Preventive
task, providing opportunities to review hazards and maintenance activities include partial or complete overhauls at specified periods.
check that controls are still in place.
In addition, equipment deterioration can be recorded so that worn parts can
be repaired or replaced before they cause system failure. The ideal preventive
maintenance programme would prevent all equipment failure before it occurs.
SAFETY MEETINGS AND AUDITS
DROPS encourages regular dropped object management meetings to be held
at worksites to discuss observations, incidents, survey and inspection reports, COLLISION CHECKLISTS
recent industry alerts and any improvements that could be made in dropped A Collision Checklist should be developed and
object prevention performance. available at each Equipment Control Station. Before
Focal Points and Subject Matter Experts can be assigned to engage with starting a task where equipment will be moved, the
personnel, ensuring preventive measures are functioning and that Third Party or equipment operator should review the appropriate
temporary equipment has been considered and included. Collision Checklist for obstructions that may result in
a dynamic dropped object.
Worksite Dropped Object Prevention Committees or Working Groups may be
established to regularly discuss performance, incident reports, lessons learned, For example, a Crane Operator’s Collision Checklist
best practice and new techniques or tools available on the market. DROPS would include any equipment that the boom could
recommend that all service partners are included in such groups. collide with during a lifting operation.

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 ZONE MANAGEMENT ZONE MANAGEMENT (continued)
Facilities have some areas that have a higher risk of potential Dropped Objects than Zone classification and management are based on the usual, routine operations
others. A comprehensive review and risk assessment is conducted for different and activities in the area. A change in operations in the area can alter the risk zones
areas of the facility to determine the potential for Dropped Objects and measures and may require a temporary change in zone classification, depending on the risk
are implemented to restrict or prevent access to areas where hazards are present. assessment.
The following zones are defined in DROPS Recommended Practice: Zones and their access points are clearly marked, and responsibilities should
be clearly established, delegated, and communicated to ensure effective
implementation.
Restricted Access Zone : An area in which a Dropped Object potential has Site diagrams are posted in common areas and at the location of the managed
been recognized. The area is identified within the operational permit-to-work zone(s) to ensure personnel are aware of the access protocol and how to navigate
and authorized entrants are limited to the personnel needed to perform the through and around it. Signs are in English and any other predominant language(s)
work. Physical barricades and signage clearly identify the covered area and the at the location.
specific risk of the zone.
No-Entry Zone : An area in which a Dropped Object potential has been
recognized (eg, where moving equipment is present, where personnel are SECURING OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
working at heights) and personnel are not permitted while the hazard is present See Best Practice Recommendations in this handbook (Pages 46-53)
or active. These zones are identified in the permit-to-work, controlled to prevent
unauthorised access, and differentiated from the Restricted Access Zones by
HOUSEKEEPING
barricades and signage.
Items that are not in use or not in service are
often excluded from established inspection and
Identifying and implementing No-Entry and Restricted Access Zones is effective maintenance procedures and present considerable
for reducing the potential of personnel exposure to Dropped Objects. Restricted risk potential. Tools and equipment, redundant
Access and No-Entry Zones apply to all personnel at the location (eg, service machinery, scaffolding components and other
partners and providers who perform work or visit the location). loose materials left from previous works regularly
feature in dropped object reports.
Zones can be further classified as follows:
Before work starts and when the work is
complete, a full check should be carried out to
ensure that no loose material or equipment has
Permanent Zone : An area where a permanent barrier has been established
been left, especially at height.
to raise awareness of potential Dropped Object hazards and prevents personnel
from entering whenever equipment is being moved or operated (ie, Red Zone,
DROPS Zone). An area only entered by personnel authorized and permitted to
conduct work during that time. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Temporary Zone : An area where a temporary barrier has been established to Standard workplace PPE offers limited protection against falling objects.
Ensure that all equipment is appropriate for the task and certified for use.
raise awareness of potential Dropped Objects hazards and to prevent personnel
Anyone using personal protective equipment against falls from heights should
from unauthorised entry (eg, using of barrier tapes, barrier chains, signage, etc).
have documented training.

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General Tips for Dropped Securing Equipment
Object Free Worksites During Severe Weather
Before starting any task, consider the potential for dropped objects. Even if
your task is not at height, consider the environment where you will perform the BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
task and any other activities that may be going on around you.

• Structures and equipment should be blown over by the wind or

Pay particular attention to environmental Look out for moving machinery and be designed so that water cannot downdrafts, so check the securing
factors such as wind, sea motion, light, corroded brackets and structure. collect and form ice devices
downdrafts, road conditions etc.
Identify existing controls are in place • Establish routines for inspection • Check windsocks, wind sensors,
Before commencing the task, visually such as toe-boards, guards, barriers, before, during and after adverse floodlights, antennas, antenna
inspect the work area for pre-existing communications etc. weather conditions, such as strong masts and scaffolding
dropped object hazards such as loose winds, high waves, and the risk of
items and debris. Also consider the following: ice / falling ice • Carefully check that equipment
in the vicinity of the helideck is
• Inspect all Tools and Equipment • Use available time during shift sufficiently secured
Check all equipment and structures in
(certification, damage, securing points, changes to carry out an extra check
the area to ensure that all fastenings,
lanyards, tool bags) of equipment that may loosen • Check for any loose objects on
bolting, covers, panels, hatches,
roofs, load carriers and in all storage
removable guardrails etc are properly • Identify Dynamic Potential (collision, • Check whether the workplace is areas
secured. snagging, movement, load-shift) clean and tidy. Equipment stored
on deck and in other areas may • Check that the lids of storage boxes
Check all safety securing features are • Identify Dropped Object Scenarios
are secured.
in place (split pins, locking wire, locking (discuss during tool box talks, take
washers). regular time-outs to re-evaluate)

Pay particular attention to lighting and • Remove loose items from pockets
other fixtures that may not be secure or (tools, radios, detectors, water bottles)
present a snagging / collision hazard. and secure them properly.

Identify and assess energy sources that can cause dropped objects.
Gravity, Motion, Mechanical Movement, Electrical or Pressurised
equipment, Vibration – even Temperature can cause dropped
objects. (Cold hands can lead to loss of grip on tools, expansion and
contraction can damage fixings etc.)

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Observation Techniques Unnecessary Equipment at Height
Identification, assessment and risk ranking of findings will address opportunities DROPS recommend that all tools AND equipment are carefully assessed for
to eliminate or manage potential dropped objects. Regular Hazard Hunts can be suitability for use at height. Many cases have been reported where redundant or
implemented, raising awareness whilst making the worksite a safer place. unnecessary equipment has been left at height presenting significant hazards to
personnel and plant below.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS: BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Set aside time and limit the area to • Follow up on all items reported. • Always anticipate unidentified • The review should establish whether
be inspected Corrective action is after all a legacy hazards (eg shipyard tools, equipment should be relocated
decisive factor in preventing construction debris, scaffold clamps to reduce the risk of collision with
• Concentrate on categories of dropped objects. etc) mobile equipment
potential items (eg loose material,
panels, lighting, corroded structure IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: • Record all construction, • Inspection and maintenance
etc) and establish how these are maintenance and repair materials procedures should be revised
secured and if they require removal • Involve everyone in this process, a taken aloft. Ensure all material regularly, to ensure inspection
or repair fresh pair of eyes can be beneficial removed or not required is taken and maintenance of all equipment
down safely installed at height
• Findings that do not conform • Ensure all ‘hunters’ have secured
to Best Practice and cannot be all personal equipment and that • Regularly carry out a risk • Always carry out a final check to
immediately rectified safely should bags or containers are available for assessment and review of what ensure that no tools, equipment or
be reported to the Area Authority. appropriate collection and disposal equipment is required at height, and materials are left behind at height.
To assist in risk ranking, include of debris what should be removed
description of item and area,
• Advise the importance of accurately
potential consequence if it were to
reporting location of any items
fall (DROPS Calculator), possible
that may appear to be integral
causes (corrosion, collision etc)
components of equipment or
and if appropriate suggested
its fixings (eg bearings, bolts,
recommendations for remedial
brackets). This may be an early
action
warning sign of a potential failure.

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Post Inspection / Final Check
of the Worksite Workplace Best Practice
Experience shows that a clean and tidy workplace is less exposed to dropped Work operations often involve work at height. Many operations therefore
object risk than an untidy or poorly managed work area. contain an element of risk as:

On facilities and installations with rotations and shift work, this effect is intensified by • You are exposed to work or equipment above you
the fact that we are also exposed to other people’s “clutter”.
• Personnel below you are exposed to your work
It is therefore extremely important that we have good routines for final checks of • You are working at height and could fall
the worksite.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Always keep your worksite tidy, • The worksite should be left in a In the remaining part of this booklet, However, dropped objects caused by
even small items can create clean and tidy state, and all tools, we distinguish between the securing failure to secure tools and equipment
unnecessary hazards equipment and materials should be of personnel working at height, the continue to happen whilst they are
returned to their designated storage securing of permanent equipment, and being carried to the worksite, used or
• Tools, equipment and materials places the securing of tools and parts that are stored at height. This includes radios,
should be secured in a safe location
at the end of each shift • Loose objects at height should be used at height during a work operation. detectors, pens, gauges, hard hats,
removed, attached or secured water bottles and many other personal
• When the work is finished, a final Ideally, all work should be carried out on items that really should be secured
check and inventory count should • On mobile units, a risk assessment the ground or at a level where all edges properly – or not taken aloft in the
be carried out to ensure that no should be carried out to determine and openings can be secured to prevent first place.
tools, equipment or materials are whether equipment on work persons or objects falling to a lower
left behind at height benches, shelving and racking level. Where there is a requirement to
should also be secured. work at height, you should refer to your Remember, if the task
• Check that all equipment is Employer’s Work at Height Policy and cannot be undertaken
installed, secured and returned to
Procedures. at ground level and you
normal operation (eg replace locking
should work at height,
wire, close and secure latches) These procedures will ensure
refer immediately to
compliance with relevant legislation
your Employers Work at
on securing of personnel, erection of
Height Policy or ask your
working platforms, over-the-side work,
supervisor for assistance.
ladders, hoists, tools and other devices.
Other key considerations such as
access control, safety equipment and
rescue plans will also be covered.

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Securing of Personnel
Common Causes of Incidents: Complacency, Incompetence, Lack of Supervision,
Uncertified or Damaged Fall Arrest Equipment, Operator Error, Poor Communication,
Snagging and Collisions, Environmental Factors.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• The choice of equipment to • The necessary rescue equipment

be used should be made after and trained personnel should
evaluating the work place always be available at the
environment workplace

• Established control procedures • Fall arrest equipment should

should be followed before, during comply with relevant national
and after use / international standards,
incorporate an anti-trauma safety
• Anyone using personal protective device and comply with an
equipment against falls from accepted standard
height should have documented
training (including rescue method • The equipment should be checked
training) EVERY TIME before use and
should be checked at least every 6
• Nobody should work alone or months by a competent person
unattended when using fall arrest
equipment • The date for next inspection
should be clearly shown on the
• Everyone involved in the work equipment
scope should have sufficient
training and awareness of the • The anchor point for suspension
equipment and safety procedures should be identified and rated to
comply with relevant national /
• A ‘Buddy’ check of all fall arrest, international standards, eg. OSHA.
rigging and other equipment
should be carried out

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Derrick Evacuation Equipment
Far too many defects have come to light in evacuation equipment. In many cases there is
deficient certification, control and labelling of harnesses and blocks (brakes).

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Riding belts and blocks should be • It should be possible to use the

certified, controlled / inspected and equipment for the safe performance
labelled in line with other anti-fall of entry and evacuation operations
equipment
• The equipment should be checked
• The guide line, its attachment points every 6 months by a competent
and connectors are also defined as person and should be marked with
anti-fall equipment and should be the next inspection date.
certified, controlled / inspected and
labelled accordingly

• Riding belts should be connected to

guide lines and blocks and stored
so as to protect them from wear and
tear / damage from external factors

Ensure evacuation equipment boxes are secured and that lids and
catches are in good condition. Remove unnecessary items that may
have been left in boxes.

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Securing Tools <5kg / 11lbs
Proprietary tools and tool kits, designed specifically for use at height are widely available.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• All use of tools at height should be • Attachment points / devices

risk assessed for suitability and for on tools and bags should be
application (working environment, documentable (not all apertures on
access, tool condition, competence handles are actually rated tie-off
of user etc) points)
• All tools should be suitable for • All connectors/snap hooks/
use at height and secured against carabiners should be made of acid
being dropped whilst they are being proof steel (AISI 316), include screw
carried to the worksite, used or lock or self-lock gates and include
stored at height (use tool bag with captive eyes (see also Page 18)
internal loops when several and / or • Lanyards on tools attached to the
heavy tools are required) body should ideally be energy-
• If an anchor point other than the absorbing (fall damper)
belt or bag is required, use an • The standard use of wrist lanyards
appropriate part of the surrounding is discouraged, however, it is
structure, preferably above the work recognised that they may be
level appropriate to specific tasks, eg
• Tools heavier than 2kg / 4.5lbs within confined spaces
should not be secured to the • Velcro wrist lanyards are
body, secure them to the adjacent discouraged where the integrity of
worksite structure the fastening may be affected by the
• For work on or near rotating work environment
machines or travelling equipment, all • Tools used at height should be
tools should always be secured to checked out / in (see Page 54) in a
the adjacent structure Register to ensure that nothing is left
behind.

Proprietary tools for use at height and their retention components Lanyard attachment points (moveable,
should not be modified. Using non-proprietary or modified tools, or spring clip or fixed) should be selected
alternative retention accessories may compromise integrity. according to size and weight of tool.

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Securing Tools >5kg / 11lbs
Proprietary tools and hand held machinery for heavy duty use, specifically designed and
manufactured for use at height are widely available.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• All use of heavy tools and hand-held • The attachment points / devices
machinery where equipment may on tools should be documented
fall to an underlying level should be and all securing wires inspected in
risk assessed accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations
• All heavy tools and hand-held
machinery used at height should • The securing wire should be as
be secured against being dropped, short as possible to reduce shock
both when in use and while being loading effect
transported
• Energy absorbing lanyards and
• Securing points for tools and tethers can stretch beyond the
machinery should be in place safe calculations or drop distance,
above the work site, attached to therefore fixed securing wires
the surrounding structure, not to should be used on heavy tools
scaffolding or pipework at height, according to the work
environment
• Tools heavier than 2kg should not
be secured to the body, secure • Only certified lifting equipment
them to the adjacent worksite should be used as securing devices
structure (where appropriate)

• One piece sledge hammers (forged • Tools used at height should be

construction with secured head) checked out / in (see Page 54) to
should be used at height ensure that nothing is left behind.

Proprietary tools for use at height and their retention components

should not be modified. Using non-proprietary or modified tools, or
alternative retention accessories may compromise integrity.

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Tool Cabinets for Work at Height
Tool cabinets for work at height are now readily available and employed on many
facilities. The appropriate recording, securing and control of tools used at height can help
to eliminate unnecessary dropped objects at the worksite.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• All tools should be appropriate for - a sufficient number of tool bags

use at height and they should have with internal fastening devices
documented attachment points • Each cabinet should have an
• All tools should be adequately inventory list of certified and
secured within the cabinets traceable contents
• In addition to the necessary tools, and be kept locked, and one
cabinets should be equipped with: person should be designated as
responsible for the cabinet
- a sufficient number of correctly
dimensioned safety wires / • The responsible person should
lanyards register all tools taken from and
returned to the cabinet, with the
- a sufficient number of connectors authority of the Area Lead.
/ snap hooks / carabiner hooks
with screw lock and eyelet • The contents of the cabinet and the
register of tools in use should be
- special belts for fastening tools checked at the end of every shift.
and bag

TYPICAL TOOLS ALOFT REGISTER

CHECK TOOLS OUT VERIFY TOOLS RETURNED
Date Description of Name Authorised Time Date Description of Name Authorised Time
Tools / Equip. (Area Lead) Tools / Equip. (Area Lead)

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Securing Other Portable Equipment
There have been several incidents reported where portable equipment such as radios,
gas detectors and digital cameras have been dropped from height.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• All portable equipment used where • Belt clips that allow equipment to
there is a risk of the equipment become detached when turned
falling to an underlying level should 180º should not be used
be secured against being dropped
• Belts with snap fasteners are not
• Carrying pouches should always suitable for securing equipment at
be used for radios and any other height
portable equipment without certified
securing points • Battery compartments and covers
on portable equipment should
• Locks on pouches should have be secured to prevent internal
a double securing mechanism to components from falling.
prevent unintentional opening

Remember even small items falling from significant heights can

cause injury and damage. Ensure all personal equipment (tally
books, pens, callipers, cameras, water bottles etc) is secure in a
fastened pocket or carry pouch.
If the item is not required for the task, do not carry it at height -
leave it at ground level.

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Securing Equipment and Parts
Other than tools, there have been a significant number of dropped objects due to loose
or discarded items left at height (eg. nuts, bolts, screws, pins, used or replaced parts and
components etc.) particularly following repair and maintenance tasks.

Consider every item carried aloft as a potential dropped object – and ensure that all
material is removed from the worksite on completion.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• All repairs and maintenance work • Gratings and gaps in toe boards
carried out at height should be risk should be covered with suitable
assessed mats or netting

• Create an inventory of all items • When the work is finished, a final

being taken aloft check and inventory count should
be carried out to ensure that no
• Ensure all equipment, parts and tools, equipment or materials are
materials being used at height are left behind at height.
secured against being dropped

• Smaller parts should be stored in

suitable storage boxes, bags, etc

Transportable worksite safety mat and accessories

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Mobile Elevated Work Platforms
Loose tools, equipment and other items present a risk of dropped objects when working
on mobile elevated work platforms (MEWPs).

Ensure that the platform does not get congested and consider installing a suitable
method of enclosing the unit when working at height.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Ensure the working platform is • Protective screens should be

clear of unnecessary items and installed around the platform rails,
that all controls are not impeded by suitably designed for the operation
equipment or tools and the environment

• All equipment should ideally be kept • Protective screens should be

below the height of the toe board, inspected both prior to use and
and secured to the platform during on completion of the task for any
rise, at operational height and openings, gaps or damage that
during descent may affect the integrity of the screen

• Smaller tools and parts should • Conduct an inventory count of

be stored securely in suitable all materials to ensure no tools,
containers or tool bags equipment or other items are left
behind at height.
• Equipment should not extend
beyond the guard rails during rise
and descent

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 All other equipment such as forklifts, Handrails, safety gates / barriers and
elevators, powered aerial work platforms, toe boards should be incorporated

Hoisting, Lifting and Suspended Items baskets etc should be maintained and
operated in accordance with relevant
into the working platform where a risk
assessment has shown that there is a
legislation, OEM recommendations and danger of personnel or materials falling
industry and corporate best practices. from that platform.
Industry employs a wide range of fixed and temporary hoisting and lifting devices,
Where employed, temporary access Where indicated by the risk assessment
all of which should comply with standard industry legislation and best practice.
such as scaffolding, work platforms that fall protection should be used by
and staging should be designed and persons working on such platforms,
checked to confirm adequacy of design secure mountings for the fall protection
DROPS recommends it is best practice WLL and date into service. The register and construction, and fitness for planned equipment should be in place and
to give all suspended items the same should include items such as slings, personnel and equipment loads. identifiable.
considerations as for hoisting and shackles, pad eyes, trolley beams,
lifting equipment, ensuring appropriate hoists, lifting caps, lifting attachments or
certification, inspection and maintenance devices.
management is applied. It is important to incorporate all these
items within any dropped object survey HOME-MADE LIFTING DEVICE
The following equipment (appliances and
accessories) should be considered as and inspection management system. • Uncertified equipment (inc shackle)
suspended items and should be recorded Inspection criteria is likely to include:
• Sling doubled back
in the lifting equipment register and • Check arrangement of suspension
• Incorrect application of clamps
inspected regularly: equipment is in accordance with lifting
and hoisting best practice • Potential for snagging
• Counter weights and other suspended
compensating devices • Check certification and test certificates
• Bunkering hoses, tow bridles and other • Check general condition of
over the side equipment components (fatigue, corrosion,
• Halyards and other flag impact or other form of damage)
hoisting devices • Check application of equipment
• Temporary suspension for wireline, (correct sizing and fitting)
coiled tubing, snubbing or stimulation • Check all shackles are complete with
equipment safety securing (split pin / cotter pin)
POOR CLAMP SELECTION
• Beam clamps, chain hoists, crane • Check appropriate authority has been
hooks, rigging hooks • Incorrect sizing
granted for all loads left suspended.
• Possible fatigue/corrosion
• Synthetic strops, webbing slings and
steel slings. All personnel lifting equipment
A complete register of all lifting and activities should comply with
equipment used to hoist, lift or suspend relevant national regulations, OEM
such items should be available to record recommendations and industry and
data on all lifting equipment and its corporate best practices.
certification status, including ID number,
Bunkering Hose Suspension - Not Best Practice

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 BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

Correct Use of Shackles

• Shackles should be individually • Shackles are designed to support the
identifiable and have an adequate WLL load at the bottom of the hollow torus
and an in-date, certified and approved and evenly across the shackle bolt
Shackles are used in lifting and static suspended systems as removable links to inspection record. Where colour coding
post inspection is used, this should be in • If shackles are exposed to loads in
connect wire rope, chain and other fittings. other places, this should be taken into
place
account during use as it will reduce
In recent years, both US and European A general definition of WLL is: the • 4-Part Shackles (Safety Bolt type) capacity
Authorities have agreed that working load maximum mass or force which a product should be equipped with two barriers:
nut and stainless steel split pin / cotter • Where point loading is unavoidable,
limit (WLL) should replace safe working load is authorized to support in general service ensure load is centred, where
pin
(SWL) in describing the capacity of items when the pull is applied in-line, unless noted necessary, use packing to centralise
such as hooks, slings, shackles etc. The WLL otherwise, with respect to the centre line of • Split pins / cotter pins should be of the the load on the shackle bolt
correct size and sufficiently splayed to
is always specified by the manufacturer. the product. • Never load shackle pin to shackle pin
prevent them from being knocked out
or causing injury and refer to manufacturer’s guidance
for further details
In Line • Linch pins, nappy pins or R-Clips
WLL = 100% should not be used during lifting as • Side loading of shackles in not
these may be knocked out or cause permitted for some shackles and
45o snagging (also see Page 17) should always be avoided. (Side
WLL = 70% loading reduces the WLL factor (see
• 2-Part Shackles (Screw Pin or Round figure opposite). Where a degree
Pin type) should never be used for of side loading is unavoidable,
permanent suspension or in any manufacturers' guidance should
90o application where the pin can roll under always be adhered to
WLL = 50% load and unscrew
• Where flat slings are in use, sling
• Shackles should only be used for their shackles should be considered to
intended purpose and manner maintain 100% of sling WLL and
provide a more even load distribution
• The user should be familiar with the within the sling fibres.
applicable limitations and guidelines
for use (always refer to manufacturer's
WLL Reduction Factors
data sheet)
Where side loads cannot be
avoided, reduction factors should
be taken into account. Always
Not all shackles may be side-loaded,
refer and adhere to manufacturer's
eg sling shackles.
guidance or technical data sheets.
Always refer to manufacturer's technical data
sheets for loading and operational limitations.

Split pins / cotter pins should be of the

correct length.
Shackles come in a variety of forms and the correct type should be
Ensure pins are properly splayed (as shown
used for the respective work / application.
here) to reduce the risk of snagging and injury.

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 Primary Fixing and Secondary Retention is the

Sheaves and Snatch Blocks principle consideration in ensuring the integrity

of sheave and snatch block retention at height.

In conjunction with competent use and frequent

The DROPS Reliable Securing Focus Group has, through co-operation within the inspection, maintenance and certification,
industry and equipment manufacturers considered best practice methodologies dropped objects can be prevented.
for installation and use of permanent and temporary blocks at height. Safety securing is a mitigating measure and
This collaboration and study has focused principally on the secondary retention of should be installed in specific response to an
sheave and snatch block fastenings, and the importance of informed risk assessment assessed risk.
to identify requirements for the addition of safety securing wires or slings. Typically, the purpose of additional safety
securing is to arrest the fall of the block during
installations / transitions, particularly when
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
secondary retention devices are removed.

• Blocks should have two integrated • All detachable caps, guards It is important that the selection and rating of
Block with Safety Securing device
barriers in both the head fitting and and covers should incorporate safety securing considers the block weight,
the shaft ie primary fixing (forged, secondary retention, or safety shock load (fall energy) and swing.
machined, threaded) and secondary securing where no secondary
retention (split pin, lock wire) retention is possible Establishing safety securing measures for a It is not practicable to
potential suspension failure of a block under install safety securing
• Side plates should contain / enclose • A documented maintenance
load is not realistically practicable, due to the devices to arrest the fall
/ capture the sheave should a centre programme should be established.
pin failure occur, and catch the line It is a requirement that blocks, significant forces involved. It is therefore of a block arrangement caused
in the event that it jumps the sheave shackles and lifting lugs should imperative that all rigging, hoisting and lifting by operational overloading or
be inspected at least every twelve procedures are rigorously observed. catastrophic damage.
• Only 4-Part shackles (bow, pin, nut
and split pin) should be used for the months by a competent person
suspension of sheave blocks • Blocks should be dismantled at
• All blocks and suspension shackles the request of the competent
person or in accordance with the BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS (Safety Securing)
should be marked with ID number
and load rating manufacturer’s recommendations,
and at least every five years. • Safety securing slings should be interfere with the performance,
secured to an independent anchor operation, movement or
point from the block maintenance of the block
• Safety securing slings, fittings and • Only 4-Part shackles (bow, pin, nut
Always refer to Company Rigging and Lifting guidance and
anchor points should be certified and split pin) should be used to
Manufacturer's recommendations for installation, operation,
and clearly display the WLL attach the safety securing sling
inspection and maintenance.
• Safety securing slings should be • Safety securing slings should be
as short as possible to minimise subject to routine inspection and
shock loading and should not certification.

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Banana Block / Roller Sheaves
A roller sheave is a sheave which is designed to hold and accommodate an
umbilical or hose at or greater than its dynamic minimum bend radius.

These sheaves have many constituent parts which include nuts and bolts, rollers,
side plates and a swivel. As a result of inadequate securing, there have been several
serious incidents where these parts have worked loose and fallen.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS

• Umbilical roller sheaves should accordance with manufacturer’s

be adequately secured with two recommendations
barriers (primary and secondary
retention) in the suspension • User manuals / instructions should
assembly provide guidelines for the correct
mounting of securing devices
• Rollers should be secure on
through bolts with locking nuts / • User manuals / instructions
castle nuts and split pins should also provide guidelines
for necessary maintenance and
• The umbilical roller sheave should inspection of securing devices
be used exclusively for the purpose
for which it was intended (ie not for • Where safety securing wires are
suspending wires) used based on operational risk
assessments, the slings should be
• The umbilical roller sheave equal to or greater than the WLL
should have its own maintenance of the head fitting of the umbilical
programme and be subject to roller sheave.
annual testing and inspection in

Stacked Roller Sheave

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Synthetic Web Slings Wire Rope
Web or fibre slings are used in a variety of When selecting wire rope slings, three characteristics are considered: Strength,
applications where their low weight, strength, Fatigue Resistance and Abrasive Wear Resistance.
soft surface, flexibility, versatility, low cost,
As slings are utilised through continued service, the sling’s ultimate Strength is reduced
ease of use and resistance to water and other
over time. This should be considered during sling WLL selection.
agents have proved advantageous.
Fatigue is typically due to the development of small cracks in the individual wires of the
However these are susceptible to damage
rope. This occurs when small radius bends form during repetitive applications. Ensure
in dynamic, caustic environments and as bends do not exceed manufacturer's recommendations.
such their use should be carefully assessed
and managed. Smaller diameter wire is more flexible than larger dimensions but is susceptible to
Abrasive Wear. Ensure wear and fatigue factors are considered during sling selection.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• In harsh and corrosive damaged, then the rope should be

• Ensure a Lift Plan is in place before • Ensure that slings are protected from environments, galvanised wire rope removed from service
using any synthetic lifting equipment, contacting sharp edges on the load should be considered
and that all equipment to be used is • Slings should be uniquely identified,
• Ensure that slings are not constricted, • Wire rope slings (like all lifting with the WLL indelibly marked or
certified and approved for use
bunched or pinched by the load, hook equipment) should be visually stamped on the ferrule or on a
• Unprotected slings should not be used or any fitting inspected prior to each and every permanent tag
with forklifts (forks will tend to cut
• Thoroughly inspect slings and use, looking at the condition of the • Inspection of the sling end fittings
slings under load)
attachments before and after use. wire and its 'lay' for damage that could result in the
• Minimise exposure to ultraviolet Defects to look for include; knots, • Should 5 wires in one strand of sling being unsafe should also be
radiation and chemicals as this can twists, cracks, tears, broken stitching,
rope lay, or 10 wires in one lay be conducted.
affect the integrity of synthetic slings missing or illegible sling identification,
burns, excessive wear etc.
• Do not drag slings on the floor or over
abrasive surfaces and do not pull a • Always consult with manufacturer's
sling from under a load when the load technical data sheet for further Wire Rope Elements
is resting on the sling information.
STRAND WIRE
LAY

Safety Factor : ratio between working load limit (WLL) and the
breaking load limit for webbing slings is 7.

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Eye Bolts and Eye Nuts Hooks
Eye bolts are one of the most commonly used items of lifting equipment, particularly Hooks for lifting should always be equipped with a safety device to prevent the
during fabrication and maintenance. They have operational limitations and their load becoming detached from the hook.
misuse frequently results in serious incidents.
The standard device is a spring safety clip that closes the throat of the hook. For
many applications this is perfectly suitable. However, safety latches may be defeated
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS when rope becomes slack and falls across the latch. To overcome this, a range of
‘locking’ hooks are available.

• Eye bolts should be of an adequate • Eye bolts should be properly

WLL, certified and approved for tightened prior to use BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS
use (ie designated colour coding)
• Eye bolts should be removed
• Eye bolts should only be used for after use and the threads in the • Hooks should only be selected • Check the integrity of safety
their intended purpose equipment on which they have for use by a competent person latches and all secondary retention
been used should be preserved knowledgeable in the applications features on hook components
• The user should be familiar with and protected. and environment where they will (latches, swivels, hand holds etc)
all applicable limitations and be utilised prior to every lift
guidelines for to application
• Hoisting hooks should be fitted • Hooks without latches may be
with a latch to bridge the throat used in special applications where
opening to prevent unplanned the latch would interfere with the
release of slings or attachments proper use of the hook

• The latch should be designed • Refer to manufacturer's technical

to retain such items under slack data sheet for more details.
conditions

Plain eye bolt Dynamo eye bolt Collared eye bolt Swivel Hoist Ring

Plain and Dynamo types are for vertical lifting only.

Shouldered / collared machinery eye bolts can be used for non-
vertical slinging within manufacturer’s specified limits. Always refer to
manufacturer's technical data sheets for loading and operational limitations.
Clevis, spring clip Clevis, self-locking Swivel, self-locking
Refer to Company Rigging and Lifting guidance for further details.
locking (top trigger) (side trigger).

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Hanging Hoses and Service Loops
Securing hanging hoses, in particular Hanging hydraulic hoses are another
loading hoses, present a safety problem. area of concern as are long lengths of
Use of clips and chains has proven suspended air hose.
unsatisfactory. Drilling rotary and vibrator hoses have
With their many parts, the clamps manufacturer’s designed lifting clamps
themselves constitute a snagging / and safety clamps. Hoses are marked for
dropped object risk. clamp fitment areas.
Incorrect positioning of clamps and chain Note: Never mix and match different
loops that are too long have resulted in manufacturers’ systems / components as
breakage / bursting and hoses falling. this can result in serious failure.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS

• The equipment manufacturer’s • For suspended hydraulic and air

instructions for installation and the hoses, whip socks of an appropriate
technical description should be size and rating for the working Air hose whip sock
followed pressure are an effective fall restraint if
• Hoses and clamps for either lifting or hose / connection fails
securing should be compatible with • For suspended unsupported electric
the hose cables, cable socks are an appropriate
• Lifting eyes or clamps used to ensure fall restraint
safe lifting and handling are never • For restraints encompassing polymeric
to be used as safety clamps unless materials, the required resistance to
they are specifically designed for that wear and tear, chemicals, heat and UV
purpose radiation should be documented
• Safety securing should be attached • The securing devices should be
and securely fastened at the point checked and labelled in accordance
where the hose is labelled “Attach with the norm for lifting accessories
safety clamp here” • In addition to correct instructions
• Safety chains should be as short as for installation, the user manual /
possible and installed as close to the maintenance instructions should
vertical as possible in order to prevent contain guidelines for necessary
fall energy and pendulum effect maintenance and inspection of the
• The securing system for hoses should securing devices
be documented and traceable • Where Hammerlock chain connectors
• Securing devices for hoses should be are used, ensure appropriate grade is
designed to support the maximum selected and installed by a competent
person. Hydraulic hose whip sock Safety clamp for heavy duty hose
loads generated by a burst hose

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Plate Pad Eyes and Lifting Eyes Specialist Lifting Accessories
Plate pad eyes are a common anchor / attachment point for connecting loads to A range of lifting accessories are employed across Industry. Some of these accessories
lifting appliances. They are common on structural steel work, on cargo transportation
may only be suitable for low level lifting in benign environments.
units and on items such as spreader beams and lifting frames.
Pad eyes are engineered devices and are designed to accommodate shackle pins Choosing the wrong accessory for the operation is likely to result in an incident.
appropriate to the design load of the pad eye.
Other lifting lugs such lifting rings may also be termed pad eyes in some locations or
documentation and plate pad eyes may also be described as lifting lugs.
Tapered Shoulder Lifting Sub
PULL PLANE
CHEEK
PLATE

Slip type Elevator

PLATE

Lifting Bails (Box and Pin Thread types)

NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH THREAD PROTECTORS
Welded Pad Eye Plate Mount Recessed
Pad Eye Lifting Eye

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS

• Flame plate cut or poorly drilled pad • Pull outside the plane of the plate (side
eyes without design provenance pull) is limited and only the appropriate
should be condemned and technical data should be used to
immediately condemned determine design limits Drum / Barrel Lifter Bulk Container (IBC / FIBC) lifting frames
• Pad eyes permanently installed at • Only use the correct sized shackles for
height should display the ID / Tag attachment to pad eyes
number and WLL adjacent to the item • Frequent visual inspections and routine • Only use approved, tested and certified lifting accessories.
and be clearly visible from the normal NDT inspections should be carried
working location of equipment utilising out in accordance with the prevailing • Always ensure the correct size gripper heads, inserts and dies are used
the pad eye as an anchor / attachment codes and lifting regulations on all manual and automatic pipe handling equipment.
point
• Ensure all lifting eye recesses are kept • Ensure all closure indicating devices are inspected and function tested daily.
• Pad eyes should be installed so that clear of debris to eliminate loose items
the line of pull is always in the plane of • Inspect dies and inserts prior to each use for signs of wear / misalignment.
and prevent corrosion and damage.
the pad eye plate • Always refer to the Lift Plan for details of compatible accessories.

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Chain Hoists
Chain is a durable and flexible product and is used across a range of industrial
hoisting equipment.

It does not kink or curl and has good shock absorbing properties. It is heavier to move
and install so is often used in relatively short length in lifting assembles.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Hoists should only be selected, • Chain hoists should not be used

used and maintained by a for prolonged suspensions without
competent person knowledgeable approval from the appropriate Manual Electric trolley BOP chain hoist
in the applications and authority chain hoist beam chain hoist
environment where it is used
• Inspection and maintenance
• Hoists should only be attached of chain hoists should be in
to beams / rails or anchor points accordance with manufacturer’s
that are certified for the WLL of the recommendations and regulatory Steel chain should be removed from service if conditions such as
hoist and the weight of the hoist requirements the following are present:
assembly
• Chain buckets, chain and chain
• Cracks, breaks, excessive wear, nicks or gouges
• All rail / beam systems should block pockets should be protected
have end stops installed at all from contamination by potentially • Stretched, bent, twisted or deformed chain links or components
times, of sufficient strength harmful or corrosive materials • Evidence of heat damage or weld spatter
and size to preclude any hoist
assembly running off the ends • Chain bucket assemblies should • Excessive pitting or corrosion
be inspected frequently to ensure
• Lack of ability of chain or components to hinge (articulate) freely
• Permanently installed hoists all fastenings are secure
should be included in the DROPS • Any other conditions that cause doubt as to the continued integrity of the
Register detailing all components, • Chains should be lubricated in chain or its operation.
fasteners, secondary retention accordance with manufacturers’
features and safety securing instructions particularly when used Generally if a chain is 3% longer than when new, it will have exceeded the OEM
devices (if fitted) in a corrosive environment. recommendations for use and should be removed from service.

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 BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS (HATCHES, DOORS, PANELS):

Grating, Hatches, Doors, Access Panels

• Avoid gravity pin and loop hinges as corrosion, cleanliness and the
these can become disengaged condition and security of any and all
• Ensure all hatches, doors and roller elements
Many structures and transportable equipment will incorporate gratings, hatches,
access panels are correctly seated • Regularly inspect hinges and lugs
doors and access panels.
and secured with secondary for corrosion and wear
retention • To reduce risk further, assess the
These may be subject to vibration and As a result of vibration and defective
environmental loads that can result in locking of fastenings, there are • Sliding doors and doors on tracks requirement for safety securing wire
integrity failures and dropped objects. numerous incidents of loose grating or / rails should be inspected for to provide additional security.

At present, there are a number of different loose / missing grating, or inadvertent

ways of fastening grating to underlying disengagement of hatches, doors and
structures or frames. access panels.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS (GRATINGS):

• Grating should be adequately • If grating is cut out and reinstalled

fixed to underlying structures with by welding, the contact surfaces
fastenings that do not loosen with should be ground to remove
vibration or loads galvanising and to ensure steel
surfaces are clean prior to welding
• Through bolts or threaded
connections are recommended • If large areas are cut away, a special
for fastening and should have frame should be installed and the
secondary retention of the nut necessary underlay calculated

• Fastening clips should consist of as • Loads and grating support spans

few parts as possible should be within manufacturer’s
recommendations for the required
• Openings in the grating should not duty.
exceed 1500mm²

Hatches and access panels present dropped object hazards due to

inappropriate fixings, improper use, lack of inspection or maintenance
and general lack of awareness.

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Piping and Equipment Feedthroughs
It is not uncommon to encounter dropped objects as a result of missing covers or
barriers at piping cable or equipment feed-through point.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• All piping and equipment • High visibility rigid products

feedthroughs in decks and grating are also available.
should have a toe board and
should be covered to the greatest
extent possible
• Canvas or a cladding material
can be used. This is especially
important in areas where there
is equipment requiring periodic
maintenance

PIPE CLAMPS

Pipe clamps are prone to vibration and

corrosion, resulting in components and
pipework becoming loose, damaged and
dislodged.

Ensure all pipe clamps are regularly inspected

for fatigue, corrosion, missing components
(brackets, bolts, locking wire, tab washers).

Wherever possible, ensure appropriately

engineered pipe clamps are used.

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Guard Rails
Major defects have been observed with guard rails that may result in dropped objects,
in particular collapsible and movable modular types.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Guard rails should be functionally • The use of setscrews is not

designed for the area they are recommended in permanent guard
intended to secure, eg safety mesh rails
should be installed as required (eg.
around mezzanine loading areas) • Guard rails and attachment points
for collapsible and movable guard
• Guard rails should not have rails should be inspected on a
deformations or cracks that affect regular basis to maintain adequate
their functionality or strength security and functionality

• It should always be possible to • Safety barricades and mesh

insert modular guard rails into systems may be applied to reduce
the pockets provided and secure potential for items to fall through
them using a pin or through-bolt guard rails. These should be of
with appropriate primary fixing and suitable materials, incorporate
secondary retention appropriate securing features and
be installed and maintained in
• Where fitted, removable securing accordance with manufacturer's
pins should have safety securing recommendations.
attached

The design and installation of fixed and modular guard rails and toe boards
are subject to relevant national regulatory dimensions and recommended
industry practices.

However, particular vigilance is required where the toe board is

interrupted (eg. between modules, around stairways etc.)

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Toe Boards
Missing and incorrectly installed toe boards are regularly observed. Often, the gap
between the bottom of the toe board and the deck exceeds requirements. Likewise,
where the toe board is interrupted, the gap between toe board sections may exceed
industry recommendations.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Always refer to relevant codes, • All landings in stairways should

standards and recommendations in have toe boards at least 100mm /
designing and installing toe boards 4in high

• Decks, gangways and platforms • The gap between the deck or

should have toe boards at least grating and toe board should not
100mm / 4in high exceed 10mm / 3/8in

• On stairways, every step should • The gap between interrupted toe

have a toeboard at least 50mm / board sections should not exceed
2in high 10mm / 3/8in.

When removing guard rails temporarily, the checklist should include

the reinstallation of toe boards in accordance with the applicable
rules and regulations.

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Swing Gates
Many swing gates have been found to have hinges with neither the necessary quality of
material nor the design strength to serve their intended function over time. Many older
gates also lack integrated toe boards.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Wherever possible, the hinges • On floating rigs, the use of locking

should form an integral part of the fingers should be considered so
gate – ie they should be welded on that the gate can be locked in the
closed position
• Removable gate hinge pins should
be fitted with secondary retention • Where possible, toe boards should
eg split pin be integrated in gates

• Gates should open / swing inwards • Swing gates should be inspected

to the platform or deck and maintained on a regular basis to
ensure adequate function
• Gates should be at the same
strength as surrounding guard rails • Where flip-over / drop-down gate
rails are fitted, these should be
• Gates should be secured against secured with secondary retention
becoming disengaged eg split pin and where necessary
REMOVABLE GATE HINGE PINS
secured with safety wire.
• Gates should be designed to Should be fitted with secondary
automatically return to and remain retention eg split pin.
in the closed position

Flip-over / drop-down gate mechanisms can become dropped

objects. As such, self-closing gates eliminate this hazard and would
be recommended where practicable.

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Ladders
Safe use of ladders in the workplace is governed by Work at Height Codes, Standards
and Regulations applicable in your region.

However, many cases have been found of damage to ladders and safety cages as a
result of collisions with mobile equipment. In addition, cracks have been found in safety
cages, especially in derricks, leading to dropped object incidents.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Ladders and safety cages should be • Anti-fall device equipment and

inspected on a regular basis turntables should be regularly
inspected for damage / loose
• Safe landing or rest platforms fittings
should be regularly inspected for
loose items and all gates, removable • Any damage and deformation
rails and gratings checked to ensure should be reported and corrected
all fastenings are secure and in as soon as possible.
place

When using fixed ladders with 'back scratcher' safety cages, always
consider potential for snagging of personal tools and equipment as
this can cause items to fall.

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Wind Walls
A common failure of wind walls / cladding is due to corrosion of the fastening used for
attachment to the structure.

Fasteners and cladding are also subject to structural vibration and cyclic pressure
loadings by aerodynamic pressure effects. Most systems are designed for a set of
maximum wind conditions. In extreme conditions, such as cyclones / tornadoes, the
conditions may be well in excess of design limitations.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• The type and method of attachment reinforced by horizontal steel beams

should be chosen in accordance in accordance with the design loads
with the manufacturer’s instructions.
The preferred solution is through- • Areas that are exposed to collision
bolts with locking nuts risk should have stronger corner
mountings secured by through-bolts
• Wind-wall panels should be and locking nuts
fastened to a separate support /
structure and never to the main • The manufacturer should provide
structure guidelines for installation, necessary
maintenance and inspection of
• Wind wall panels should always be wind-wall panels and attachment.

Ensure that all fastenings are installed as per manufacturer's

instructions. Inspect all fastenings on a regular basis.
Ensure all externally mounted equipment such as lamps and signage
are inspected regularly and report all signs of damage or corrosion.

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Signage Cladding
There have been many instances within the industry where pieces of insulation
Ideally, signage should be painted directly upon structure. Where this is not
cladding have dropped from height due to vibration, corrosion or strong winds.
possible, ensure the fastenings include the appropriate primary fixings and
secondary retention.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Insulation cladding should be / cotter pin through the securing

• Signs should be securely screwed • Identification labels that are painted securely fastened to prevent locks holes in the locks or by using
or bolted to a mount or secured or stuck on are recommended for from loosening unintentionally locking wire
within a suitable frame identification of pipe systems. If
the temperature precludes this, • The locks should be secured with • Maintenance routines should
• Where the underlying material identification labels should be secondary retention, either by include inspection of the cladding
permits, sign frames should be attached with steel tape. using a bolt and locking nut or to ensure that it is in good
attached using through-bolts by inserting a stainless split pin condition.

• Fasteners used for attachment to

brackets and structures should be
fitted with secondary retention

Signage should be ideally

stencilled

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Lighting Units
Many lighting units, such as floodlights, light fittings and navigation lights, installed at
height are not adequately secured against falling or colliding with mobile equipment.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Lighting units should be positioned and safety securing devices and the
to avoid collision with or snagging of necessary maintenance and inspection
mobile equipment / loads for fixings and safety securing devices.
• Lighting fixtures and brackets should • Hatches for exchanging light bulbs,
be fitted with secondary retention. covers and light fitting component
The bolts used for mounting brackets rails should be hinged or secured Safety Nets (see page 21) are widely
to structures should have secondary with wire to the housing and be able used in providing safety securing for
retention and attachment brackets to be properly secured in the closed 'at risk' equipment installed at height.
should have holes for fastening safety position. Also:
wires - Covers should be hinged or have
• Attachment points for safety securing internal safety wires
devices should be integrated at both - Light fitting covers should have
ends of the fixture steel hinges that can be attached
• Light fittings positioned at height and on either side
assessed to be at risk of failure should - Hatch covers for electrical
be fitted with safety nets, particularly connections should not be
where multiple components are completely removable
identified as potential dropped objects
- On existing, older types of fixtures,
• Above walkways and other trafficked covers should be secured using
areas, fixtures to which power is stainless tie wraps or galvanised
supplied from one side only should perforated steel band
be secured at the opposite end with a
safety wire - Battery packs should be fitted with
safety securing
• The strength of attachment points and
securing devices should be evaluated • Plastic components should be
in relation to the relevant fall energies avoided, since over time they are
weakened by UV radiation
• For new installations, or when
installing securing devices on existing • Navigation lights with sliding
equipment, an up-to-date user manual grooves for bolt attachment are not
should be provided with guidelines recommended
for the correct mounting of fixings

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CCTV Cameras
CCTV cameras are subject to dynamic forces, particularly snagging. Lens covers,
wipers and motors frequently fall due to collisions or loose fittings.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• CCTV camera location should be - The camera casing and

evaluated to prevent risk of contact motorized pan-tilt-zoom unit
with moving equipment / loads should be attached to the
bracket and structure with
• Where there is danger of the adequately locked attachment
camera being struck by mobile bolts
equipment / loads, it should either
be protected by a reinforced cage - The camera should be fitted
or be fitted with safety wire to the with two independent barriers
structure on the camera casing, the
motorized pan-tilt zoom unit, the
• CCTV Cameras (Integrated wiper motor and the lens cover
solutions):
• Calculations should be available
- The attachment point for for attachment points and securing
securing devices should form devices, related to the relevant fall
an integrated part of the camera energies
casing and bracket
• For new installations or when
• CCTV Cameras (Non integrated installing securing devices on
solutions): existing equipment, a user manual
or maintenance instructions should
- Where attachment points are not
be available. The instructions
integrated into the camera parts,
should also cover securing devices.
special clamps can be fitted
around the camera casing to be
used as attachment points.

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Crane Boom Camera and Pivoting
Floodlamps
Pivoting equipment attached to crane booms are exposed to considerable shock
loading, vibration and cyclic motion factors which can, if unchecked, lead to fatigue and
failure of pivot fixings.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Crane boom cameras and bracket and then through the

floodlights should have two attachment bracket before being
independent barriers. Unnecessary securely attached to the crane
lighting should be removed boom structure

• Bolts used for attaching the crane • On floodlights, the glass frame and
boom camera / floodlight to any protective cages should be
brackets and structures should be hinged or otherwise secured
fitted with secondary retention
• Calculations relating to the relevant
• Attachment points for the safety fall energies should be available
wire / chain should be an integrated for attachment points and securing
part of the camera / floodlight devices
casing. Alternatively, special clamps
can be fitted around the camera • For new installations, or when
casing installing securing devices on
existing equipment, an up-to-
• The safety wire should run from the date user manual / maintenance
camera casing through the camera instructions should be provided.

The crane boom camera and floodlight, securing devices and

attachments should be regularly inspected in order to identify any
fatigue, corrosion or loose fittings.

The pivot bolt and all attachment brackets should also be included in
the inspection routines, with particular attention afforded to the primary
fixing to the main boom structure and/or the quality and design of the
pivot device.

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PA Loudspeakers
There have been several cases where we have discovered loose screw connections
between loudspeakers and attachment braces / brackets.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Loudspeakers should be fastened to the

brackets in a manner that permits adequate
locking of attachment bolts
• Loudspeakers should be placed where they
are not at risk of causing a snagging hazard
or being hit by mobile equipment
• If there is a risk of being hit by mobile
equipment, loudspeakers should either be
protected by reinforced braces or equipped
with a safety wire or safety net
• Calculations should have been made and
be available for attachment points and
securing devices, relating to the relevant fall
energies
• User manuals / instructions should provide
guidelines for :
Safety Nets are widely used in
- the correct mounting of securing devices
providing safety securing for
- necessary maintenance and inspection 'at risk' equipment installed at
of securing devices. height, particularly where there
are multiple components.

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Junction / Control Boxes and
Cabinets
Several risk factors have been discovered relating to the incorrect location of junction
/ control boxes and cabinets, to defective mounting / fastening and to inadequate
securing of hatches, doors and covers.

This guidance covers permanently installed equipment as well as mobile equipment, eg

control boxes on skidded equipment.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Junction boxes and cabinets should • Large detachable hatches on

be located where they do not create machinery at height, and inspection
a snagging hazard or obstruct hatches should be secured by a
passage ways, evacuation routes or wire / chain
mobile equipment
• Covers should be secured by
• The type and design of mounting screws that are secured / locked to
/ fastening should take account prevent unscrewing or by the cover
of calculated loads and known being secured with an internal wire
potential external stress factors or chain

• Hinged hatches / doors should • The securing device should be

be secured against unintentional designed to support the
disengagement and the locking relevant loads including wires /
device should have two barriers chains.
against opening

Ensure all loose items are removed from junction boxes after
routine maintenance.

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Cable Trays and Ladders
Many instances have been discovered of loose nuts and bolts in the joints and
fastenings of cable ducts (electro-steel), probably as a result of vibration and / or faulty
installation.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Only bolted connections that have • Calculations should be available for

been approved by the supplier of the attachment point and necessary
the cable support system may be tightening force
used for fastening and joining
• The user manual / instructions
• Pipe clips should have an adequate should provide guidelines for:
screw connection for functional - correct installation, both in the
locking joints and the attachment
• When attaching the cable support - necessary maintenance /
system to a structure, retightening and inspection of
the risk of galvanic corrosion both electro-steel and bolt and
should be assessed and insulation screw connections.
considered where appropriate

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Antennas, Windsocks and Sensors
Typically, these communications and meteorological instruments are mounted at height
and are exposed to continuous environmental forces. There have been several reported
incidents where such items – or individual components have become dislodged and
fallen considerable distances.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Two U-bolt fasteners or a minimum • Avoid long whip antennas if

of three fasteners should always be possible, stretched antennas can be
used used as an alternative

• All bolts should be through-bolts – • Fibreglass whip antennas should be

do not use set screws replaced every five years

• All fasteners and U-bolt fasteners • All equipment and securing devices
should be secured against should have routines for preventive
loosening maintenance which include the
supplier’s recommendations and
• All heavy antennas should be best practices.
installed with additional safety
securing, such as wire or chain

• Stay wires can be used for stability

in accordance with the supplier’s
specifications

Where possible, ensure all sensors are located in areas where,

in the event of a mechanical failure, they would be least likely to
present a dropped object risk.

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Valve Wheels and Handles
Many cases have been discovered where valve wheels and valve handles for manual
stop valves are not adequately secured.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Valve wheels and handle securing • During storage, handles and wheels
should have integrated secondary should be adequately secured
retention (eg. split pin) against falling
• Where possible, nuts and split • If Seeger rings (circlips) are used
pins should be used in the valve for locking / securing, frequent
stem on stationary valve handles inspections should be made
and wheels. On large handles and to check for corrosion and / or
wheels, bolts and locking nuts mechanical damage
should be used instead of split pins • Inlet / outlet connection end caps
• When mobile handles and wheels or plugs should be attached by a
are used, they should be secured suitable safety securing device (see
by a bolt, or locked by a split pin, page 18).
through the valve stem

Where there is a potential for handles or components to loosen and

inadvertently disengage, suitable safety securing should be applied
(see page 18 for guidance).

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Chain Operated Valves
Chain-operated valves without adequate secondary retention can represent a
significant risk to the operator of the valve, in particular those located at height,
or in areas that are difficult to access.

There are several different types and designs of chain-operated valves available on the
market, but the principles for securing these valves will be the same in most cases.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• The valve wheel should be attached it will be appropriate to attach the

to the valve stem with locked safety wire to the chain guide on
through-bolt connections, eg castle the chainwheel so that functionality
nuts with split pins is ensured (this presumes that the
guide is sufficiently dimensioned
• In cases where the chainwheel is and installed using locked bolt
installed on an existing valve wheel, connections)
the chainwheel should be fixed to
the valve wheel with U-clamps fitted • If it is not possible to attach
with secondary retention the safety wire to the structure
via the chain guides or another
• If the chain guides are installed with method without functionality being
a surface locking ring with clamping impaired, a swivel device for the
sleeves, the clamping sleeves attachment of securing devices
should be replaced with bolts should be installed. This should
and locking nuts where possible. only be done by qualified personnel
For chain guides designed with with experience of securing such
separate clamps, locked through- equipment at height
bolt connections should be used on
the clamps • For new installations, or when
installing securing devices on
• The valve should be secured existing equipment, an up-to-
to the structure using correctly date user manual / maintenance
dimensioned safety wire and instructions should be provided.
lockable connectors. In many cases

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 Best practice recommendations for inspection of cargo applies
across all logistical activities, particularly during infield transit and
Cargo Inspections back loading to shore.

Follow the required outbound and back loading ticket / tag

procedures and attach tickets / tags to the CCU in a suitable location.
Several serious incidents have occurred relating to the use and dispatch of CCUs or
cargo carrying units (containers, baskets, tanks etc) The separate DROPS booklet - Best Practice recommendations for
back loading inbound cargo provides further guidance.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

TYPICAL AREAS TO CHECK FOR POTENTIAL DROPPED OBJECTS
• Slings should have the necessary attached equipment (gratings,
certification, be intact without twists covers, plates etc) should be
or kinks, and shackles should be adequately secured. The permitted
equipped with nuts and split pins load should not be exceeded

• Check the condition of the CCU. • On CCUs with attached equipment

Lifting lugs, doors, hinges and locks such as pumps, tanks, winches
should not be excessively corroded etc, check to ensure no equipment
or damaged protrudes from the frame

• Check that drain holes on open • It should be ensured that there are
CCUs are clear no loose objects on CCUs or their
cargo. Check all forklift pockets, on
• Ensure doors and hatches are top and all other horizontal surfaces
properly closed (eg floors of open units such as gas
All forklift pockets, bumper bars, frame All forklift pockets, frame members,
bottle racks)
• Permitted loads in containers and members, handles and roof. hatches, gratings / roof, caps and fittings.
baskets should be well distributed • Ensure any pipe thread protectors
and adequately secured by use of or end caps / plugs are securely
lashing rings, lashings and nets. fitted
Lashings should not come into
contact with sharp edges and edge • Cargo should be adequately
protection should be used where secured to prevent items escaping
required. Heavy objects should be during transportation
placed at the bottom
• Certification should be checked
• Tanks should have secured and before transport to and from
sealed manholes and valves. All locations.

All forklift pockets and frame members. Remove snow, ice or other debris as it
adds weight, creates dropped object
hazards and obscures other loose items.

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Storage of Cylinders
Gas cylinders temporarily stored are often poorly secured with rope or cargo straps.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Storing of gas cylinders should not • Gas cylinders temporarily stored

obstruct passageways or escape inside the CCU used to transport
routes them should still be secured with
the chains, webbing or clamps
• Gas cylinders should be stored and provided with the CCU
secured safely
• Permanent storage racks should be Storage rack with bolted cylinder brackets
• Storing of gas cylinders should be equipped with securing brackets /
risk assessed chains.
• Temporarily stored gas cylinders
should be secured with a chain or
webbing

Always maintain secure fastening on all bottles whilst in storage.

These are top-heavy and can easily be toppled.

Remember adverse weather conditions can affect the integrity of

bottle racks during loading and transportation. Always load partly full
gas racks with bottles towards crash barriers / away from walkways.

Temporary storage, secured with chain

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Racks and Shelving
The design of racks for storage of material and equipment is often not appropriate to
ensure safe storage.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Ensure that temporary storage in • Storage racks and storage areas

modules is permitted in a controlled should be designed to ensure that
manner with respect to type of equipment cannot accidentally drop
goods, duration, storage area and to lower levels
house keeping
• The heaviest equipment should be
• Storage should not obstruct stored lowest
accessibility or evacuation of the
module • On mobile units, temporary storage
space / racks should be sea
• Ensure that the stored materials do fastened and shelves should be
not obstruct access to emergency equipped with baffle plates and
equipment shelf edges or doors. Shelving
should ideally be of the closed type.

Whilst it is imperative to consider the potential for items stored on

shelving to fall, always assess the integrity, load limitations, stability
and fastenings on all free standing or wall-mounted shelving to
ensure appropriate securing has been applied.

It is advisable to regularly inspect shelving systems for heavy material

storage for signs of damage, overloading or fatigue.

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 Notes

We wish to thank all contributing DROPS Members, in particular

the Reliable Securing Focus Group, for their valuable assistance in
the publication of this document.

For further information or details of any DROPS product, including

DROPS Membership, DROPS Training, DROPS Workpacks and all
DROPS Guidance and Best Practice, please visit the website or
contact the DROPS Administration Team:

E: admin@[Link]
W: [Link]
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