Chaitanya PSC

ljZjsf] e"uf]n–dxfb]z, dxf;fu/, w|'j, cIff+z, b]zfGt/, cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf, ;do, b"/L,
kj{tz[+vnf, d?e"ld, e"dSk, Hjfnfd'vL, gbL, lxdgbL, tfn, lxdtfn, hnjfo', Jofkfl/s jfo',
dg;'g cflb .
dxfb]z
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M e"uf]nsf lktf eg]/ s;nfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M O/]6:ygLh
k|Zg M e"uf]nnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 < pQ/ M @ efu -dfgj e"uf]n / k|fs[lts
e"uf]n_
k|Zg M dfgj e"uf]nsf lktf s;nfO{ elgG5 < pQ/ M Friedrich Ratzel
k|Zg M dfgj e"uf]nsf] ljsf; slxn] ePsf] dflgG5 < pQ/ M !( cf}+ ;tfAbL
k|Zg M dxfb]z eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pQ/ M k[YjLsf] ;txdf hn d08n
jfx]s hdLgn] cf]u6]sf] e"efu
k|Zg M Pl;of / pQ/ cd]l/sfnfO{ s'g hn;+of]hsn] 5'6\ofPsf] 5 < pQ/ M a]l/ª
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;aeGbf a9L hf8f] x'g] 7fpF s'g xf] < pQ/ M evf}ofG:s -?;_, –#$ ;]lG6u|]8
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M ltlnrf] tfn -dgfª, g]kfn_,
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf ulxnf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M a}sfn tfn, ;fOj]l/of
k|Zg M a}sfn tfnsf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !($) dL=
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] / km/flsnf] k7f/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M ltAatsf] kfld/ k7f/, cfUnf]
%))) dL / km/flsnf] @%,)),))) ju{ ls= dL=
k|Zg M ;+;f/sf] 5fgf] (Roof of the World) eGgfn] s'g k7f/ nfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M kfld/ k7f/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] uN5L s'g xf] < pQ/ M bfgf uN5L -DofUbL, g]kfn_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf ulx/f] uN5L bfgfsf] ulx/fO{ slt xf] < pQ/ M ^(^& dL6/
k|Zg M Pl;of / o'/f]k dxfb]zsf] l;dfgfdf /x]sf] kj{t s'g xf] < pQ/ M o'/fn kj{t
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] pkTosf s'g xf] < pQ/ M c?0f pkTosf -g]kfn_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg -!#$&%^%)))_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] bf];|f] a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M ef/t -!@$!$(@)))_
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L jiff{ x'g] 7fpF s'g xf] < pQ/ M r]/fk'~hL -ef/t_
k|Zg M 5fFof gb]lvg] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M hf]8{g gbL
k|Zg M g'lgnf] tfn / dflg; g8'Ag] eg]/ s'g tfnnfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M d[t;fu/
k|Zg M ;+;f/s} ;a} eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] / sxfF kb{5 < pQ/ M Sof;ljog tfn, O/fg / ?;sf] ljrdf
k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]ssf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ofGh] gbL -rLg_
k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;a} eGbf nfdf] gbL ofGh] sf] nDjfO{ slt xf]< pQ/ M ^#)) ls= dL=
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofl:kog tfn
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M /l;of -!&),(*,@$@ ju{ ls= ld=_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M nf:;f, ltAat

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k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;j} eGbf a9L b]z ;+u l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg -!# j6f b]z ;+u_
k|Zg M ljZjdf w]/} 6fk' ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M OG8f]g]l;of
k|Zg M Pl;ofdf slt j6f e'kl/j]li6s /fi6« 5g\ < pQ/ M !@ j6f
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{ s'g gfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M e]N8
k|Zg M ;a} o'usf] k|frLgtd\ Pjd\ gjLgtd\ ;f+:s[lts kfOg] Psdfq dxfb]z s'gnfO{ dflgG5 < pQ/ M
clk|msf
k|Zg M ljljwfsf] dxfb]z eg]/ s'g dxfb]znfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M clk|msf dxfb]z
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zdf slt j6f e"k]l/j]li6s /fi6«x? 5g\ < pQ/ M !^ j6f
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf 7"nf / ;fgf e"kl/j]li6s /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < pQ/ M 7"nf] rf8{ / ;fgf]
?jfG8f
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M gfOn -^^() ls= ld=_, OlhK6
k|Zg M gfOn gbLsf] pb\ud:yn sxfF xf] < pQ/ M leS6f]l/of tfn
k|Zg M gfOn gbL slt b]zx? eP/ jUb5 < pQ/ M !! b]zx?
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]z nfO{ sfnf] cyf{t\ cFWof/f] dxfb]z klg eg]/ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M clk|msf dxfb]z
k||Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf udL{ x'g] 7fFp lnljof xf] eg] hf8f] x'g] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M
df]/:sf]
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]znfO{ lsg cFWof/f] dxfb]z egL lrlgG5 < pQ/ M sfnf hfltsf] afx'[Noftf
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M leS6f]l/of tfn
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] lx/f vfgL ePsf] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M lsAj/vfg -clk|msf_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf 7"nf] ;'g vfgL ePsf] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M hf]xfG;ju{ -clk|msf_
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zdf hDdf slt b]z /x]sf 5g\ < pQ/ M %$ b]z
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]znfO{ s;n] kQf nufPsf x'g\ < pQ/ M lqm:6f]km/ sf]nDa;, ;g\ !$(@
k|Zg M …gofF ;+;f/Ú egL lrlgg] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf a9L ;fd'Gb|Ls lsgf/ ePsf] d'n's s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofg8f, nDjfO{
@$#&(! ls= ld=
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]znfO{ !))) klZrdL b];fGt/n] emG8} b'O{ efudf af8]sf] 5 < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] gfd s;sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] xf] < pQ/ M cd]l/uf] lj:k'SsL
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] lzv/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M d]lsGn] -^,!($ ld6/_, cd]l/sf
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] 8]y
EofnL -cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf 7"nf] tfhf kfgLsf] tfn ;'k]l/o/ tfn s'g dxfb]zdf k5{ < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ;'k]l/o/ tfnsf] If]qkmn slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M *@@)) ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zdf kg]{ cGo k|d'v tfnx? s'gs'g x'g\ <
pQ/ M ;'k]l/o/ tfn, ldlrug tfn, Xo'/g tfn, O/L tfn, cf]G6]l/of] tfn cflb
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ldl;l;kL–ld;f}/L -^,@$)
lsnf]ld6/_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] u'Dah s'g xf] < pQ/ M P:6«f]8f]d -pQ/ cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M k|]o/L
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf % j6f tfnx? ;'k]l/o/, ldlrug, Xo'/g, O/L / cf]G6]l/ofsf] ;d"xnfO{ s] elgG5
< pQ/ M dxfg tfn (Great Lakes)
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k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf s'g pkgfdn] ;d]t lrlgg] ub{5 < pQ/ M klZrd uf]nf4{sf] dxfb]z
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] g];gn kfs{ s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofg8fsf] p8 jkm]nf] g];gn kfs{
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf ;lqmo Hjfnfd'vL :yn s'g xf] <pQ/ M dfpG6 ;fGtf dfl/of -
Ujf6]dfnf_
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]z pQ/df km's]sf] 5 eg] blIf0fdf s:tf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M ;fF3'l/Psf]
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf a9L 708f x'g] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M lu|gNof08
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf a9L udL{ x'g] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M 8]y EofNnL
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf nfdf] lxd gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M a]l/Ë
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] 7"nf] d?e"ld s'g xf] < pQ/ M u|]6 a]l;g
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf cUnf] em/gf s'g xf] < pQ/ M PGh]n, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] e]g]h'onf
k|Zg M PGh]n em/gfsf] prfO{ slt 5 < pQ/ M (&( ld=
k|Zg M blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;a} eGbf prfOdf /x]sf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M l6l6sfsf -#*!) ld6/_,
k]?
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M cd]hg -blIf0f cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf blIf0fdf kg]{ ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M k'G6f Pl/gf; -lrnL_, blIf0f cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] /fhwfgL ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M af]lnleofsf] nfkfhf -blIf0f
cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M k|foM jif{el/ g} lxpF hld/xg] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zdf ljZjsf] slt k|ltzt lxpF /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M () k|ltzt
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]znfO{ …lxd rfb/ (Ice Shet)Ú pkgfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M dfgj a;f]af; gePsf] Ps dfq dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zsf rf/ lsNnfx? s] s] x'g <
pQ/ M klZrddf – k|zfGt dxf;fu/
k"j{df – cfGw| dxf;fu/
pQ/df – Sof/]ljog ;fu/ tyf kfgfdf
blIf0fdf – 8]s
k|Zg M blIf0f w'jL{o jl/kl/ /x]sf] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M s'g dxf;fu/n] cG6fs{l6sf nfO{ rf/} lt/ 3]/]sf] 5 < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/
k|Zg M o"/f]kdf /x]sf] Oofg'a gbL slt j6f /fi6« eP/ aUb5<
pQ/ M & j6f -cli6«of, hd{gL, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, o'uf]:nfleof, a'nu]l/of, x+u]/L / ?dflgof_
k|Zg M tLglt/af6 kfgL / Psflt/af6 hldgn] 3]l/Psf] hldgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/
M k|foåLk (Peninsula)
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] pkgfd s] xf] < pQ/ M k|foåLkx?sf] klg k|foåLk
k|Zg M Pl;of / o"/f]k dxfb]znfO{ ;+o'Qm?kdf s] gfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/
M o'/]l;of
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M dfpG6 PNa'|h -%^## ld6/_, ?;
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofl:kog ;d'b|L t6, ;d'Gb| ;txjf6
(@ lkm6
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] /fi6« s'g xf] < pQ/ M /l;of -!&)&%@)) ju{ ls= ld=_
k|Zg M /l;of s'g s'g b'O{ dxfb]zdf kb{5g\ < pQ/ M o"/f]k / Pl;of
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k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] /fi6« jf ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf ;fgf] /fi6« s'g xf] <
pQ/ M Eofl6sg l;6L, )=$ ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zdf e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !*
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ef]Nkf
k|Zg M b]zfGt/sf] lx;fan] o"/f]k dxfb]z klZrdL uf]nf4{df k5{ eg] cIff+zsf] lx;fan] of] dxfb]z s'g
uf]nf4{df k5{ <
pQ/ M pQ/L uf]nf4{
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf nfdf] kj{t z[+vnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M cfNk; kj{t
dxf;fu/x?sf] ljj/0f
dxf;fu/sf] If]qkmn cf}ift ulx/f] efu kfgL cGo
gfd j=ls=ld ulx/f
O{
k|zfGt !^ s/f]8 $#)) dfl/ofgf $%=$ –lqe"h cfsf/
dxf;fu/ %& nfv ld 6]«]Gr –:k]gsf kml8{g]G6 d]ungn] kQf
nufPsf 7'nf] / ulx/f] dxf;fu/
– zfGt / ;f}Do
cfGw| * s/f]8 #&)) k'6f]l/sf] @# –S cfsf/ Sof/]laog l; jfl0fHo / Ao:t
dxf;fu/ @$ nfv ld l4k dxf;fu/
– /x:do t6 – a/d'{8f lqsf]0f
–pQ/L w|'a\ b]vL blIfl0f w|'a ;Dd
km}lnPsf] dxf;fu/

lxGb & s/f]8 #()) hfef6«]Gr @)=% – cw{a[tsf/

dxf;fu/ #% nfv ld – dg;'gL dxfu/
– t]nkfOg] dxf;fu/
s'd]? @ s/f]8 @$)) & – blIf0f–w|ljo dxf;fu/
dxf;fu/ $$ nfv ld – lr;f]kfgLsf] dxf;fu/
;'d]?dxf;fu/ ! s/f]8 !##) $ –pQ/ w|ljo dxf;fu/
%( nfv ld – g'lgnf]kfgLsf] dxf;fu/

k|Zg M k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 pQ/–blIf0f x'g] u/L lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfsf] tNnf] ljGb'nfO{ s] gfdn]
lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M blIf0fL w'|j (South Pole)
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 pQ/–blIf0f x'g] u/L lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfsf] dflyNnf] ljGb'nfO{ s]
gfdn] lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M pQ/L w'|j (North Pole)
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w'|jLo efu sf] agf]6 s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M w|'jLo efu s]xL y]lKrPsf]
k|Zg M k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ sfNklgs af6f]nfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M sIf (Orbit)
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k|Zg M k[YjLnfO{ cfˆgf] cIf jl/kl/ 3'Dg slt ;do nfU5 < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M blIf0f w|'j kQf nufpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < pQ/ M /f]N8 PdG8 ;]g, ;g\ !((!, gj]{
k|Zg M pQ/L w'|j kQf nufpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < pQ/ M /a6{ k]/L, ;g\ !()(, cd]l/sf
k|Zg M cIff+z /]vfx? sltj6f /x]sf 5g\ < pQ/ M !*) j6f
k|Zg M cIff+z /]vfx? s:tf] cfsf/df /x]sf x'G5g\ < pQ/ M k"0f{ j[Qfsf/
k|Zg M k[YjLnfO{ @ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ug]{ u/L k[YjLsf] dWo efudf k"j{–klZrd lbzfdf lvlrPsf]
sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M e"dWo /]vf
k|Zg M e"dWo /]vfdf ;"o{sf] k|sfz s'g ?kdf kb{5 < pQ/ M nDa
k|Zg M e"dWo] /]vf s:tf] cIff+z /]vf xf] < pQ/ M ;a} eGbf nfdf]
k|Zg M ;a}eGbf a9L udL{ x'g] cIff+z s'g xf] < pQ/ M 0 cIff+z /]vf -e"dWo /]vf_
k|Zg M cIff+z /]vfx? sltslt l8u|Lsf] km/sdf lvlrPsf] x'G5g\ < pQ/ M !÷! l8u|L
k|Zg M ! cIff+zsf] km/sdf ;/b/ slt b"/L km/s k5{ < pQ/ M !!! lsnf]ld6/
k|Zg M @#=% l8u|L pQ/L cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M ss{6 /]vf
k|Zg M @#=% l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M ds/ /]vf
k|Zg M ^^=% l8u|L pQ/L cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5< pQ/ M ;'d]? j[Q
k|Zg M ^^=% l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M s'd]? j[Q
k|Zg '0' l8u|L b]zfGt/b]lv !*) l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/sf] ;dodf !@ 306f / klZrd b]zfGt/sf] ;dodf !@
306f ;dosf] cGt/ x'G5 . o;/L !*) k"jL{ b]zfGt/ / !*) klZrd b]zfGt/df slt cGt/ x'g] ub{5 <
pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf kf/ ugf{;fy slt ;dosf] km/s u0fgf x'G5 < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M lu|gjLrb]lv klZrddf !*) ;Dd slt 306f ;Dd ;do l9nf] x'G5 < pQ/ M !@ 306f ;Dd
k|Zg M ! b]zfGt/ a/fa/ slt ;do x'G5 < pQ/ M $ ldg]6
k|Zg M #^) df slt ;dosf] km/s k5{ < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf af+uf]l6+uf] lsg x'g] ub{5 <
pQ/ M Pp6} :yfg jf b]zleq ltly, ldlt, ;do / af/df Ps?ktf Nofpg
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf cGt/f{li6«o ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;fdfGotofM ;d'b|L If]qdf slt l8u|Ldf
lvlrPsf] 5 < pQ/ M l;wf !*) df
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf eGbf klZrdtkm{ ofqf ubf{ s'g lx;lfan] ofqf to ug'{k5{ < pQ/ M ! lbg
36fP/
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf eGbf k"j{tkm{ ofqf ubf{ s'g lx;fan] ofqf to ug'{k5{ < pQ/ M ! lbg
a9fP/

;fs{ /fi6«?sf] g]kfnL ;do;Fusf] km/s

/fi6«x? 306f ldg]6 /fi6«x? 306f÷ldg]6
ckmuflg:tfg – !=!% e'6fg ± )=!%
dflNbE; – )M$% >Ln+sf – )=!%
a+unfb]z ± )M!% ef/t – )=!%
kfls:tfg – )M$%
ljleGg /fi6«x?sf] g]kfnL ;do;Fusf] km/s

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 cd]l/sf –!#=$% /l;of –!=$%
a]nfot –%=$% ci6]«]lnof ±%=!%
hfkfg ±#=!% Sofg8f –!)=$%
rLg ±@=!% hd{gL –$=$%
k|mfG; –$=$% a|flhn &=$%
l;+ufk'/ ±@=!% kf]r'{un –%=$%
xªsª ±@=!% g]b/Nof08 –$=$%
stf/ –@=$% a]lNhod –$=$%
;fpbL c/a –!=$% :jL6\h/Nof08 –$=$%
dn]l;of ±@=!% ax/fOg –@=$%
blIf0f clk|msf –#=$% s'j]t –@=$%
blIf0f sf]l/of ±#=!% pQ/ sf]l/of ±#=!%
yfONof08 ±!=!% Oh/fon –#=$%
8]gdfs{ –$=$% gj]{ –$=$%

d?e"ld
afn'j}jfn'jf ePsf], kfgL gePsf] ;'Vvf cg'j{/ e"dLnfO{ d?e"dL elgG5 . Pl;ofsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf]
d?e"dL uf]aL d?e"dL xf] eg] ljZjs} 7"nf] d?e"dL clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;xf/f d?e"dL xf] .
d':tfª nfO{ g]kfnsf] d?e"dL eg]/ lrlgG5 .
ljZjsf !) 7"nf e'sDkx¿
:yfg ldlt -;g\ df_ /]S6/ :s]n
lrnL !(^) d] @@ (=%
cn:sf, cd]l/sf !(^$ dfr{ @* (=@
PlG6Pgf]s 6fk' !(%@ dfr{ ( (=!
;'dfqf, OG8f]g]l;of @))$ gf]e]Dj/ $ (=)
sfdr6sf, /l;of !(%@ gf]e]Dj/ $ (=)
tf]xf]s", hfkfg @)!! march 11 (=)
OSj]8/ !()^ hgj/L #! *=*
/]6 6fk' !()^ km]a|'j/L $ *=&
rLg / ef/t l;dgf !(%) cui6 !% *=^
sfdr6\sf, /l;of !(%) k|m]a|'j/L *=^
k|Zg M e"sDk eg]sf] s] xf] < pQ/ M k[YjLsf] w/ftn tndfly jf bfofFjfofF xNn]/ sfFKg] lqmof
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w/ftn tndfly eP/ x'g] sDkgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M 7f8f] sDk
k|Zg M s'g k|s[ltsf] sDkg sd ljgfzsf/L x'G5 < pQ/ M If]lth sDkg
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w/ftn bfFof–afFof eP/ x'g] sDknfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M IfLlth sDk
k|Zg Mk[YjLsf] leqL efudf e"sDksf] sDklg pTklQ x'g] s]Gb|nfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M
xfOkf];]G6/
k|Zg MxfOkf];G6/df pTklQ ePsf] sDk l;w} cfOk'Ug] ;txsf] s]Gb|nfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M
Olk;]G6/
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k|Zg Me"sDksf] tLa|tf, pTklQ :yfg, j]u, km}nfj6 cflb gfKg] oGqnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M
l;:df]u|fkm
k|Zg Me"sDksf] DoflUgRo'8 gfKg] :s]nfO{ l/S6/ :s]n (Richter Scale) elgG5 eg] e"sDksf]
OG6]lG;6L gfKg] :s]nfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
k|Zg Mslt /]S6/ :s]nsf e"sDkx? a9L ljgfzsf/L x'G5g\ < pQ/ M &=! b]lv *=& /]S6/ :s]n
k|Zg MxfO6Ldf @ nfveGbf a9L dflg;sf] Hofg hfg] u/L dxfe"sdk slxn] eof] < pQ/ M ;g\ @)!)
hgj/L !@
k|Zg M g]kfndf lj= ;+= !(() kl5sf] 7"nf] e"sDk -&=^ /]S6/ :s]n_ slxn] uof] < pQ/
M lj= ;+= @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]
k|Zg M/fli6«o e"sDk÷k|ljlw ;dfh g]kfnsf cg';f/ g]kfndf lj= ;+= !*() df slt /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk
uPsf] lyof] <
pQ/ M &=*, /]S6/ :s]n
k|Zg M/fli6«o e"sDk÷k|ljlw ;dfh g]kfnsf cg';f/ g]kfndf lj= ;+= !(() df slt /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk
uPsf] lyof] <
pQ/ M *=$ /]S6/ :s]n
k|Zg M/fli6«o e"sDk÷k|ljlw ;dfh g]kfnsf cg';f/ g]kfndf lj= ;+= @)$% df slt /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk
uPsf] lyof] <
pQ/ M ^=% /]S6/ :s]n
k|Zg M !(() ;fnsf] e"sDk hfFbf g]fknsf k|wfgdGqL sf] lyP < pQ/ M h'4zdz]/
k|Zg M@)&@ ;fnsf] e'sDk hfFbf g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL sf] lyP < pQ/ M ;'zLn sf]O/fnf
k|Zg M g]kfn e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf lx;fjn] ljZjsf] sltcf}+ :yfgdf k5{ < pQ/ M !! cf}+
k|Zg M ljZjsf /fhwfgL ePsf ;x/ dWo] sf7df8f}+ e"sDk hf]lvdn] slt cf}F :yfgdf kb{5 < pQ/ M
klxnf]
k|Zg M g]kfndf e"sDk ;'/Iff lbj; slxn] dgfOG5 < pQ/ M df3 @ ut]
k|Zg Mg]kfndf df3 @ ut]nfO{ e"sDk ;'/Iff lbj; slxn]b]vl dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] < pQ/ M lj= ;+=
@)%%
k|Zg M;d'b|df s]Gb|ljGb' eO{ e"sDk cfpFbf ;d'b|sf] kfgL vNalng uO{ t6Lo If]qdf k}bf x'g]
cUnf / zlQmzfnL 5fnx?nfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M ;'gfdL (Tsunami)
k|Zg Mg]kfndf lj= ;+= @)^* c;f]h ! ut] slt /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] < pQ/ M ^=( /]S6/
:s]n

ljZjsf k|d'v gbLx?

gbL nDafO -ls=ld=_ v:g] 7fpF

!= gfOn ^,^() e"dWo;fu/
@= cd]hg ^,@(^ cfGw|dxf;fu/
#= ldl;l;kL–ld;fp/L–/]8/s ^,@$) d]lS;sf] vf8L
$= ofª l;Sofª %,&(& rfOgf ;L
%= cf]jL %,%^) cf]jLsf] vf8L
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 ^= Xjfª\xf] $,^^& Chilli sf] ;d'b|
&= Plg;L $,%)^ pQ/L w'|j dxf;fu/
*= kf/fgf $,$(* Rio De La Plata
(= Olt{; $,$#* cf]jL gbL
!)= s+uf] $,#&! cfGw| dxf;fu/
ljZjsf % 7"nf tfnx?
gfd If]qkmn -ju{ ulx/fO{ -ld6/df_
lsnf]ld6/_
!= Sofl:kog -?;–O/fg_ #,($,@(( ($^
@= ;'k]l/og tfn -cd]l/sf–Sofg8f_ *@,@!$ $)^
#= leS6f]l/of tfn -tfGhflgof– ^(,$*% *@
ol'ufG8f_
$= p/fn tfn -?;_ ^^,$%& ^*
%= x'/f]g -cd]l/sf–Sofg8f_ %(,%(^ @@(
ljZjsf cUnf em/gfx?
em/gf prfO -ld6/_ :yfg
!= PGh]n (Angel) (&( blIf0f clk|msf
@= 7'h]nf (Tugela) blIf0f clk|msf
#= So'gfg (Cuquenan) ^!) e]g]Hj]nf
$= ;'b/NofG8 (Sutherland) %*) Go'lhNofG8
%= tfsfsfjf (Takkakawa) %)# British Columbia
^= Ribbon $(! Soflnkmf]lg{of
&= Upper Yosemite $#^ Soflnkmf]lg{of
*= ufefgL{ (Gavarnie) $@@ k|mfG;
(= e]l6; kmf]; (Vertisfoss) #^^ gj]{
!)= lj8f]l6o;{ (Widows' Tears) #%& Soflnkmf]lg{of
s]xL cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf/]vfx?

24 Parallel kfls:tfgåf/f dfu ul/Psf] ef/tåf/f c:jLs[t ;Ldf/]vf .

38 Parallel pQ/ blIf0f sf]l/ofaLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
49 Parallel Sofg8f / ;+= /f= cd]l/sfaLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
d]lhg6 nfOg bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] a]nf hd{gsf] cfqmd0faf6 /Iff ug{
k|mfG;n] :j6\h/NofG8b]lv a]lNhod;Dd agfPsf] lsNnf
c8{/ lg;L nfOg bf];f] ljZjo'4ljh]tf ldq zlQmx?n] kf]NofG8 / k"jL{
hd{gLaLr agfPsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
l;hk|m]8 nfOg hd{gLåf/f lgld{t hd{gL / k|mfG;aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
d]g/]xd nfOg ?; / lkmGNofG8aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
d[To' /]vf cd]l/sf / lnljofaLr ljjfb k/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o hn;Ldf /]vf
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 d]s df]xg nfOg la|l6; k|ltlglw Sir Mc Mohan åf/f ;g\ !@(($ df rLg–
ef/taLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] &)) dLn nfdf] ;Ldf/]vf
8\o'/]g8 nfOg df]l6e/ 8\o'/]G8åf/f ;g\ !*(^ df ef/t / ckmuflg:tfgaLr
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;Ldf/]vf
lxG8]gju{ nfOg ;g\ !(!& df hd{gL / kf]NofG8aLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;Ldf/]vf
.
/]8lSnkm nfOg Sir Red Clief åf/f ;g\ !($& df ef/t / kfls:tfgaLr lgwf{l/t
;Ldf/]vf
17 Parallel pQ/ / blIf0f leotgfdaLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf, tL b]zaLr PsLs/0f
eO;s]sfn] xfn o;sf] cl:tTj 5}g .
o'/]l;of o'/f]k / Pl;ofnfo{ 5'6\ofpg] Ps kxf8 / gbL .
k|d'v ef}uf]lns pkgfdx?
Empire City Go"of]s{
Sj]s/ l;6L (Quaker City) lkmnf8]lNkmof -cd]l/sf_
sFuf?sf] e"ld c:6]«lnof
uugr'DaL ;x/ Go'sf]s{ -cd]l/sf_
s]ssf] b]z :s6NofG8
cd/ ;lxbx?sf] ;x/ /f]d
u'nfjL ;x/ hok'/ -ef/t_
cFWof/f] dxfb]z clk|msf
cl/]ljog ;fu/sL dxf/fgL sf]lrg -ef/t_
cfF;'sf] 9f]sf aj]n d08j -h]?;]nd_
Oltxf;sf] jQL (Lamp of History) o'gfg -lu|;_
O+uNofG8sf] au}+rf s]G6 -a]nfot_
pQ/sf] e]lg; :6sxf]d -:jL8]g_
u]6 j] ckm OlG8of d'DaO{
Hof]ltsf] 6fk' ax/fOg
b/jf/x?sf] ;x/ sf]nsftf
blIf0fsf] la|6]g Go'lhNofG8
gfOn gbLsf] e"dL ld>
lgnlu/Lsf] /fgL s'Gg'/
Never Land pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] t[0fe"ld
kGgfsf] åLk cfo/NofG8
kljq e"ld h]?;]nd, Kofn]l:6g
kfFr gbLsf] e"ld kGhfj
Great White Way a|fG8j] -Go'of]s{, cd]l/sf_
r§fgsf] ;x/ (Granite city) cjfl8{g -:s6NofG8_
r6\ofªsf] b]z e'6fg
rfFbLsf] ;x/ clHno;{

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5fofFbf/ ?vsf] b]z Sofg8f
k'8\sf] b]z g]b/NofG8
k"j{sf] u|]6 la|6]g hfkfg
k"j{sf] e]lg; sf]lrg, ef/t
k[YjLsf] dfgjLo e"dWo/]vf lxdfno
kmnk"mnsf] ju}+rf e"dWo;fu/Lo If]q
k"mnsf] ;x/ ˆnf]/]G; -O6fnL_
o'/f]ksf] lj/fdL 6sL{
of]uLsf] /fHo sf]l/of
/+uLg skf; pAhfpg] b]z ?;
;"gf}nf pmg ePsf] b]z c:6]«lnof
n8fs'x?sf] b]z g]kfn
Nofªsf] 6fk' hlGhjf/
NofG8 ckm uf]N8g kmfOj/ kfls:tfg
a+ufnsf] b'Mv bfdf]b/ gbL
ahf/x?sf] ;x/ (City of market) sfo/f]
alh{t ;x/ Nxf;f
jfOG8L l;6L (Windy city) lzsfuf] -cd]l/sf_
a+ufnsf] b'Mv bfdf]b/ gbL
ljxf/sf] b'Mv sf]zL gbL
ljZjsf] lrgLsf] efF8f] So'jf
An' dfpG6]; lgnlu/L -ef/t_
ef/tsf] au}+rf a]+unf]/
ef/tsf] d]Gr]:6/ d'DaO{
e"dWo ;fu/sf] ;fFrf] lha|fN6/
dlGb/x?sf] ;x/ sf7df8f}+
dWo/ftdf ;"of]{bo x'g] b]z gj]{
df]tLsf] 6fk' ax/fOg
df]6/sf/x?sf] ;x/ 8]6«fo6 -cd]l/sf_
o'/f]ksf] sf/vfgf a]lNhod
o'/f]ksf] v]nd}bfg :jL6\h/NofG8
;"of]{bosf] b]z hfkfg
;]tf] ;x/ a]nu|]8
;+;f/sf] 5fgf kfld/sf] ufF7f]
:j0f{ dlGb/sf] gu/ cd]t ;x/ -ef/t_
xhf/f}+ xfQLx?sf] b]z nfcf];
;]tf] xfQLsf] b]z yfONof08
xs'{n;sf] :tDe lha|fN6/
x]ol/ª kf]G8 (Hearing pond) P6\nflG6s dxf;fu/
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 City of Dreaming Spires c:;kmf]8{ (U.K.)
;+;f/sf] PSnf] 6fk' l6«:6fg 8] s'Ggf
;"of{:tsf] b]z u|]6 la|6]g
;w}+ j;Gt Ct' x'g] ;x/ Sj6f] -OGj]8/, b= cd]l/sf_
;d'b|sf] gbL uNkm l:6«d
;ft 6fk'x?sf] ;x/ /f]d
;ft 6fk'x?sf] gu/ d'DaO{
l;+ud/d/sf] b]z O6fnL
l;l6 ckm uf]N8g u]6 ;fgk|mflG;:sf]
;'Gb/ ejgx?sf] gu/ jfl;+u6g l8= ;L=
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf]
rnlrq :6'l8of] o'lge;{n :6'l8of] -n; PGhN;, cd]l/sf_
6fk' lu|gNofG8 -8]gdfs{_
6fk' ;d'bfo OG8f]g]l;of
hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z rLg
hgfj/ gLnf] Xj]n
hxfhL gx/ XjfO6 jflN6s gx/ -?;_
Hjfnfd'vL df}gfnf]jf
h'jf3/ (Casino) l/hf]6;{ OG6/g];gn Sofl;gf] -P6\nflG6s l;6L, cd]l/sf_
c:ktfn lknlu|d :6]6 xl:k6n -Go'of]s{, cd]l/sf_
sf/ agfpg] sDkgL 6f]of]6f -hfkfg_
vf8L d]lS;sf] vf8L
306f The Great Bell of Moskow (196 tons)
38L lauj]g -nG8g_
u|x j[x:klt
rr{ ;]G6lk6;{sf] jfl;lnsf -Eofl6sg l;6L_
rnlrt ejg /]l8of] l;6L Do'lhs xn -cd]l/sf_
tfn Sofl:kog ;L=
tfhf kfgLsf] tfn ;'k]l/o/ tfn
t]n If]q ua/ lkmN8 -;fpbL c/a_
t]n k|sf]wg s]Gb| wfjgs]Gb| -;fpbL c/a_
gbL cd]hg
gx/ :j]h
kvf{n u|]6jfn ckm gfOgf -^@)) dfOn_
kfgLhxfh SjLg Plnhfj]y
k':tsfno nfOj|]/L ckm sf+u|]; -cd]l/sf_
k|zf;sLo ejg k]G6fug -cd]l/sf_
k|hftflGqs b]z ef/t
k+IfL cl:6«r
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 k|foåLk c/]ljof
km'6an d}bfg /ªg]8f] d] 8] :6]l8od -pQ/sf]l/of_
afFw Go"g sfg]{lnof 6]lnGh -cd]l/sf_
jfo';]jf P/f]ˆnf]6 -?;_
j}1flgs ejg hf]g ckm s]g]8L :k]; ;]G6/ -cd]l/sf_
d'våLk ;'Gb/jg -ef/t_
/+uzfnf :6«f]xfd :6]l8od -r]sf]:nf]eflsof_
/fhb"tfjf; ckmuflg:tfgdf /x]sf] cd]l/sL /fhb"tfjf;
/fhk|;fb a|'gfO ;'Ntfgsf] !&** sf]7f ePsf] /fhdxn
/fi6« ?;
/fli6«o lgs'~h p8 jkm]nf] /f=lg= Sofg8f
/]n j] :6];g u|fG8 ;]G6«n 6ld{gn -Go'of]s{, cd]l/sf_
jg ?;sf] sf]0fwf/L jg
ljdfg:yn ls+u cAb'n clhh cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn -;fpbL_
ljdfg agfpg] sDkgL cd]l/sfsf] jf]Oª sDkgL
af}4 dlGb/ OG8f]g]k;ofsf] af/f]a'b'/
Joj:yflksf rLgsf] /fli6«o hgsfFu|];
dlGb/ Pª\s/ef6 -sDaf]l8of_
d?e"ld ;xf/f -clk|msf_
dxfsfJo dxfef/t
dxfåLk Pl;of
dxf;fu/ k|zfGt
dl:hb dfnljof -O/fs_
ljZjljBfnosf] ejg d:sf] ljZjljBfno -?;_
ljB't u[x sl/af -hflDjof_
kfs{ g];gn kfs{ ckm gy{ Oi6g{ -lu|gNof08_
;d'b| ;fpy rfOgf ;L
;d'b|L aGb/ufx kf]6{ ckm Gofof]s{
;}lgs u0ftGq rLgsf] d'lQm ;]gf
:yn hLj xfQL
:s'n ;fpy KjfOG6 xfO:s'n -sf]nsftf, ef/t_
xL/f #,!)^ Sof/]6sf] s'lngfg lx/f -a]nfot_
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf]
pku|x Leda -sl/a !% lsnf]ld6/ Jof; ePsf]_
?v 6'G8«f ?v -lu|gNofG8_
k':ts hd{gLsf] k':tsfnodf /x]sf]
;k{ ad{ :g]s -cd]l/sf_
dxfåLk c:6]«lnof
:jtGq /fHo Eofl6sg l;6L -)=$$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/_
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 r/f aL xldªj8{, So'jflt/ kfOg] @=@$ OGr nfdf]
l;Ssf hfjf d'b|f -/fhf hok|sfz dNnsf] kfnfdf ag]sf])
ljZjdf ;aeGbf cUnf]
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 6f+u'nf /]nj] :6];g -%,)^* ld6/sf] prfOdf lgld{t_,
/]nj] :6];g rLg
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] afª\bf Po/kf]6{ -ltAat, rLg_
xjfO c8\8f
;aeGbf cUnf] xf]6n l;+ufk'/sf] j]i6 Og :6fdkmf]8{, @@^=! ld6/
cUnf]
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] xf]6n Pe/]:6 Eo" -g]kfn_, !@,&!# lkm6 cUnf]
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ;x/ Nxf;f ltAat
af}4 :t'k n'lDagLsf] af}4 :t'k -!)%=$ lkm6_
cUnf] d"lt{ db/Nof08 -cd]l/sf_, *)=#) ld6/
afFw s|'u/ afFw -?;_, #)) ld6/ cUnf]
;aeGbf cUnf] ejg a'h{ vflnkmf, b'aO{ -!^) tnfd'Qm*@* ld6/ cyf{t
@&!^ lkm6 prfO ePsf]
;aeGbf cUnf] hgfj/ lh/fkm
;aeGbf cUnf] :Yffgdf /x]sf] ch]{lG6hfsf] cfGtf]kmf]nf -^$%) ld6/_
jfnfd'vL
;aeGbf cUnf] em/gf PGh]n -e]g]Hj]nf_
;aeGbf cUnf] 6fj/ 6f]/]G6f] -Sog8f_ sf] d]6«f] ;]G6/df l:yt ;L=
Pg\= 6fj/
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgaf6 ;u/dfyf -**$* ld6/_ af6 g]kfn, hfkfg, rLg ;+o'Qm
6]lnlehg k|zf;g cleofg bnn] ;g\ !(** sf] dO{ % sf lbg ;j{k|uyd
6]lnlehgåf/f ul/Psf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ltlnrf]tfn, $(!@ ld6/ -dgfª, g]kfn_
tfn
;aeGbf cUnf] 6fj/ 6f]/G6f] -Sofg8f_ sf] d]6«] ;]G6/df l:Yt ;L=
Pg\= 6fj/
kxf8sf] >]0fL lxdfno kj{t >]0fL
kxf8sf] r'r'/f ;u/dfyf, **$* ld6/ -g]kfn_
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] nfkfh -af]lnleof)
/fhhwfgL
ljZjdf ;aeGbf nfdf]
afFw ofls/]tf PkfOk afFw, &@ lsnf]ld6/ -ch]{lG6gf_
/]ndfu{ 6«fG;, ;fOj]l/og /]n nfOg ($#* lsnf]ld6/ -;f]leot
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Chaitanya Institute of Management
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[Link]
01-4782427
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Chaitanya Institute of Management

[Link]/chaitanya
[Link]
01-4782427