02/03/2016

SKAA 2722

GEOTECHNICS 1
MUHAMMAD AZRIL HEZMI
M47 – SURVEY LAB
0137511595
[Link]/AZRIL
AZRIL@[Link]

COURSE OUTLINE: SKAA 2722

Week Lecture Topic / Content

1 INTRODUCTION – schedule and overview of SKAA 2722 (Geotechnics I)

and review of SAB 1713 (Soil Mechanics) e.g. vertical stress, Terzaghi’s
principle of effective stress, soil properties and shear strength.
1
STRESSES IN SOILS – Vertical stresses due to applied load: Simple
2 method (2:1 method); Boussinesq Method - Point load, Line load, Uniform
surcharge load.
3 Fadum Chart
2
4 Pressure Bulb Chart.
5 Lateral earth pressure at –rest, active and passive conditions.
3
6 Rankine Method and Coulomb Method.
7 Lateral pressure diagram and location of resultant force against sheet pile
& gravity retaining wall.
4
8 Soil pressures against & force in tie-back rod for anchored tie-back sheet
piles.
9 COMPRESSIBILITY AND CONSOLIDATION – Introduction,
Definition of ‘consolidation’ and ‘settlement’.
5
10 Curve of dial gauge reading versus time, and void ratio versus log
effective stress curve (consolidation or oedometer test).
11 Compressibility parameters of soils; Terzaghi’s Consolidation Theory –
6 One-dimensional consolidation.
12 Test 1 – Stresses in Soils & Earth Retaining Walls.
13 Pre-consolidation pressure and definition of ‘normally consolidated soil’,
‘overconsolidated soil’, and underconsolidated soil’.
7
14 Components of total settlement= immediate (elastic) settlement +
consolidation settlement + secondary settlement (creep).

8 MID SEMESTER BREAK

Week Lecture Topic / Content

15 Calculation of ultimate or consolidation settlement

Degree of consolidation (U) – relationship between U and
9
16 settlement (∆H), U and void ratio (e), and U and excess pore-
water pressure (ue).
17 Average consolidation vs. Time Factor (Tv) Chart; and Isochrone
10 (y/Hdp, Uy, Tv) Chart. Problem solving exercises.
18
19 Test 2 – Compressibility & Consolidation
SLOPE STABILITY – Infinite & Finite Slopes, Stability of infinite
11
20 slope: dry slope, saturated slope and partially-submerged slope
(water table or seepage parallel to surface).
21 φU=0 analysis and Taylor’s Chart
12
22 Methods of Slices: Fellenius and Simplified Bishop
23
13 Stability of natural slope, embankment, and excavation
24
25 Methods of slope stabilization. Problem-solving exercises for slope
stability
14 Student’s self-study and work on term paper / project on Topics
26 1&2 (Retaining Structures & Consolidation of Soils)
Group discussions amongst the students
27 Term Paper & Poster / Project Report write-up
15
28 Term Paper & Poster / Project Report write-up and submission

16-18 REVISION WEEK AND FINAL EXAMINATION

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GRADING

N
Assessment Number % each % total Dates
o.
1. Assignments 1 5 5 Week 7
2. Project 1 10 10 Week 14-15
3. Quizzes 2 2.5 5 Week 2 & 9
4. Presentation - - - -
Week 6 and
5. Test 2 15 30
11
6. Final Exam 1 50 50 Week 16
Overall Total 100

ATTENDANCE
The student should adhere to the rules of attendance as stated in
the University Academic Regulation :-
1 Student must attend not less than 80% of lecture hours as
. required for the subject.
2 The student will be prohibited from attending any lecture and
. assessment activities upon failure to comply the above
requirement. Zero mark will be given to the subject.

Stresses in Soil
MUHAMMAD AZRIL HEZMI

Stresses in Soil

σ =σ′+u

σ = Total Stress
σ ′ = Effective Stress
u = Pore water pressure

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In-Situ (Overburden) Stress

•Determine pore water pressure, effective and total stress along

XY

In-Situ (Overburden) Stress

In-Situ (Overburden) Stress

A soil profile consists of Ground Level

a surface layer of loose
sand 3.5 m thick
Loose sand,γ b = 16.5
overlying a layer of stiff kN/m3
clay. Draw the
distribution of total, GWT
3.5 m
effective and pore
water pressure in the
soil and calculate the Stiff clay,γ sat = 18.5
stresses at depth of 3.5 kN/m3
m and 5.5 m below the
surface. 5.5 m

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In-Situ (Overburden) Stress

3.5 m

5.5 m

In-Situ (Overburden) Stress

FIND THE SOLUTIONS

WITHIN 15 MINUTES

In-Situ (Overburden) Stress

A soil profile existed 2 -2 m

m below from a river

stream as shown in River Stream
the figure. Draw the
distribution of total, 0m Ground Level
effective and pore
water pressure in the
Clay, γ sat = 18.88 kN/m3
soil at 8 m from the
ground level.
8m

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In-Situ (Overburden) Stress

(9.81 x 2)

(18.15 x 2) + 19.62

(18.15 x 2) + 55.92

(18.15 x 4) + 92.21 (9.81 x 10)

γ sat = 18.88kN/m 3

50kN/m 2

Stresses Due to Apply Load

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UNIFORM LOAD (SIMPLE METHOD)

• One of the simplest methods to calculate

stress in a soil element at depth due to
load distribution under rectangular or
strip foundation.

P σBL Where
Δσ z = =
(B + z )(L + z ) (B + z)(L + z) P = concentrated load σ = stress
B = width of the foundation
L = length of the foundation
z = depth

UNIFORM LOAD (SIMPLE METHOD)

For a rectangular footing 3 x 4 m in size carrying a

column load 1500 kN, determine the vertical stress at
depth of 2 m using a 2:1 load distribution.

UNIFORM LOAD (SIMPLE METHOD)

Q = 1500 kN, B = 3, L = 4, z = 2

P 1500
Δσ z = = = 50 kN / m 2
(B + z )(L + z ) (3 + 2)(4 + 2)

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POINT LOAD (Boussinesq)

Expression for vertical
stress
3P
Δσ z = 5
 r 2
2π z 1 + ( ) 2 
2

 z 
where,

r= (x 2
+ y2 )
P
Δσ z = K
z2
• Boussinesq derived equations due to a vertical point load only

Point Load (Westergaard)

Expression for vertical
stress

P (1 − 2ν )/ (2 − 2ν )
Δσ z =
[ ]
3
2ππ (1 − 2ν )/ (2 − 2ν ) + (r/z )
2 2 2

v = Poisson’s ratio, if v = 0, hence

P
Δσ z =
[ ]
3
πz 2 1 + 2(r/z )
2 2

P
Δσ z = I w
z2

POINT LOAD (Boussinesq &

Westergaard)

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Line Load
2Qz 3
Δσ z =
π(r 2 + z 2 ) 2

Line Load
A long concrete wall
fence induced a line
load of Q = 18 kN/m
on a soil (Figure
P2.5). Calculate the
stress induced at
distance 1 m from
the fence at a depth
of 2 m below the
base

Line Load

2Qz 3 2 ×18 × 2 3
Δσ z = = = 3.67kN / m 2
π(r 2 + z 2 ) 2 (
π 12 + 2 2 )
2

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Line Load
Determine the increase of stress
at point A

q 2 = 14.6kN/m q1 = 7.3kN/m

1.5m
3m
z = 1.2m

Line Load

q1 = 7.3kN/m q 2 = 14.6kN/m

+
z = 1.2m z = 1.2m

A A

2Qz 3 2 × 7.3 × 1.2 3

Δσ z,1 = = = 0.59kN / m 2
π(r 2 + z 2 ) 2 (
π 1.5 2 + 1.2 2 )
2

2Qz3 2 × 14.6 ×1.2 3

Δσ z,2 = = = 0.147kN / m 2
π(r 2 + z 2 ) 2 (
π 32 + 1.2 2 )
2

Δσ z = 0.59 + 0.147 = 0.737kN / m 2

Uniform Load (Fadum)

Steinbrenner evolved equations
due to a vertical uniform
load
Expression for vertical stress
Where
Is = Influence factor depend on L,
B and z
The values of this influence factor
were prepared by Fadum (1948),
where depend upon the two
coefficients (See Figure)
m = B/z
n = L/z

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Uniform Load (Fadum)

Uniform Load (Fadum)

For point E:
B = 2, L= 3 , z = 2; m = 1, n = 1.5
I = 0.195, hence

σ E = 2q × I = 2 × 0.195 × 200 = 78kN / m 2

For point C:
B = 2, L =1.5, z = 2; m = 1, n = 0.75
I = 0.165, hence

σ c = 4q × I = 4 × 0.165 × 200 = 132kN / m 2

Uniform Load (Pressure Bulb)

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 1 
Δσ = q 1 − 3/2 
[ ]
 (R/z)2 + 1 

Uniform Load (Pressure Bulb)

An oil tank is carrying a uniform load of 117 kPa.

Determine the vertical stresses at depth 2 m below a)
the center b) the sides of the tank c) point C at distance
4 m from the center. The diameter of the tank is 3.9 m.

Uniform Load (Pressure Bulb)

Radius of the tank, a = 3.9/2 = 1.95

a) Below the center of the tank, z/a = 2/1.95 = 1.02
r/a = 0, then Iz = 0.63 σz = qxIz = 117 x 0.63 = 74 kPa
b) Below the sides of the tank, z/a = 2/1.95, r/a= 1.0,
then Iz = 0.33, σz = qxIz = 117 x 0.33 = 39 kPa
c) Below point C, z/a = 2/1.95, r/a= 4/1.95 = 2.04, then
Iz = 0.045, σz = qxIz = 117 x 0.045 = 5.2 kPa

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Uniform Load (Newmark)

Can be used for irregular
shaped foundations and
due to a vertical uniform
load
Expression for vertical
stress
Where
I = Influence factor = 1 / No of
box =1/200 = 0.005 (See
Figure)
n = number of unit contained
the foundation
P = concentrated load

Uniform Load (Newmark)

Uniform Load (Newmark)

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