Abstract

This paper deals with design and performance of energy efficient biomass cookstove
suitable for different fuel wood & briquetted fuel. It was tested with babul wood (Prosopis
julliflora), goundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell briquettes, sawdust briquettes and Cashew nut
(Anacardium occidentale) shell. The stove was insulated by refractory cement (Insulyte
-11U) to minimize heat losses. The stove has exhibited about 35% thermal efficiency. The
CO and CO2 emission was in the range of 3–6 ppm and 17–25 ppm respectively. The stove
works in the range of 1.53 to 1.76 kW of power rating. The maximum flame temperature was
recorded as 763°C when Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) shell was used as feed
stock.

Keywords Biomass combustion - Biomass stove - Pollutant emission - Water

boiling test

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 In this article, we

write about the Biomass Cooking Stove innovation that is being nurtured by the Villgro foundation.

Context and problems with LPG

Micro and small establishments that provide boarding services to 40 – 100 individuals in rural and semi-rural

areas face the three pronged problem of not having the access, both financially and in terms of availability , to

LPG, having to incur the costs of large amounts of biomass required to run their relatively inefficient stoves

and dealing with the associated health impacts that inefficient, outdated stoves generate.
Unlike small households, micro and small establishments rely on purchasing fire wood and not on collecting

biomass. These costs average around 2000 Rs. / ton. As such the inefficiency of stoves used by this category

of users has a direct impact on their expenditure and thus on their income and savings. When compared to

households these establishments utilize their stoves for much longer (upto 10 hours a day when catering to

100 customers) and thus the impacts on wood consumption and health issues are

exasperated.

Burning wood creates CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Establishments, based on size, generate between 20 –

80 tons of co2 a year. While small when considered at a national or global scale, this contributes to climate

change in its own way.

Enter Biomass Cooking Stove, an innovation by Svati Bhogle of SustainTech India

Pvt. Ltd.

The Biomass Cooking stove is an application specific high efficiency wood burning stove specifically designed

for a range of cooking needs. The innovation offers to the end user: saving in fuel costs, by being up to 50%

more efficient than conventional stoves and improved health impacts. The features that make the stoves

innovative are, optimum air fuel ratios controlled by efficient vents, well designed combustion chamber volume

resulting in high combustion and heat transfer efficiencies, good insulation to prevent losses to the walls and

an optimally designed chimney to vent the flue gases away from the breathing zone of the cooks and designed

to reduce heat losses to the atmosphere.

Salient Features

 High efficiency because of controlled burning, good air fuel ratio

 Ability to regulate air supply and hence the fuel burning rate

 Use of grate for good combustion

 Good insulation and a uniform temperature profile across the plate because of staggered finning of the tava (flat

plate). This has been designed so that one side of the tava uses preferentially radiative heat and the other side

convective heat obtained by burning of wood on a grate.

 Increasing the velocity of the flue gases towards the end of the plate, good insulation and an optimally designed

chimney

Who is impacted and how?

Owners of micro and small boarding establishments, including semi-portable food vendors will be impacted.

This covers a range of individuals with daily revenues between 500 to 5000 rupees per day. A market survey

revealed that the total number of tea shops, small & medium hotels and street food vendors to be 73,650 in

the state of Tamil Nadu alone.

On the lower end of the economics scale – this includes street side food vendors who spend considerable

amounts of their income on firewood. These individuals were shown to spend upto 30,000 Rs. annually on

firewood with monthly take home incomes of around 7000 Rs. On the higher end of the economics scale – this

includes proprietors of small size ‘hotels’ catering to the needs of approximately a 100 customers a day.
Environmental, social and economic benefits

SustainTech India Pvt. Ltd. (SIPL) is reaching out to the needs of a fuel stressed segment of society – initially

the street food vendors, who operate on push carts and where cooking is done inside the cart or on railway

platforms, roadside shops and small hotels who with a roof and some seating capacity.

A survey conducted shows that these stoves are in operation for about 10 hours every day and each unit

caters to about 100 clients every day. The 65,000 fuel efficient wood burning stoves (considering only the

tava, frying stoves and tea kettles) that would be sold by SIPL in the first five years would therefore offer a

safer, cooler and healthier working environment to at least 65,000 cooks and 6.5 million people who would eat

around these stoves every day. India has a high incidence of respiratory ailments and a smoke free working

environment would reduce the medical expenses of the affected people working around wood fires.

The survey data also shows that 38% of the street food vendors and tea shops use kerosene for their cooking

needs. Very limited kerosene is available in fair price shops and this is inadequate. Very often the sector uses

unfair means to procure kerosene creating stress and tension besides eroding the profitability.

A Frying Stove Biomass based

Moving to a biomass stove would reduce the stress associated with procurement of kerosene, improve

profitability of the business and show that it is possible to replace a fossil fuel with a renewable energy source.

At the global level the movement to a fuel efficient wood stove would significantly abate CO2 emission. A

survey conducted in the project area shows that stoves are in use for about 8 -14 hrs every day and for 300

-350 days in a year. Data has also been collected about fuel consumption patterns in conventional stoves and

performance of improved stoves tested and some of them certified. With a projected stove life of 5 years, the

carbon abatement potential of the venture through installations in the first 5 year planning period would be 3.7

million tons of CO2. (1 kg of firewood saved = 1.5 kg of CO2).

Firewood is purchased by the end users of SIPL products at Rs 2000 / ton. The saving in fuel costs, because of

energy efficiency should enable the end user to payback the cost of the stove without financial stress in 12- 18

months. Each stove purchased would on an average save Rs 20,000 – 30,000 of fuel cost every year.

The enterprise projects that through its intervention and in their life time, the stoves installed in the first

5 years period, it would conserve Rs 4000 million in fuel costs thus creating wealth for a very needy

community.

SustainTech is now being incubated by Villgro. Villgro is a not-for-profit company empowering rural development by identifying

and incubating innovations that could be translated to market based social enterprise models thus impacting thousands of

lives. In efforts to impact rural life, VILLGRO actively promotes social entrepreneurship and works with different stakeholders

to create and support an eco-system that empowers social entrepreneurship by means of seed funding, mentoring, networking

and recognition. Villgro has impacted over 360,000 rural users with technology & solutions reaching the grassroots. Villgro has

identified and activated more than 2000 soci al innovators.

Cook stove
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stove . (Discuss)

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require cleanup. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an
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Stove manufacture in Senegal.

In cooking, a cook stove is a very basic stove heated by burning wood or fossil fuels. Cook
stoves are the most common way of cooking and heating food in developing countries.
Developing countries consume little energy compared to developed nations; however, over
50% of the energy that they do use goes into cooking food. The average rural family spends
20% or more of its income purchasing wood or charcoal for cooking. Living in the city
provides no refuge either as the urban poor frequently spend a significant portion of their
income on the purchase of wood or charcoal.
Besides the high expense, another problem of cooking over an open fire is the increased
health problems brought on from the smoke, particularly lung and eye ailments, but also birth
defects. Replacing the traditional 3-rock cook stove with an improved one and venting the
smoke out of the house through a chimney can dramatically improve a family’s health.
Deforestation and erosion are often the end result of harvesting wood for cooking fuel. The
main goal of most improved cooking stoves is to reduce the pressure placed on local forests
by reducing the amount of wood the stoves consume. Additionally, the money a family
spends on wood or charcoal translates into less money being available to be spent on food,
education, and medical care; so an improved cooking stove is seen as a way of boosting a
family's income.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Three stone cooking fire
• 2 Improved stoves and other measures
○ 2.1 Kenya Ceramic Jiko
○ 2.2 Sanjha Chulha/Earth Stove/Surya Stove
○ 2.3 Lorena adobe stove
○ 2.4 Improved Lorena (Justa) stove
○ 2.5 Standard approaches to conserving cooking
 fuel
• 3 Smokeless and wood conserving stoves
• 4 See also
• 5 References
• 6 External links

[edit] Three stone cooking fire

The traditional method of cooking is on a three stone cooking fire. It is the cheapest stove to
produce, requiring only three suitable stones of the same height on which a cooking pot can
be balanced over a fire. However, this cooking method also has many problems:
• Smoke is vented into the home, instead of outdoors, causing health
problems. According to the World Health Organization, "Every year, indoor
air pollution is responsible for the death of 1.6 million people - that's one
death every 20 seconds."[1]
• Fuel is wasted, as heat is allowed to escape into the open air. This requires
more labor on the part of the user to gather fuel and may result in
increased deforestation if wood is used for fuel.
• Only one cooking pot can be used at a time.
• The use of an open fire creates a risk of burns and scalds.[2] Especially
when the stove is used indoors, cramped conditions make adults and
particularly children susceptible to falling or stepping into the fire and
receiving burns. Additionally, accidental spills of boiling water may result
in scalding, and blowing on the fire to supply oxygen may discharge
burning embers and cause eye injuries.

[edit] Improved stoves and other measures

The negative impacts can be reduced by using improved cook stoves, improved fuels (e.g.
biogas, or kerosene instead of dung), changes to the environment (e.g. use of a chimney), and
changes to user behaviour (e.g. drying fuel wood before use, using a lid during cooking)."[1]

[edit] Kenya Ceramic Jiko

From the beginning of the appropriate technology movement, one of the principal goals has
been to create an affordable stove that was more efficient than the universally used three
stone cooking fire. Of all the improved stoves, the Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) has been the
most widely accepted to date, having become a standard item in most homes in Kenya and
neighboring countries in East Africa.
Charcoal is the standard cooking fuel in East Africa. Traditionally it was burned in a metal
stove or “Jiko” as stoves are called in the Swahili language. The KCJ is simply the traditional
Jiko mated to a ceramic liner, producing a stove that is at least one fourth (and up to 50%)
more efficient than traditional all-metal alternatives, costing only $2 to $5. It has a distinctive
shape, differing from the traditional cylindrical jiko, with the top and bottom the same
diameter, tapering at about 30 degrees to a waist.
There are many variations on the same theme that can be found in Kenya and other areas of
East Africa. Some are designed to be more robust than the original KCJ, and some such as
the Upisi are designed to burn wood instead of charcoal, while others are built into the home,
and remain stationary.
The Energy Efficient Charcoal Oven is a new innovation that has been developed and
marketed by one of the initial disseminators of the KCJ; they are sold in supermarket chains
around east Africa and allow people without access to electricity or gas to bake food using
very little charcoal. Improved stoves also reduce the amount of forest cover lost and are a
viable greenhouse gas reducer.

[edit] Sanjha Chulha/Earth Stove/Surya Stove

This article is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this
article from a neutral point of view. For blatant advertising that would
require a fundamental rewrite to become encyclopedic, use {{db-spam}}
to mark for speedy deletion. (August 2010)

Since 1999, an engineering company named Nishant Bioenergy (P) Limited in North India is
conceiving, designing, fabricating and selling patent pending biomass briquette cook stoves.
These are commercial cook stoves and are designed to burn biomass briquette. You can get
look at these technologies at [Link] . Biomass briquettes can be made
from any farm or forest residues with or without binders.
The advantages of the stoves include sturdy for heavy cooking utensils, lower cost of
operation, ease of use, safe operation and the fact that they are carbon neutral. They
manufacture many models like,Sanjha Chulha and Earth Stove. Capacities are from 16000
KCal/Hr to 200000 KCal/hr. Earth Stove are being used by variety of people cooking food
for 50 people to 50,000 people per day. As on date ( January, 2010) they have installed
around 355 stoves ( total installed capacity is more than 13 MWh). Project under execution
are worth 3.5 Million Kcal/hr. They have also five franchises in western and southern states
of India and are planning two more to spread the technology. Earth Stove based NISHANT
STEAMER are also a great hit with college/school hostels. At some places savings are more
than 75%!!.
Recently company has developed new technology named SURYA STOVE. Surya Stove
technology is one of its own kind as it runs on powdered biomass like saw dust ( any biomass
can be used provided it is dry (10%) and pulverised to 8 mm mesh ). It has automated fuel
feed and ash cleansing system. It has temperature controller to pre-set the temperature of
cooking/frying medium. It is especially designed for frying need of ready to eat food
industry. Company has planned to launch nation wide project of 1000 such stoves duly linked
with fuel supply chain with the assistance of local village based bio refinery.
The company has won national and international recognition for their unique efforts. Awards
include the Ashden Award in 2005 [3] , PCRA Award -2001, and UN promising practices-
2006.

[edit] Lorena adobe stove

The Lorena adobe stove was designed as a simple-to-build cook stove for use in Central
America, one that could be manufactured locally of local materials. The name of Lorena
stove comes from the combination of the two Spanish words lodo and arena (meaning mud
and sand) as the stoves are basically a mix of the two. It became very popular in Central
America, with anecdotal evidence suggesting that it is the most popular improved cooking
stove in the region. The Lorena stove is an enclosed stove of rammed earth construction, with
a chimney built onto it.
The Lorena stove was designed with the mistaken belief that rammed earth would act as
insulation; there was a basic misunderstanding of the difference between mass and insulation.
Good insulation resists the passage of heat; thermal mass does the opposite, it absorbs heat.
Testing has shown that the rammed earth used in the Lorena stove does absorb heat, heat that
should have gone into heating the cooking pot.
The designers, Aprovecho, now state: “The Lorena has been tested over the years by many
researchers and has generally been found to use more firewood than an indoor open fire. The
stove has other attributes. Its chimney takes smoke out of the kitchen and it is well liked. It is
pretty and a nice addition to the house. It is low cost and can be repaired and even built by the
home owner. But, it is not a fuel saving or low emission stove.”

[edit] Improved Lorena (Justa) stove

The Improved Lorena or Justa stove has a sealed metal cooking surface that sits above a stove
made of bricks, and a chimney that carries the smoke outside.
The Improved Lorena stove is a simple biomass stove built around an insulated, elbow-
shaped combustion chamber which provides more intense heat and cleaner combustion than
an open fire, meaning that it consumes less fuel than a three-rock stove, removing smoke
from the house.
The Justa stove has been deployed in Honduras by TWP and ADHESA, for which they
jointly won an Ashden Award in 2005[4].

[edit] Standard approaches to conserving cooking fuel

Almost all rural and many urban families in Latin America rely solely on wood for their
cooking needs. In most of Africa charcoal is the standard cooking fuel. In other places it can
be a mix of the two, or alternatively like families on the Great Plains during the 1800s animal
dung may be in common use if it is the only thing available.
There are three places in the cooking process where fuel can be conserved; the fuel, the stove,
and the cooking pot. The greatest gains come not from the stove itself, but from how the heat
the stove produces is used; paying attention to the pot rather than the stove results in the
greatest fuel savings. In fact, fuel efficiency in a stove is usually much more affected by heat
transfer to the pot than it is by improving combustion efficiency.
• The first way to reduce the amount of fuel a family consumes is simply to
use a cooking lid while cooking, which by itself reduces fuel consumption
by 40%. This simple change will normally save more fuel by itself than
switching to an improved stove.
• The second strategy is similar to the first; use a larger cooking pot. Larger
pots are more energy efficient than smaller ones and wide shallow pots
are more efficient than tall narrow ones.
• Last, when cooking for a family, switching from a stove that has room for
only one pot to cook at a time, to a stove where two or more pots can
cook at once will often raise efficiencies by up to 40%.
In developing countries, families who rely upon wood for cooking have three ways of
obtaining it. They can scavenge the areas where they live for firewood, purchase it from a
firewood dealer, or grow their own. In most villages there is a lack of harvestable firewood in
the surrounding area, and so most of the wood used is brought into the village and sold
through a dealer. Those who cannot afford to buy firewood are often forced to travel several
miles to acquire wood. Some families have obtained self-sufficiency by maintaining a living
fence, or growing a woodlot near the family home.

[edit] Smokeless and wood conserving stoves

Smokeless stoves and wood conserving stoves are terms used to describe stoves designed
for developing country settings to reduce the health impacts of smoke from open fires inside
dwellings. It is generally claimed that the new designs burn the wood (or other fuel) more
efficiently. Important features may include a pipe (chimney) to vent the smoke and a different
chamber design.
There are various designs, such as the Lorena stove and the ONIL Stove which uses mortar-
less concrete blocks in its construction and costs $150 USD per stove.[5] Another design is the
Berkeley-Darfur stove that reduces smoke and is twice as efficient as a clay stove, with the
goal of reducing the need for women to leave the camps in search of wood.[6]
 [edit] See also
• Envirofit
• Rocket stove
• Portable stove
• Indoor air pollution in developing nations
• Shichirin

[edit] References
a b
1. ^ Indoor air pollution and health - World Health Organization fact sheet.
2. ^ "Health Benefits". The ONIL Stove.
[Link] Retrieved 2007-04-13.
3. ^ Nishant Bioenergy won Ashden Award
4. ^ Justa stove wins Ashden Award
5. ^ "The ONIL Stove". HELPS International.
[Link] Retrieved 2007-
04-14. "Each stove costs only $150..."
6. ^ "What is a Darfur Stove - Darfur Stoves Project".
[Link] Retrieved 2008-07-

Performance Evaluation of Developed Domestic Cook

Stove with Jatropha Shell
by: N. Panwar
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Abstract
In this study, SPRERI gasifier stove and double pot improved household cookstove were
tested with Jatropha shell. Thermal performance and pollutant emissions during water boiling
test were evaluated. Jatropha shell combust properly in SPRERI gasifier stove and thermal
efficiency was recorded about 31.10%. In case of double pot improved cookstove mixed fuel
(1:1) Jatropha shell and babul wood was used for testing and its thermal efficiency was about
22.88%. Lower pollutant emissions were recorded in double pot improved cookstove as
compared to SPRERI gasifier stove. Developed stove have acceptable durability, affordable
cost, and meet needs of domestic energy requirement. Results of this study may be useful for
improving the design of existing stoves and for developing new stove designs. Implications
of better agro residue based cookstoves are improved human health, reduced fuel use,
reduced deforestation, and reduced global climate change, apart from recovery energy from
such agro residues which are not used as animal feed and are disposed off under non-hygienic
conditions.

nlpanwar's tags for this article

Article

Studies on thermal performance of certain wood burning cook stoves and design of a
high efficiency cook stove

1. S. Jayaraman,

2. M. Siddhartha Bhatt,

3. Ramamohana Rao

Article first published online: 14 MAR 2007

DOI: 10.1002/er.4440130110

Copyright © 1989 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Issue

International Journal of Energy Research

 Volume 13, Issue 1, pages 103–122, 1989

Keywords:

• Wood burning stoves;

• Stoves;

• Charcoal;

• Woods

Abstract
Wood is a major cooking fuel in rural areas of many developing countries and is burnt in vessel mounted stoves.

Multipot chimney type cookstoves were introduced about forty years ago to overcome problems of smoke and to

increase the conversion efficiency. Although widely propagated, there is still scope to improve the design of these

stoves based on a critical evaluation of performance and an understanding of the basic principles of heat

transfer, fluid mechanics and heat release. This paper describes in detail the results of thermal performance

studies conducted on three widely propagated stove versions with respect to all operating variables. Based on

the analysis, certain broad guidelines were arrived at for design of a proper stove. Another widely propagated

version was taken up for detailed optimisation study in the light of such guidelines resulting in the development of

a high efficiency design. The performance of the optimized unit is compared with the original version.

This study leads to the conclusion that except for pot placement schemes and geometric shapes, the wide variety

of stoves (over 60) being propagated under various trade names are not really different and the optimum

parameters depend only on the fuel burning rate desired.

Higher Calorific Value

Fuel (Gross Calorific Value - GCV)
kJ/kg Btu/lb
Acetone 29,000
Alcohol, 96% 30,000
Anthracite 32,500 - 34,000 14,000 - 14,500
Bituminous coal 17,000 - 23,250 7,300 - 10,000
Butane 49,510 20,900
Carbon 34,080
Charcoal 29,600 12,800
Coal 15,000 - 27,000 8,000 - 14,000
Coke 28,000 - 31,000 12,000 - 13,500
Diesel 44,800 19,300
Ethanol 29,700 12,800
Ether 43,000
Gasoline 47,300 20,400
Glycerin 19,000
Hydrogen 141,790 61,000
Lignite 16,300 7,000
Methane 55,530
Oils, vegetable 39,000 - 48,000
Peat 13,800 - 20,500 5,500 - 8,800
Petrol 48,000
Petroleum 43,000
Propane 50,350
Semi anthracite 26,700 - 32,500 11,500 - 14,000
Sulfur 9,200
Tar 36,000
Turpentine 44,000
Wood (dry) 14,400 - 17,400 6,200 - 7,500
kJ/m3 Btu/ft3
Acetylene 56,000
Butane C4H10 133,000
Hydrogen 13,000
Natural gas 43,000
Methane CH4 39,820
Propane C3H8 101,000
Town gas 18,000
kJ/l Btu/gal
Gas oil 38,000 164,000
Heavy fuel oil 41,200 177,000
Kerosene 35,000 154,000
• 1 kJ/kg = 0.4299 Btu/ lbm = 0.23884 kcal/kg
1B

Fuel use and emissions performance of fifty cooking

stoves in the laboratory and related benchmarks of
performance

This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this
article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.
 Nordica MacCartya, , Dean Stilla, and Damon Ogle , a,

a
Aprovecho Research Center, 79093 Highway 99, PO Box 1175, Cottage Grove OR, 97424 USA
Received 24 September 2009;
revised 29 June 2010;

accepted 29 June 2010.

Available online 11 August 2010.

Abstract

Improved cooking stove projects in the developing world have the potential to reduce deforestation, improve

health, and slow climate change. To meet these requirements, stoves must be carefully designed through
thorough testing and verification of performance. The systematic investigation of the heat transfer and

combustion efficiency of stove design in the laboratory sheds light on what technologies work best and helps to

ensure that stoves being disseminated are truly a significant improvement over traditional cooking methods.

Performance of 50 different stove designs was investigated using the 2003 University of California-Berkeley
(UCB) revised Water Boiling Test (WBT) Version 3.0 to compare the fuel use, carbon monoxide (CO) and
particulate matter (PM) emissions produced. While these laboratory tests do not necessarily predict field
performance for actual cooking, the elimination of variables such as fuel, tending, and moisture content, helps to

isolate and compare the technical properties of stove design. Stoves tested fell under 7 main categories:

simple stoves without combustion chambers, stoves with rocket-type combustion chambers, gasifier stoves,

fan-assisted stoves, charcoal-burning stoves, liquid/gas fuel stoves, and wood-burning stoves with
chimneys. A carefully made three-stone fire was also tested for comparison. Results showed that:

• Stoves without well-designed combustion chambers may reduce fuel use in comparison to the three-stone fire
but do not necessarily decrease and can potentially increase emissions of CO and PM.

• Rocket-type stoves can reduce fuel use by 33%, CO emissions by 75%, and PM emissions by 46% on
average in comparison to the three-stone fire.

• Use of a pot skirt can reduce fuel use and emissions by 25–30%.

• When operating well, gasifier stoves can reduce particulate matter substantially, averaging 90% improvement
over the three-stone fire.

• Five forced air stoves reduced fuel use by an average of 40% and emissions by 90% over the three-stone fire.

• Traditional charcoal stoves use about the same amount of energy as the three-stone fire to complete a task
(not counting the energy lost in making the charcoal, which can be as much as 70%) and produce up to two
times more carbon monoxide and 80% less PM. A rocket-type charcoal stove can reduce this energy
consumption by one third and CO emission by at least one half.

• Liquid fuels generally exhibit less energy use and emissions. Kerosene can emit higher levels of PM than some

improved wood stoves when not operating properly.

• Well-designed stoves with chimneys remove smoke from the kitchen while fuel use is generally directly related
to how much of the pot is in direct contact with the flames.

From this data, it was possible to recommend benchmarks of improved cookstove performance. Benchmarks
were suggested at levels that were achievable using known materials and manufacturing techniques, yet still

aspirational, ensuring each stove design is carefully tested and optimized for highest efficiencies. It is hoped

that these benchmarks can be used as the first step toward international performance standards for cooking

stoves. Five of the stoves presented here were also tested at the US EPA, with results agreeing within 20% or
better on all fuel and emissions measures, suggesting standard evaluation at various locations is possible.

Keywords: Cookstove; Standards; Biomass ; Benchmarks; Laboratory testing; Emissions; Particulate matter;
Water Boiling Test
Article Outline

1.

Introduction

2.

Methods

2.1. Water boiling test

2.2. Emissions collection hood

2.3. Calculations

2.4. Descriptions of stoves tested

3.

Results

4.

Discussion

5.

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References
Fig. 1. Emissions measurement schematic (Source: ETHOS Technical Committee, 2009).

View Within Article

Fig. 2. Some of the tested stoves.

View Within Article

Fig. 3. Energy Use for Stoves without Chimneys to Complete the WBT (Mega Joules). Suggested Fuel
(Energy) Use Benchmark: The improved cook stove should use less than 15 MJ of energy to complete
the 5-l WBT.

View Within Article

Fig. 4. Carbon Monoxide Emissions to Complete WBT (grams). Suggested Carbon Monoxide Emission
Benchmark: The improved cook stove should emit less than 20 grams of carbon monoxide to complete
the 5-l WBT.

View Within Article

Fig. 5. Particulate Matter Emissions to Complete WBT (milligrams). Suggested Particulate Matter
Emission Benchmark: The improved cook stove should use emit less than 1500 mg of particulate matter
to complete the 5-l WBT.

View Within Article

Fig. 6. Energy Use to Complete WBT for Chimney Stoves (Mega Joules). Suggested Fuel (Energy) Use
Benchmark for Stoves with Chimney: The improved cook stove with chimney should use less than
30 MJ of to complete the 5-l WBT. Wood burning stoves with chimneys are exempt from the emissions
standards for non-chimney stoves if the chimney stove does not allow more than an average of 50 parts
per million of carbon monoxide to pollute the air anywhere within 30 cm of the stove.

View Within Article

Table 1.

Detailed performance data, average of 3 or more tests per stove.

View Within Article

 Corresponding author. Tel.: + 1 541 767 0287.

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• tu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg = 1.8 kcal/kg

Performance of a domestic cooking wick stove using fatty

acid methyl esters (FAME) from oil plants in Kenya

This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this
article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.

Agatha W. Wagutua, Thomas F.N. Thoruwab, , ,

, Sumesh C. Chhabraa, Caroline C. Lang’at-
Thoruwaa and R.L.A. Mahunnahc
a
Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-0100, Nairobi, Kenya
b
Department of Energy Engineering, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
c
University of Dar-es Salaam, Muhimbili College of Medicine, P.O. Box 53486, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
Received 7 March 2008;
 revised 21 March 2010;

accepted 22 March 2010.

Available online 7 May 2010.

Abstract

With depletion of solid biomass fuels and their rising costs in recent years, there has been a shift towards using
kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for domestic cooking in Kenya. However, the use of kerosene is
associated with health and safety problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a clean, safe and sustainable
liquid bio-fuel. Plant oil derivatives fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) present such a promising solution. This paper

presents the performance of a wick stove using FAME fuels derived from oil plants: Jatropha curcus L. (Physic
nut), Croton megalocarpus Hutch, Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb., Cocos nucifera L. (coconut), soyabeans
and sunflower. The FAME performance tests were based on the standard water-boiling tests (WBT) and
compared with kerosene. Unlike kerosene all FAME fuels burned with odorless and non-pungent smell
generating an average firepower of 1095 W with specific fuel consumption of 44.6 g L−1 (55% higher than
kerosene). The flash points of the FAME fuels obtained were typically much higher (2.3–3.3 times) than kerosene
implying that they are much safer to use than kerosene. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the
FAME fuels have potential to provide safe and sustainable cooking liquid fuel in developing countries.

Keywords: Kenya; Jatropha carcus L. (Physic nut); Croton megalocarpus Hutch; Calodendrum Capense (L.f.)
Thunb.; Cocos nucifera L. (coconut); Soya bean
Article Outline

1.

Introduction

1.1. Liquid fuel cooking stoves

1.2. Liquid fuels for domestic cooking and heating applications

1.3. Objective

2.

Methodology

2.1. Extraction of oil from Kenyan oil seeds

2.2. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) fuels

2.3. FAME fuel properties

2.4. Wick stove performance experiments

2.4.1. Determination of local boiling point

2.4.2. High-power cold start

2.4.3. High-power phase hot start

2.4.4. Low-power phase hot start (simmering)

2.5. Stove performance indicators

3.

Results and discussion

3.1. FAME properties

3.2. Water-boiling tests performance

3.2.1. High power (cold start) phase

3.2.2. Stove performance during high power (hot start) phase

3.2.3. Stove performance during low-power (simmering) phase

3.3. Temperature profiles

4.

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Fig. 1. Chinese wick stove, wheel brand model 62.

View Within Article

Fig. 2. Chinese wick stove loaded with aluminum pot.

View Within Article

Fig. 3. Typical temperature profiles generated during high power boiling phase (cold
start).

View Within Article

Fig. 4. Typical temperature profiles during low-power simmering phase.

View Within Article

Table 1.

Thermophysical properties of FAME fuels and kerosene.

FAME: fatty acid methyl ester.

View Within Article

Table 2.

Mean stove performance indicators, high power (cold start) phase.

View Within Article

Table 3.

Mean stove performance indicators high power (hot start) phase.

View Within Article

Table 4.

Mean stove performance indicators low-power (hot start) phase.

View Within Article

Corresponding author. Tel.: +254 28710901/12; Cell: 254 725 986 248; fax: +254 20
8711575.

Biomass and Bioenergy

Volume 34, Issue 8, August 2010, Pages 1250-1256

Use of vegetable oil as fuel to improve the

efficiency of cooking stove

This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may
be able to access this article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.

R. Natarajana, ,
, N.S. Karthikeyana, Avinash Agarwaala and K.
Sathiyanarayanan b

a
Energy Centre, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, Vellore Institute of
Technology University, Vellore 632 014, India
b
Chemistry Division, School of Science and Humanities, Vellore Institute of Technology
University, Vellore 632 014, India
Received 7 June 2007;
accepted 30 January 2008.
 Available online 28 March 2008.

Abstract

In this study, an attempt has been made to use waste vegetable oil as a fuel for a

cooking stove. Suitable modifications have been made in the kerosene stove for use

with vegetable oil as fuel. The efficiency of the stove using vegetable oil as fuel is

observed to be as high as 48.9% as compared to 34.9% with that of a conventional

stove when a flat copper bottom vessel is used. Corresponding efficiency increase is
also observed with other vessels.

Keywords: Used vegetable oil; Kerosene; Stove; Efficiency

Article Outline

1.

Introduction

2.

Literature survey

3.

Experiment

4.

Results

4.1. The experimental setup

5.

Discussion

5.1. Comparison of the performance of the stove with kerosene and waste
vegetable oil

5.2. Comparison of the performance of the stove using flat and curved vessels
with a copper bottom and without a copper bottom

5.3. Performance of the burner with respect to location of the bottom of the
vessel above the vaporization plate

6.

Further studies
References

Fig. 1. Sketch of the pressurized stove.

View Within Article

Fig. 2. Photograph of the oil stove with flame.

View Within Article

Table 1.

Performance of the improved stove with vegetable oil and kerosene

Performance with copper bottom vessels.

Location of the vessel bottom—normal height (1.7 cm from the vapor plate).

View Within Article

Table 2.

Performance without copper bottom vessels.

Location of the vessel bottom—normal height (1.7 cm from the vapor plate).

View Within Article

Table 3.

Effect of location of the vessel above the flame front (vaporization plate)

View Within Article

Table 4.

Calorific value of the fuels used for cooking

1 kJ/kg=0.4299 Btu/lbm=0.23884 kcal/kg [12].

1 Btu/lbm=2.326 kJ/kg=1.8 kcal/kg [12].

View Within Article

Corresponding author. Tel.: +91416 2202309; fax: +91416 2243092.

Renewable Energy
Volume 33, Issue 11, November 2008, Pages 2423-2427