QU ESTIONS 893

Review & Summary

Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux B through an area A in a The SI unit of inductance is the henry (H), where 1 henry  1 H 
:
magnetic field B is defined as 1 T
m2/A. The inductance per unit length near the middle of a long

B   :
B ⴢ dA,
:
(30-1)
solenoid of cross-sectional area A and n turns per unit length is
L
 m 0 n2A (solenoid). (30-31)
where the integral is taken over the area. The SI unit of magnetic l
:
flux is the weber, where 1 Wb  1 T
m2. If B is perpendicular to
Self-Induction If a current i in a coil changes with time, an emf
the area and uniform over it, Eq. 30-1 becomes
is induced in the coil. This self-induced emf is
: :
B  BA (B  A, B uniform). (30-2) di
 L  L . (30-35)
dt
Faraday’s Law of Induction If the magnetic flux B through an
area bounded by a closed conducting loop changes with time, a current The direction of L is found from Lenz’s law: The self-induced emf
and an emf are produced in the loop; this process is called induction. acts to oppose the change that produces it.
The induced emf is Series RL Circuits If a constant emf  is introduced into a sin-
d B gle-loop circuit containing a resistance R and an inductance L, the
 (Faraday’s law). (30-4)
dt current rises to an equilibrium value of /R:
If the loop is replaced by a closely packed coil of N turns, the induced 
emf is i (1  e t/tL) (rise of current). (30-41)
d B R
  N . (30-5)
dt Here tL ( L/R) is the inductive time constant. When the source of
Lenz’s Law An induced current has a direction such that constant emf is removed, the current decays from a value i0
the magnetic field due to the current opposes the change in the according to
magnetic flux that induces the current. The induced emf has the
i  i 0 e t/tL (decay of current). (30-45)
same direction as the induced current.
Emf and the Induced Electric Field An emf is induced by Magnetic Energy If an inductor L carries a current i, the
a changing magnetic flux even if the loop through which the flux is inductor’s magnetic field stores an energy given by
changing is not a physical conductor but an imaginary line. The
:
changing magnetic field induces an electric field E at every point UB  12 Li2 (magnetic energy). (30-49)
:
of such a loop; the induced emf is related to E by

If B is the magnitude of a magnetic field at any point (in an
: inductor or anywhere else), the density of stored magnetic energy
 E ⴢ ds,
:
(30-19)
at that point is
where the integration is taken around the loop. From Eq. 30-19 we B2
can write Faraday’s law in its most general form, uB  (magnetic energy density). (30-55)
2m 0

:
E ⴢ ds:  
d B
dt
(Faraday’s law). (30-20) Mutual Induction If coils 1 and 2 are near each other, a chang-
ing current in either coil can induce an emf in the other. This mu-
:
A changing magnetic field induces an electric field E. tual induction is described by
Inductors An inductor is a device that can be used to produce a di1
known magnetic field in a specified region. If a current i is estab-  2  M (30-64)
dt
lished through each of the N windings of an inductor, a magnetic
di2
flux B links those windings. The inductance L of the inductor is and  1  M , (30-65)
dt
N B
L (inductance defined). (30-28) where M (measured in henries) is the mutual inductance.
i

Questions y Bz
1
1 If the circular conductor in Fig. 30-21 undergoes thermal 2
expansion while it is in a uniform mag- 3
netic field, a current is induced clockwise x t
around it. Is the magnetic field directed 4
into or out of the page? 5
2 The wire loop in Fig. 30-22a is sub- 6
jected, in turn, to six uniform magnetic (a) (b)
fields, each directed parallel to the z Figure 30-21 Question 1. Figure 30-22 Question 2.
894 CHAPTE R 30 I N DUCTION AN D I N DUCTANCE

axis, which is directed out of the plane of the figure. Figure 30- tion, rank the choices according to (a) y
22b gives the z components Bz of the fields versus time t. (Plots 1 the work done per unit charge in set-
and 3 are parallel; so are plots 4 and 6. Plots 2 and 5 are parallel c
ting up the induced current and (b) that
to the time axis.) Rank the six plots according to the emf induced induced current, greatest first. (c) For
in the loop, greatest clockwise emf first, greatest counterclock- each choice, what is the direction of the b x
wise emf last. induced current in the figure?
a
3 In Fig. 30-23, a long straight wire with current i passes (without 7 Figure 30-27 shows a circuit with z
touching) three rectangular wire loops with edge lengths L, 1.5L, two identical resistors and an ideal in- Figure 30-26 Question 6.
and 2L. The loops are widely spaced (so as not to affect one an- ductor. Is the current through the cen-
other). Loops 1 and 3 are symmetric about the long wire. Rank the tral resistor more than, less than, or the same as that through the
loops according to the size of the current induced in them if cur- other resistor (a) just after the closing of switch S, (b) a long time
rent i is (a) constant and (b) increasing, greatest first. after that, (c) just after S is reopened a long time later, and (d) a
long time after that?

i
+
2 3 –
1
Figure 30-23 Question 3.
S
4 Figure 30-24 shows two circuits in which a conducting bar is slid Figure 30-27 Question 7.
at the same speed v through the same uniform magnetic field and
along a U-shaped wire. The parallel lengths of the wire are sepa-
8 The switch in the circuit of
rated by 2L in circuit 1 and by L in circuit 2. The current induced in
Fig. 30-15 has been closed on a for a
circuit 1 is counterclockwise. (a) Is the magnetic field into or out of
very long time when it is then
the page? (b) Is the current induced in circuit 2 clockwise or coun-
thrown to b. The resulting current
terclockwise? (c) Is the emf induced in circuit 1 larger than, smaller
through the inductor is indicated in d
than, or the same as that in circuit 2?

i
Fig. 30-28 for four sets of values for
b
the resistance R and inductance L:
(1) R0 and L0, (2) 2R0 and L0, (3) R0 c
v and 2L0, (4) 2R0 and 2L0. Which set a
goes with which curve?
(1) (2) v
9 Figure 30-29 shows three circuits t
Figure 30-24 Question 4. with identical batteries, inductors, Figure 30-28 Question 8.
and resistors. Rank the circuits,
5 Figure 30-25 shows a circular region in which a decreasing uni- greatest first, according to the current through the resistor labeled
form magnetic field is directed out of the page, as well as four con- R (a) long after the switch is closed, (b) just after the switch is
centric circular paths. Rank the paths according to the magnitude reopened a long time later, and (c) long after it is reopened.
:
of  E ⴢ ds: evaluated along them, greatest first.

a c
+ + +
b R R
– – –
d
R

Figure 30-25 Question 5. (1) (2) (3)

Figure 30-29 Question 9.
6 In Fig. 30-26, a wire loop has been bent so that it has three seg-
ments: segment bc (a quarter-circle), ac (a square corner), and ab
10 Figure 30-30 gives the variation
(straight). Here are three choices for a magnetic field through the
with time of the potential difference a
loop: b
VR across a resistor in three circuits c
VR

:
(1) B1  3 î  7 ĵ  5t k̂, wired as shown in Fig. 30-16. The cir-
: cuits contain the same resistance R
(2) B2  5t î  4 ĵ  15 k̂,
: and emf  but differ in the induc-
(3) B3  2 î  5t ĵ  12 k̂, tance L. Rank the circuits according t
:
where B is in milliteslas and t is in seconds. Without written calcula- to the value of L, greatest first. Figure 30-30 Question 10.
 PROB LE M S 895

11 Figure 30-31 shows three situations in which a wire loop lies page) at the same constant speed. The loops have edge lengths of
partially in a magnetic field. The magnitude of the field is either in- either L or 2L, as drawn. Rank the situations according to (a) the
creasing or decreasing, as indicated. In each situation, a battery is magnitude of the force required of us and (b) the rate at which
part of the loop. In which situations are the induced emf and the energy is transferred from us to thermal energy of the loop,
battery emf in the same direction along the loop? greatest first.
⫹ ⫺ ⫺ ⫹ ⫺ ⫹
B⫽0 B⫽0 B⫽0

B increasing B decreasing B decreasing B B B B

(a ) (b ) (c )
Figure 30-31 Question 11.

12 Figure 30-32 gives four situations in which we pull rectangu- (1 ) (2) (3) (4)
lar wire loops out of identical magnetic fields (directed into the Figure 30-32 Question 12.

Problems
Tutoring problem available (at instructor’s discretion) in WileyPLUS and WebAssign
SSM Worked-out solution available in Student Solutions Manual WWW Worked-out solution is at
[Link]
• – ••• Number of dots indicates level of problem difficulty ILW Interactive solution is at
Additional information available in The Flying Circus of Physics and at [Link]

Module 30-1 Faraday’s Law and B •5 In Fig. 30-36, a wire forms a closed circular loop, of radius
Lenz’s Law R  2.0 m and resistance 4.0 . The circle is centered on a long
•1 In Fig. 30-33, a circular loop of wire 10 cm straight wire; at time t  0, the current in the long straight wire
in diameter (seen edge-on) is placed with its N is 5.0 A rightward. Thereafter, the current changes according to
:
normal N at an angle u  30° with the direction θ i  5.0 A  (2.0 A /s2)t2. (The straight wire is insulated; so there
:
of a uniform magnetic field B of magnitude is no electrical contact between it and the wire of the loop.)
: Loop
0.50 T. The loop is then rotated such that N ro- What is the magnitude of the current induced in the loop at
tates in a cone about the field direction at the times t 0?
rate 100 rev/min; angle u remains unchanged Figure 30-33
during the process. What is the emf induced in Problem 1.
the loop? R

•2 A certain elastic conducting material is stretched into a cir-

cular loop of 12.0 cm radius. It is placed with its plane perpendi-
cular to a uniform 0.800 T magnetic field. When released, the ra-
dius of the loop starts to shrink at an instantaneous rate of Figure 30-36 Problem 5.
75.0 cm/s. What emf is induced in the loop at that instant?
•3 SSM WWW In Fig. 30-34, a 120- •6 Figure 30-37a shows a circuit consisting of an ideal battery
Coil
turn coil of radius 1.8 cm and resist- with emf   6.00 mV, a resistance R, and a small wire loop of area
ance 5.3  is coaxial with a solenoid 5.0 cm2. For the time interval t  10 s to t  20 s, an external mag-
of 220 turns/cm and diameter 3.2 cm. netic field is set up throughout the loop. The field is uniform, its
The solenoid current drops from direction is into the page in Fig. 30-37a, and the field magnitude is
1.5 A to zero in time interval t  Solenoid given by B  at, where B is in teslas, a is a constant, and t is in
25 ms. What current is induced in the seconds. Figure 30-37b gives the current i in the circuit before, dur-
Figure 30-34 Problem 3.
coil during t? ing, and after the external field is set up. The vertical axis scale is
set by is  2.0 mA. Find the constant a in the equation for the field
•4 A wire loop of radius 12 cm and re- Bs magnitude.
B (T)

sistance 8.5  is located in a uniform

:
magnetic field B that changes in magni- is
i (mA)

tude as given in Fig. 30-35. The vertical 0 ts

t (s)
axis scale is set by Bs  0.50 T, and the R
horizontal axis scale is set by ts  6.00 s. Figure 30-35 Problem 4. 0 30
:
The loop’s plane is perpendicular to B . (a ) (b ) t (s)
What emf is induced in the loop during time intervals (a) 0 to 2.0 s,
(b) 2.0 s to 4.0 s, and (c) 4.0 s to 6.0 s? Figure 30-37 Problem 6.
896 CHAPTE R 30 I N DUCTION AN D I N DUCTANCE

: y
•7 In Fig. 30-38, the magnetic flux B of the emf induced in the loop if B  (4.00 
through the loop increases according to 10 2 T/m)y k̂? What are (c)  and (d) the L
:
the relation B  6.0t2  7.0t, where B is direction if B  (6.00  10 2 T/s)t k̂? What
: W
in milliwebers and t is in seconds. (a) What are (e)  and (f) the direction if B  (8.00 
2
is the magnitude of the emf induced in the 10 T/m
s)yt k̂? What are (g)  and (h) the x
:
loop when t  2.0 s? (b) Is the direction of direction if B  (3.00  102 T/m
s)xt ĵ? What Figure 30-41
:
the current through R to the right or left? are (i)  and (j) the direction if B  (5.00  Problem 12.
: 2
•8 A uniform magnetic field B is per- 10 T/m
s)yt î?
pendicular to the plane of a circular loop R ••13 ILW One hundred turns of (insulated) copper wire are
of diameter 10 cm formed from wire of wrapped around a wooden cylindrical core of cross-sectional area
Figure 30-38 Problem 7.
diameter 2.5 mm and resistivity 1.69  1.20  10 3 m2. The two ends of the wire are connected to a resis-
10 8 
m. At what rate must the magni- tor. The total resistance in the circuit is 13.0 . If an externally ap-
:
tude of B change to induce a 10 A current in the loop? plied uniform longitudinal magnetic field in the core changes from
•9 A small loop of area 6.8 mm2 is placed inside a long solenoid 1.60 T in one direction to 1.60 T in the opposite direction, how
that has 854 turns/cm and carries a sinusoidally varying current i of much charge flows through a point in the circuit during the change?
:
amplitude 1.28 A and angular frequency 212 rad/s. The central axes ••14 In Fig. 30-42a, a uniform magnetic field B increases in
of the loop and solenoid coincide. What is the amplitude of the emf magnitude with time t as given by Fig. 30-42b, where the vertical
induced in the loop? axis scale is set by Bs  9.0 mT and the horizontal scale is set by
••10 Figure 30-39 shows a closed ts  3.0 s. A circular conducting loop of area 8.0  104 m2 lies in
Magnetic the field, in the plane of the page. The amount of charge q passing
loop of wire that consists of a pair of field
equal semicircles, of radius 3.7 cm, point A on the loop is given in Fig. 30-42c as a function of t, with
lying in mutually perpendicular the vertical axis scale set by qs  6.0 mC and the horizontal axis
planes. The loop was formed by fold- scale again set by ts  3.0 s. What is the loop’s resistance?
ing a flat circular loop along a diam-
Bs qs
eter until the two halves became

B (mT)

q (mC)
perpendicular to each other. A uni-
: B
form magnetic field B of magnitude A
76 mT is directed perpendicular to 0 ts 0 ts
the fold diameter and makes equal t (s) t (s)
Figure 30-39 Problem 10.
angles (of 45°) with the planes of the (a ) (b) (c)
semicircles. The magnetic field is reduced to zero at a uniform rate
during a time interval of 4.5 ms. During this interval, what are Figure 30-42 Problem 14.
the (a) magnitude and (b) direction (clockwise or counterclock-
:
wise when viewed along the direction of B ) of the emf induced in ••15 A square wire loop with
the loop? 2.00 m sides is perpendicular to a
••11 A rectangular coil of N turns and of length a and width b is uniform magnetic field, with half the
: area of the loop in the field as B
rotated at frequency f in a uniform magnetic field B , as indicated in
Fig. 30-40. The coil is connected to co-rotating cylinders, against shown in Fig. 30-43. The loop con-
which metal brushes slide to make contact. (a) Show that the emf tains an ideal battery with emf  
induced in the coil is given (as a function of time t) by 20.0 V. If the magnitude of the field
varies with time according to B 
  2pfNabB sin(2pft)  0 sin(2pft). 0.0420  0.870t, with B in teslas and bat
t in seconds, what are (a) the net emf
This is the principle of the commercial alternating-current gen- in the circuit and (b) the direction of Figure 30-43 Problem 15.
erator. (b) What value of Nab gives an emf with 0  150 V the (net) current around the loop?
when the loop is rotated at 60.0 rev/s in a uniform magnetic field
of 0.500 T? ••16 Figure 30-44a shows a wire that forms a rectangle
(W  20 cm, H  30 cm) and has a resistance of 5.0 m. Its
Sliding contacts
B y Bs
1
2
b R B1 0
ts
Bz (μT)

H B2
a 3
B3
Figure 30-40 Problem 11.
x
–Bb
W
t (s)
••12 In Fig. 30-41, a wire loop of lengths L  40.0 cm and W 
: (a ) (b)
25.0 cm lies in a magnetic field B . What are the (a) magnitude  and
(b) direction (clockwise or counterclockwise — or “none” if   0) Figure 30-44 Problem 16.
 PROB LE M S 897

: :
interior is split into three equal areas, with magnetic fields B1, B2, by a distance x  R. Consequently, the magnetic field due to the
:
and B3. The fields are uniform within each region and directly out counterclockwise current i in the larger loop is nearly uniform
of or into the page as indicated. Figure 30-44b gives the change in throughout the smaller loop. Suppose that x is increasing at the
the z components Bz of the three fields with time t; the vertical axis constant rate dx/dt  v. (a) Find an expression for the magnetic
scale is set by Bs  4.0 mT and Bb  2.5Bs, and the horizontal axis flux through the area of the smaller loop as a function of x. (Hint:
scale is set by ts  2.0 s. What are the (a) magnitude and (b) direc- See Eq. 29-27.) In the smaller loop, find (b) an expression for the
tion of the current induced in the wire? induced emf and (c) the direction of the induced current.
••17 A small circular loop of area 2.00 cm2 is placed in the plane ••24 A wire is bent into three z
of, and concentric with, a large circular loop of radius 1.00 m. The circular segments, each of radius r 
current in the large loop is changed at a constant rate from 200 A 10 cm, as shown in Fig. 30-48. Each c
to 200 A (a change in direction) in a time of 1.00 s, starting at segment is a quadrant of a circle,
:
t  0. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field B at the center ab lying in the xy plane, bc lying in
of the small loop due to the current in the large loop at (a) t  0, the yz plane, and ca lying in the zx r
:
(b) t  0.500 s, and (c) t  1.00 s? (d) From t  0 to t  1.00 s, is B plane. (a) If a uniform magnetic r
: : b y
reversed? Because the inner loop is small, assume B is uniform over field B points in the positive x direc- r
its area. (e) What emf is induced in the small loop at t  0.500 s? tion, what is the magnitude of the
emf developed in the wire when B a
••18 In Fig. 30-45, two straight con-
ducting rails form a right angle. A increases at the rate of 3.0 mT/s? x
v
conducting bar in contact with the (b) What is the direction of the Figure 30-48 Problem 24.
rails starts at the vertex at time t  0 current in segment bc?
and moves with a constant velocity •••25 Two long, parallel copper wires of diameter 2.5 mm carry
B
of 5.20 m/s along them. A magnetic currents of 10 A in opposite directions. (a) Assuming that their
field with B  0.350 T is directed Figure 30-45 Problem 18. central axes are 20 mm apart, calculate the magnetic flux per meter
out of the page. Calculate (a) the of wire that exists in the space between those axes. (b) What per-
flux through the triangle formed by the rails and bar at t  3.00 s centage of this flux lies inside the wires? (c) Repeat part (a) for
and (b) the emf around the triangle at that time. (c) If the emf is parallel currents.
  at n, where a and n are constants, what is the value of n? •••26 For the wire arrangement
••19 ILW An electric generator contains a coil of 100 turns of wire, in Fig. 30-49, a  12.0 cm and b  i
each forming a rectangular loop 50.0 cm by 30.0 cm. The coil is 16.0 cm. The current in the long b
a
placed entirely in a uniform magnetic field with magnitude B  straight wire is i  4.50t2  10.0t,
:
3.50 T and with B initially perpendicular to the coil’s plane. What where i is in amperes and t is in sec-
is the maximum value of the emf produced when the coil is spun at onds. (a) Find the emf in the square b
:
1000 rev/min about an axis perpendicular to B ? loop at t  3.00 s. (b) What is the
direction of the induced current in Figure 30-49 Problem 26.
••20 At a certain place, Earth’s magnetic field has magnitude
B  0.590 gauss and is inclined downward at an angle of 70.0 to the loop? y
the horizontal. A flat horizontal circular coil of wire with a radius •••27 ILW As seen in Fig. 30-50, a
of 10.0 cm has 1000 turns and a total resistance of 85.0 . It is con- square loop of wire has sides of
nected in series to a meter with 140  resistance. The coil is flipped length 2.0 cm. A magnetic field is di-
through a half-revolution about a diameter, so that it is again hori- rected out of the page; its magnitude
zontal. How much charge flows is given by B  4.0t2y, where B is in B
through the meter during the flip? teslas, t is in seconds, and y is in me-
••21 In Fig. 30-46, a stiff wire bent a ters. At t  2.5 s, what are the x
into a semicircle of radius a  2.0 (a) magnitude and (b) direction of
cm is rotated at constant angular the emf induced in the loop? Figure 30-50 Problem 27.
speed 40 rev/s in a uniform 20 mT B •••28 In Fig. 30-51, a rectangular
magnetic field. What are the (a) fre- loop of wire with length a  2.2 cm, width b  0.80 cm, and resist-
quency and (b) amplitude of the emf R ance R  0.40 m is placed near an infinitely long wire carrying
induced in the loop? current i  4.7 A. The loop is then moved away from the wire at
••22 A rectangular loop (area  Figure 30-46 Problem 21. constant speed v  3.2 mm/s. When the center of the loop is at
0.15 m2) turns in a uniform magnetic distance r  1.5b, what are (a) the magnitude of the magnetic flux
field, B  0.20 T. When the angle be- r
through the loop and (b) the current induced in the loop?
tween the field and the normal to a
the plane of the loop is p/2 rad and
increasing at 0.60 rad/s, what emf is x
v b
induced in the loop?
••23 SSM Figure 30-47 shows two r
i R
parallel loops of wire having a com- i
mon axis. The smaller loop (radius r)
is above the larger loop (radius R) Figure 30-47 Problem 23. Figure 30-51 Problem 28.
898 CHAPTE R 30 I N DUCTION AN D I N DUCTANCE

:
Module 30-2 Induction and Energy Transfers field B that is directed into the page L
•29 In Fig. 30-52, a metal rod is and that exists only above line aa.
forced to move with constant veloc- The loop is then dropped; during its
v
ity v: along two parallel metal rails, L fall, it accelerates until it reaches a B
connected with a strip of metal at certain terminal speed vt. Ignoring
one end. A magnetic field of magni- B
air drag, find an expression for vt.
tude B  0.350 T points out of the ••35 The conducting rod shown in
page. (a) If the rails are separated Figure 30-52
Problems 29 and 35. Fig. 30-52 has length L and is being a a
by L  25.0 cm and the speed of the pulled along horizontal, frictionless
rod is 55.0 cm/s, what emf is gener- conducting rails at a constant veloc-
ated? (b) If the rod has a resistance of 18.0  and the rails and con- ity v: . The rails are connected at one mg
nector have negligible resistance, what is the current in the rod? end with a metal strip. A uniform
:
Figure 30-55 Problem 34.
(c) At what rate is energy being transferred to thermal energy? magnetic field B , directed out of
•30 In Fig. 30-53a, a circular loop of wire is concentric with a sole- the page, fills the region in which the rod moves. Assume that L 
noid and lies in a plane perpendicular to the solenoid’s central axis. 10 cm, v  5.0 m/s, and B  1.2 T. What are the (a) magnitude and
The loop has radius 6.00 cm. The solenoid has radius 2.00 cm, con- (b) direction (up or down the page) of the emf induced in the rod?
sists of 8000 turns/m, and has a current isol varying with time t as What are the (c) size and (d) direction of the current in the con-
given in Fig. 30-53b, where the vertical axis scale is set by is  1.00 ducting loop? Assume that the resistance of the rod is 0.40  and
A and the horizontal axis scale is set by ts  2.0 s. Figure 30-53c that the resistance of the rails and metal strip is negligibly small.
shows, as a function of time, the energy Eth that is transferred (e) At what rate is thermal energy being generated in the rod?
to thermal energy of the loop; the vertical axis scale is set by Es  (f) What external force on the rod is needed to maintain v: ? (g) At
100.0 nJ. What is the loop’s resistance? what rate does this force do work on the rod?
Module 30-3 Induced Electric Fields
is Es •36 Figure 30-56 shows two circu-
E th (nJ)
isol (A)

lar regions R1 and R2 with radii r1  Path 3

20.0 cm and r2  30.0 cm. In R1
there is a uniform magnetic field of
0 ts 0 ts
magnitude B1  50.0 mT directed R1 R2
t (s) t (s)
into the page, and in R2 there is a
(a ) (b) (c )
uniform magnetic field of magni-
Figure 30-53 Problem 30. tude B2  75.0 mT directed out of Path 1
the page (ignore fringing). Both Path 2
•31 SSM ILW If 50.0 cm of copper wire (diameter  1.00 mm) is fields are decreasing at the rate of
: Figure 30-56 Problem 36.
formed into a circular loop and placed perpendicular to a uniform 8.50 mT/s. Calculate  E ⴢ ds: for
magnetic field that is increasing at the constant rate of 10.0 mT/s, at (a) path 1, (b) path 2, and (c) path 3.
what rate is thermal energy generated in the loop? •37 SSM ILW A long solenoid has a diameter of 12.0 cm. When a
•32 A loop antenna of area 2.00 cm2 and resistance 5.21 m is current i exists in its windings, a uniform magnetic field of magni-
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 17.0 mT. tude B  30.0 mT is produced in its interior. By decreasing i, the
The field magnitude drops to zero in 2.96 ms. How much thermal field is caused to decrease at the rate of 6.50 mT/s. Calculate the
energy is produced in the loop by the change in field? magnitude of the induced electric field (a) 2.20 cm and (b) 8.20 cm
••33 Figure 30-54 shows a rod of from the axis of the solenoid.
length L  10.0 cm that is forced to ••38 A circular region in an xy Es
i
move at constant speed v  5.00 m/s plane is penetrated by a uniform
E (μ N/C)

along horizontal rails. The rod, rails, a magnetic field in the positive direc-
and connecting strip at the right tion of the z axis. The field’s magni-
form a conducting loop. The rod has tude B (in teslas) increases with
resistance 0.400 ; the rest of the time t (in seconds) according to B 
v 0 rs
loop has negligible resistance. A cur- L B at, where a is a constant. The magni-
r (cm)
rent i  100 A through the long tude E of the electric field set up by
straight wire at distance a  10.0 mm that increase in the magnetic field is Figure 30-57 Problem 38.
from the loop sets up a (nonuniform) given by Fig. 30-57 versus radial dis-
magnetic field through the loop. Find Figure 30-54 Problem 33. tance r; the vertical axis scale is set by Es  300 mN/C, and the
the (a) emf and (b) current induced horizontal axis scale is set by rs  4.00 cm. Find a.
in the loop. (c) At what rate is thermal energy generated in the ••39 The magnetic field of a cylindrical magnet that has a
rod? (d) What is the magnitude of the force that must be applied to pole-face diameter of 3.3 cm can be varied sinusoidally between
the rod to make it move at constant speed? (e) At what rate does 29.6 T and 30.0 T at a frequency of 15 Hz. (The current in a wire
this force do work on the rod? wrapped around a permanent magnet is varied to give this varia-
••34 In Fig. 30-55, a long rectangular conducting loop, of width L, tion in the net field.) At a radial distance of 1.6 cm, what is the
resistance R, and mass m, is hung in a horizontal, uniform magnetic amplitude of the electric field induced by the variation?
 PROB LE M S 899

Module 30-4 Inductors and Inductance ••48 Inductors in parallel. Two inductors L1 and L2 are connected
•40 The inductance of a closely packed coil of 400 turns is in parallel and separated by a large distance so that the magnetic
8.0 mH. Calculate the magnetic flux through the coil when the field of one cannot affect the other. (a) Show that the equivalent
current is 5.0 mA. inductance is given by
•41 A circular coil has a 10.0 cm radius and consists of 30.0 1 1 1
closely wound turns of wire. An externally produced magnetic   .
Leq L1 L2
field of magnitude 2.60 mT is perpendicular to the coil. (a) If no
current is in the coil, what magnetic flux links its turns? (b) When (Hint: Review the derivations for resistors in parallel and
the current in the coil is 3.80 A in a certain direction, the net capacitors in parallel. Which is similar here?) (b) What is the gen-
flux through the coil is found to vanish. What is the inductance of eralization of (a) for N inductors in parallel?
the coil? ••49 The inductor arrangement of
••42 Figure 30-58 shows a copper strip of Fig. 30-61, with L1  30.0 mH, L2  L1
width W  16.0 cm that has been bent to form 50.0 mH, L3  20.0 mH, and L4 
L2 L3
a shape that consists of a tube of radius 15.0 mH, is to be connected to a
R  1.8 cm plus two parallel flat extensions. varying current source. What is the L4
i equivalent inductance of the
Current i  35 mA is distributed uniformly
across the width so that the tube is effectively arrangement? (First see Problems
R i Figure 30-61 Problem 49.
a one-turn solenoid. Assume that the magnetic 47 and 48.)
field outside the tube is negligible and the Module 30-6 RL Circuits
field inside the tube is uniform. What are (a) i •50 The current in an RL circuit builds up to one-third of its
the magnetic field magnitude inside the tube W
steady-state value in 5.00 s. Find the inductive time constant.
and (b) the inductance of the tube (excluding
the flat extensions)? •51 ILW The current in an RL circuit drops from 1.0 A to 10 mA
Figure 30-58 in the first second following removal of the battery from the cir-
••43 Two identical long wires of radius cuit. If L is 10 H, find the resistance R in the circuit.
Problem 42.
a  1.53 mm are parallel and carry identical
currents in opposite directions. Their center-to-center separation is •52 The switch in Fig. 30-15 is closed on a at time t  0. What is
d  14.2 cm. Neglect the flux within the wires but consider the flux the ratio L/ of the inductor’s self-induced emf to the battery’s
in the region between the wires. What is the inductance per unit emf (a) just after t  0 and (b) at t  2.00tL? (c) At what multiple
length of the wires? of tL will L/  0.500?
•53 SSM A solenoid having an inductance of 6.30 mH is con-
Module 30-5 Self-Induction
nected in series with a 1.20 k resistor. (a) If a 14.0 V battery is
•44 A 12 H inductor carries a current of 2.0 A. At what rate must
connected across the pair, how long will it take for the current
the current be changed to produce a 60 V emf in the inductor?
through the resistor to reach 80.0% of its final value? (b) What is
•45 At a given instant the current the current through the resistor at time t  1.0tL?
L
and self-induced emf in an inductor i •54 In Fig. 30-62,   100 V, R1  i1
are directed as indicated in Fig. 30-59.
10.0 , R2  20.0 , R3  30.0 , and S
(a) Is the current increasing or de- Figure 30-59 Problem 45. L  2.00 H. Immediately after switch
creasing? (b) The induced emf is R1 R3
S is closed, what are (a) i1 and (b) i2?
17 V, and the rate of change of the current is 25 kA/s; find the +
(Let currents in the indicated i 2 R2 L
inductance. –
directions have positive values and
••46 The current i through a 4.6 H is currents in the opposite directions
inductor varies with time t as shown have negative values.) A long time
by the graph of Fig. 30-60, where the later, what are (c) i1 and (d) i2? The Figure 30-62 Problem 54.
i (A)

vertical axis scale is set by is  8.0 A switch is then reopened. Just then,
and the horizontal axis scale is set by what are (e) i1 and (f) i2? A long time later, what are (g) i1 and (h) i2?
ts  6.0 ms. The inductor has a resist-
•55 SSM A battery is connected to a series RL circuit at time
ance of 12 . Find the magnitude of 0 ts
t (ms) t  0. At what multiple of tL will the current be 0.100% less than
the induced emf  during time inter-
Figure 30-60 Problem 46. its equilibrium value?
vals (a) 0 to 2 ms, (b) 2 ms to 5 ms, and
(c) 5 ms to 6 ms. (Ignore the behavior •56 In Fig. 30-63, the inductor has 25 turns and the ideal battery
at the ends of the intervals.) has an emf of 16 V. Figure 30-64 gives the magnetic flux  through
each turn versus the current i through the inductor. The vertical
••47 Inductors in series. Two inductors L1 and L2 are connected in
Φs
Φ (10–4 T • m2)

series and are separated by a large distance so that the magnetic

S
field of one cannot affect the other. (a) Show that the equivalent
inductance is given by R

Leq  L1  L2.
L 0 is
(Hint: Review the derivations for resistors in series and capacitors
Figure 30-63 Problems 56, i (A)
in series. Which is similar here?) (b) What is the generalization of
(a) for N inductors in series? 80, 83, and 93. Figure 30-64 Problem 56.
900 CHAPTE R 30 I N DUCTION AN D I N DUCTANCE

axis scale is set by s  4.0  104 T m2, and the horizontal axis (a) How much energy is delivered by the battery during the first
scale is set by is  2.00 A. If switch S is closed at time t  0, at what 2.00 s? (b) How much of this energy is stored in the magnetic field
rate di/dt will the current be changing at t  1.5tL? of the inductor? (c) How much of this energy is dissipated in the
resistor?
••57 In Fig. 30-65, R  15 , Fuse
L  5.0 H, the ideal battery has Module 30-8 Energy Density of a Magnetic Field
  10 V, and the fuse in the upper •66 A circular loop of wire 50 mm in radius carries a current of
branch is an ideal 3.0 A fuse. It has R 100 A. Find the (a) magnetic field strength and (b) energy density
zero resistance as long as the cur- + at the center of the loop.
rent through it remains less than – L
S
•67 SSM A solenoid that is 85.0 cm long has a cross-sectional
3.0 A. If the current reaches 3.0 A,
area of 17.0 cm2. There are 950 turns of wire carrying a current of
the fuse “blows” and thereafter has
Figure 30-65 Problem 57. 6.60 A. (a) Calculate the energy density of the magnetic field in-
infinite resistance. Switch S is closed
side the solenoid. (b) Find the total energy stored in the magnetic
at time t  0. (a) When does the fuse blow? (Hint: Equation 30-41
field there (neglect end effects).
does not apply. Rethink Eq. 30-39.) (b) Sketch a graph of the cur-
rent i through the inductor as a function of time. Mark the time at •68 A toroidal inductor with an inductance of 90.0 mH encloses
which the fuse blows. a volume of 0.0200 m3. If the average energy density in the toroid is
70.0 J/m3, what is the current through the inductor?
••58 Suppose the emf of the battery in the circuit shown in
Fig. 30-16 varies with time t so that the current is given by i(t)  •69 ILW What must be the magnitude of a uniform electric field if
3.0  5.0t, where i is in amperes and t is in seconds. Take R  4.0  it is to have the same energy density as that possessed by a 0.50 T
and L  6.0 H, and find an expression for the battery emf as a magnetic field?
function of t. (Hint: Apply the loop rule.) ••70 Figure 30-67a shows, in y
•••59 SSM WWW In Fig. 30-66, cross section, two wires that are
after switch S is closed at time t  0, S straight, parallel, and very long. 1 2
the emf of the source is automati- The ratio i1/i2 of the current car- x
Constant
cally adjusted to maintain a constant current R L ried by wire 1 to that carried by (a )
current i through S. (a) Find the cur- source wire 2 is 1/3. Wire 1 is fixed in
rent through the inductor as a func- place. Wire 2 can be moved along 2
tion of time. (b) At what time is the the positive side of the x axis so as

uB (nJ/m3)
current through the resistor equal to Figure 30-66 Problem 59. to change the magnetic energy
density uB set up by the two cur- 1
the current through the inductor?
rents at the origin. Figure 30-67b
•••60 A wooden toroidal core with a square cross section has an
gives uB as a function of the posi-
inner radius of 10 cm and an outer radius of 12 cm. It is wound with 0
tion x of wire 2. The curve has an xs
one layer of wire (of diameter 1.0 mm and resistance per meter
asymptote of uB  1.96 nJ/m3 as (b) x (cm)
0.020 /m). What are (a) the inductance and (b) the inductive time
x : , and the horizontal axis Figure 30-67 Problem 70.
constant of the resulting toroid? Ignore the thickness of the insula-
scale is set by xs  60.0 cm. What is
tion on the wire.
the value of (a) i1 and (b) i2?
Module 30-7 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field ••71 A length of copper wire carries a current of 10 A uniformly
•61 SSM A coil is connected in series with a 10.0 k resistor. An distributed through its cross section. Calculate the energy density
ideal 50.0 V battery is applied across the two devices, and the cur- of (a) the magnetic field and (b) the electric field at the surface of
rent reaches a value of 2.00 mA after 5.00 ms. (a) Find the induc- the wire. The wire diameter is 2.5 mm, and its resistance per unit
tance of the coil. (b) How much energy is stored in the coil at this length is 3.3 /km.
same moment?
Module 30-9 Mutual Induction
•62 A coil with an inductance of 2.0 H and a resistance of 10  is
•72 Coil 1 has L1  25 mH and N1  100 turns. Coil 2 has L2 
suddenly connected to an ideal battery with   100 V. At 0.10 s
40 mH and N2  200 turns. The coils are fixed in place; their mu-
after the connection is made, what is the rate at which (a) energy is
tual inductance M is 3.0 mH. A 6.0 mA current in coil 1 is changing
being stored in the magnetic field, (b) thermal energy is appearing
at the rate of 4.0 A/s. (a) What magnetic flux 12 links coil 1, and
in the resistance, and (c) energy is being delivered by the battery?
(b) what self-induced emf appears in that coil? (c) What magnetic
•63 ILW At t  0, a battery is connected to a series arrangement flux 21 links coil 2, and (d) what mutually induced emf appears in
of a resistor and an inductor. If the inductive time constant is 37.0 that coil?
ms, at what time is the rate at which energy is dissipated in the re-
•73 SSM Two coils are at fixed locations. When coil 1 has no
sistor equal to the rate at which energy is stored in the inductor’s
current and the current in coil 2 increases at the rate 15.0 A/s, the
magnetic field?
emf in coil 1 is 25.0 mV. (a) What is their mutual inductance?
•64 At t  0, a battery is connected to a series arrangement of a (b) When coil 2 has no current and coil 1 has a current of 3.60 A,
resistor and an inductor. At what multiple of the inductive time what is the flux linkage in coil 2?
constant will the energy stored in the inductor’s magnetic field be •74 Two solenoids are part of the spark coil of an automobile.
0.500 its steady-state value? When the current in one solenoid falls from 6.0 A to zero in 2.5 ms,
••65 For the circuit of Fig. 30-16, assume that   10.0 V, R  an emf of 30 kV is induced in the other solenoid. What is the
6.70 , and L  5.50 H. The ideal battery is connected at time t  0. mutual inductance M of the solenoids?
 PROB LE M S 901

••75 ILW A rectangular loop of N 81 SSM Figure 30-72a shows a

a i 1 2
closely packed turns is positioned rectangular conducting loop of
N turns H
near a long straight wire as shown in resistance R  0.020 , height
D
Fig. 30-68. What is the mutual induc- b
H  1.5 cm, and length D  2.5
tance M for the loop – wire combina- cm being pulled at constant speed
(a )
tion if N  100, a  1.0 cm, b  v  40 cm/s through two regions
8.0 cm, and l  30 cm? l of uniform magnetic field. Figure is
Figure 30-68 Problem 75. 30-72b gives the current i induced

i (μ A)
••76 A coil C of N turns is placed
in the loop as a function of the
around a long solenoid S of radius 0 x
position x of the right side of the
R and n turns per unit length, as in C
loop. The vertical axis scale is set
Fig. 30-69. (a) Show that the mutual S
by is  3.0 mA. For example, a cur-
inductance for the coil – solenoid (b)
R rent equal to is is induced clock-
combination is given by M  Figure 30-72 Problem 81.
wise as the loop enters region 1.
m0pR2nN. (b) Explain why M does
What are the (a) magnitude and
not depend on the shape, size, or pos-
(b) direction (into or out of the page) of the magnetic field in
sible lack of close packing of the coil. Figure 30-69 Problem 76.
region 1? What are the (c) magnitude and (d) direction of the mag-
••77 SSM Two coils connected as netic field in region 2?
shown in Fig. 30-70 separately have inductances L1 and L2. Their :
82 A uniform magnetic field B is perpendicular to the plane of a
mutual inductance is M. (a) Show that this combination can be re-
circular wire loop of radius r. The magnitude of the field varies
placed by a single coil of equivalent inductance given by
with time according to B  B0et/t, where B0 and t are constants.
Leq  L1  L2  2M. Find an expression for the emf in the loop as a function of time.
(b) How could the coils in Fig. 30-70 be reconnected to yield an 83 Switch S in Fig. 30-63 is closed at time t  0, initiating the
equivalent inductance of buildup of current in the 15.0 mH inductor and the 20.0  resistor.
At what time is the emf across the inductor equal to the potential
Leq  L1  L2  2M? difference across the resistor?
(This problem is an extension of Problem 47, but the requirement 84 Figure 30-73a shows two
that the coils be far apart has been removed.) concentric circular regions in
which uniform magnetic fields can
L1
M change. Region 1, with radius r1 
L2
1.0 cm, has an outward magnetic
:
field B1 that is increasing in magni- r1
N1 N2 tude. Region 2, with radius r2  r2
2.0 cm, has an outward magnetic
: (a )
field B2 that may also be changing.
Imagine that a conducting ring of
i
i radius R is centered on the two re- s
gions and then the emf  around
Figure 30-70 Problem 77.
(nV)
the ring is determined. Figure
30-73b gives emf  as a function of
Additional Problems the square R2 of the ring’s radius,
78 At time t  0, a 12.0 V potential difference is suddenly to the outer edge of region 2. The
applied to the leads of a coil of inductance 23.0 mH and a certain vertical axis scale is set by s 
resistance R. At time t  0.150 ms, the current through the induc- 20.0 nV. What are the rates 0 2 4
(b) R 2 (cm2)
tor is changing at the rate of 280 A/s. Evaluate R. (a) dB1/dt and (b) dB2/dt? (c) Is
:
the magnitude of B2 increasing, Figure 30-73 Problem 84.
79 SSM In Fig. 30-71, the battery is S
ideal and   10 V, R1  5.0 , decreasing, or remaining constant?
y
R2  10 , and L  5.0 H. Switch S 85 SSM Figure 30-74 shows a uni-
i2 :
is closed at time t  0. Just +
L form magnetic field B confined to
i1 R1
afterwards, what are (a) i1, (b) i2, – a cylindrical volume of radius R.
: c
(c) the current iS through the switch, R2 The magnitude of B is decreasing R
(d) the potential difference V2 at a constant rate of 10 mT/s. In r
across resistor 2, (e) the potential unit-vector notation, what is the b x
difference VL across the inductor, i initial acceleration of an electron r
B
and (f) the rate of change di2/dt? A Figure 30-71 Problem 79. released at (a) point a (radial dis- a
long time later, what are (g) i1, (h) i2, tance r  5.0 cm), (b) point b (r 
(i) iS, (j) V2, (k) VL, and (l) di2/dt? 0), and (c) point c (r  5.0 cm)?
80 In Fig. 30-63, R  4.0 k, L  8.0 mH, and the ideal battery 86 In Fig. 30-75a, switch S Figure 30-74 Problem 85.
has   20 V. How long after switch S is closed is the current has been closed on A long enough
2.0 mA? to establish a steady current in the inductor of inductance
902 CHAPTE R 30 I N DUCTION AN D I N DUCTANCE

L1  5.00 mH and the resistor of resistance R1  25.0 . meter of length? (b) If the current changes at the rate of 13 A/s,
Similarly, in Fig. 30-75b, switch S has been closed on A long what emf is induced per meter?
enough to establish a steady current in the inductor of inductance 95 In Fig. 30-77, R1  8.0 , R2  10 , L1  0.30 H, L2  0.20 H,
L2  3.00 mH and the resistor of resistance R2  30.0 . The ra- and the ideal battery has   6.0 V. (a) Just after switch S is closed,
tio 02/01 of the magnetic flux through a turn in inductor 2 to at what rate is the current in inductor 1 changing? (b) When the
that in inductor 1 is 1.50. At time t  0, the two switches are circuit is in the steady state, what is the current in inductor 1?
closed on B. At what time t is the flux through a turn in the two
inductors equal?
L1
A S A S
R1
B B R2 L2
L1 L2
R1 R2 S
(a ) (b)
Figure 30-75 Problem 86. Figure 30-77 Problem 95.

87 SSM A square wire loop 20 cm on a side, with resistance 96 A square loop of wire is held in a uniform 0.24 T magnetic
20 m, has its plane normal to a uniform magnetic field of magni- field directed perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The length of
tude B  2.0 T. If you pull two opposite sides of the loop away each side of the square is decreasing at a constant rate of 5.0 cm/s.
from each other, the other two sides automatically draw toward What emf is induced in the loop when the length is 12 cm?
each other, reducing the area enclosed by the loop. If the area is re- 97 At time t  0, a 45 V potential difference is suddenly applied
duced to zero in time
t  0.20 s, what are (a) the average emf and to the leads of a coil with inductance L  50 mH and resistance
(b) the average current induced in the loop during
t? R  180 . At what rate is the current through the coil increasing
88 A coil with 150 turns has a magnetic flux of 50.0 nT m2 at t  1.2 ms?
through each turn when the current is 2.00 mA. (a) What is the in- 98 The inductance of a closely wound coil is such that an emf of
ductance of the coil? What are the (b) inductance and (c) flux 3.00 mV is induced when the current changes at the rate of 5.00
through each turn when the current is increased to 4.00 mA? (d) A/s. A steady current of 8.00 A produces a magnetic flux of 40.0
What is the maximum emf  across the coil when the current mWb through each turn. (a) Calculate the inductance of the coil.
through it is given by i  (3.00 mA) cos(377t), with t in seconds? (b) How many turns does the coil have?
89 A coil with an inductance of 2.0 H and a resistance of 10  is 99 The magnetic field in the interstellar space of our galaxy has a
suddenly connected to an ideal battery with   100 V. (a) What is magnitude of about 1010 T. How much energy is stored in this
the equilibrium current? (b) How much energy is stored in the field in a cube 10 light-years on edge? (For scale, note that the
magnetic field when this current exists in the coil? nearest star is 4.3 light-years distant and the radius of the galaxy is
90 How long would it take, following the removal of the battery, about 8  104 light-years.)
for the potential difference across the resistor in an RL circuit 100 Figure 30-78 shows a wire that has been bent into a circular
(with L  2.00 H, R  3.00 ) to decay to 10.0% of its initial arc of radius r  24.0 cm, centered at O. A straight wire OP can be
value? rotated about O and makes sliding contact with the arc at P.
91 SSM In the circuit of Fig. 30-76, Another straight wire OQ completes the conducting loop. The
R1  20 k, R2  20 , L  50 mH, L
three wires have cross-sectional area 1.20 mm2 and resistivity
and the ideal battery has   40 V. 1.70  108  m, and the apparatus lies in a uniform magnetic
Switch S has been open for a long field of magnitude B  0.150 T directed out of the figure. Wire OP
R1 R2
time when it is closed at time t  0. begins from rest at angle u  0 and has constant angular accelera-
Just after the switch is closed, what tion of 12 rad/s2. As functions of u (in rad), find (a) the loop’s
S
are (a) the current ibat through the resistance and (b) the magnetic flux through the loop. (c) For what
battery and (b) the rate dibat/dt? Figure 30-76 Problem 91. u is the induced current maximum and (d) what is that maximum?
At t  3.0 ms, what are (c) ibat and
(d) dibat/dt? A long time later, what are (e) ibat and (f) dibat/dt?
92 The flux linkage through a certain coil of 0.75  resistance P
would be 26 mWb if there were a current of 5.5 A in it. (a)
B r
Calculate the inductance of the coil. (b) If a 6.0 V ideal battery
were suddenly connected across the coil, how long would it take
u
for the current to rise from 0 to 2.5 A? O Q
93 In Fig. 30-63, a 12.0 V ideal battery, a 20.0  resistor, and an Figure 30-78 Problem 100.
inductor are connected by a switch at time t  0. At what rate is the
battery transferring energy to the inductor’s field at t  1.61tL?
94 A long cylindrical solenoid with 100 turns/cm has a radius of 101 A toroid has a 5.00 cm square cross section, an inside radius
1.6 cm. Assume that the magnetic field it produces is parallel to its of 15.0 cm, 500 turns of wire, and a current of 0.800 A. What is the
axis and is uniform in its interior. (a) What is its inductance per magnetic flux through the cross section?