AR6702

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

OBJECTIVES

 To have an overview on the vocabulary of Human settlements To understand the

 various elements of Human Settlements and the classification of Human Settlements
 To familiarize the students with Planning concepts and process in Urban and Regional
Planning.

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION

Elements of Human Settlements – human beings and settlements – nature shells& Network –
their functions and Linkages – Anatomy & classification of Human settlements – Locational,
Resource based, Population size & Occupational structure.

UNIT II - FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Structure and form of Human settlements – Linear, non-linear and circular – Combinations –
reasons for development – advantages and disadvantages – case studies – factors influencing
the
growth and decay of human settlements.

UNIT III - PLANNING CONCEPTS

Planning concepts and their relevance to Indian Planning practice in respect of Ebenezer
Howard – Garden city concepts and contents – Patrick Geddes – Conservative surgery – case
study – C.A. Perry – Neighborhood concept Le Corbusier – concept and case studies.

UNIT IV - URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL

Scope and Content of Master plan – planning area, land use plan and Zoning regulations –
zonal plan – need, linkage to master plan and land use plan – planned unit development
(PUD) – need, applicability and development regulations - Urban Renewal Plan – Meaning,
Redevelopment, Rehabilitation and Conservation – JNNURM – case studies.

UNIT V - ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA

Globalization and its impact on cities – Urbanisation, emergence of new forms of

developments – self sustained communities – SEZ – transit development – integrated
townships – case studies.

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UNIT I

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS SETTLEMENT?

 Settlements inhabited by man

  Cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live
 Created through movement of man in space and definition of boundaries of territorial
interest for physical and institutional purposes

Settlements evolution
In the long history from camp to village a
handful of innovations accelerated the art of
settlement design. In the agricultural societies
such an innovation may be symbolized by the
plow, for it boosted food production enough to
free some people from tilling the soil and
enabled them to attend other pursuits. with the
plow, man put his first lines on the earth‟s
surface. On the flat riverside flood lands-
civilization‟s first tilled soil- the plow etched
parallel furrows which added up to a number of
Figure 1 Aerial view of rectilinear land division in a
farming area. plots, more or less rectangular shape.

Agricultural societies needed a system of easy land division for crop planning and land
ownership. They also needed a system of land plotting for re-division and reapportionment
after the flood, an annual event on the Nile, the Tigris, and Euphrates rivers. Rectilinear
plotting suited all these needs perfectly. It enabled men to plan the use of land.

As the logic of the plow led to rectilinear plotting in the field, the geometry of mud brick
house construction, as well as the need for easy land division, led to rectilinear plotting in the
town. Village dwellers too had to be able to measure and record land plots for ownerships,
transferral, or rudimentary planning. They also had to divide their urban lots into squares,
yards, or gardens. Mud brick, convenient lengths of roofing lumber, and house planning were
all combined in the logic of rectilinear town plotting.

Rectilinear layout is found in the entire history of town planning. It was used in the ancient
and later Greek towns, in Roman colonial out posts, and in the Indian, Chinese, and pre
Columbian cities. But rectilinear was not the only geometric system used in the history.

The grid iron layout was accompanied and probably preceded by an equally important
system, that is the circular form of settlements. The grid had been the product of the farmer;
the circle was originally the product of herdsman, the descendant of the hunter and the
ancestor of the warrior. In the circle was found an ideal form for fencing in cattle, for its
enclosed a maximum of land with minimum of fence. That, however , was not its only
advantage, for a fence could, besides keeping cattle in, also keep an enemy out. The major
role of the circular form of town layout was to be a defensive one. Early fortified towns,
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usually built on hilltops or on islands, had protective walls which were more or less circular
enclosures.

The immediate descendant of the circular

form was the radio centric, the means by
which circular settlement enlarge. The radio
centric pattern develops from the circular
by first growing outward along the radial
routes; the wedge shaped areas between the
radials filling in gradually. Fortress cities,
for example, developed small settlements
around their gates along the road ways.
Figure 2 A circular village ,aerial view of Ba Ila village in
northern Rhodesia. Small huts form the outer circle. The Eventually these circular settlements grew
chief’s compound is in the center. Cattle pens line the outer enough to require a second encircling wall,
circle of the huts. and then a third and fourth. This process
kept repeating itself,
from ancient Athens or Rome to nineteenth century.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF

SETTLEMENTS
[Link] factors

 Nature of terrain: Dispersed type of settlements is found in remote jungles,

 hilly areas. Compact settlements are found in highly productive alluvial plains.
 Altitude:-Dispersed settlements are found in hills of Meghalaya and clustered
 and semi clustered settlements are found in Gujarat plains.
  Climate:-due to frequent droughts settlement may become hamleted.
 Availability of water: Scarcity of water in Rajasthan has resulted in
development of compact settlements.

[Link] and ethnic factors

 Caste and tribal structure: due to ethnic factors settlement may become
 fragmented and Hamleted [Link].
 Religion: people of same religion prefer to live together making a settlement
large or small.

[Link] factors

 Defense from invasions and Wild animals: due to defense from dacoits,
wild animals or fear settlements may cluster and form compact settlements.

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SETTLEMENT FORMS

Broadly classified into four types:

1. Shapeless cluster-without any regular street or with an irregular road which comes up
according to the local requirements, it may be of the massive type and dispersed type.

2. Linear cluster-with a straight and specious street running network parallel rows of houses.

3. Square or rectangular cluster-with straight streets running parallel or at right angles to

one another.

4. Settlement formed of isolated or dispersed homestead Settlements can further be

classified according to size and spacing into: clustered or compact and dispersed or scattered.

SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY
i. Isolated dwellings
Such settlement consists of individual units. It can be termed as the initial stage of
development of a settlement.
An isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or families in it.
ii. Hamlets
When many individual units are cluster together they form hamlets. The grouping
may be due to similar occupational patterns, religion, cultural factors etc. A
hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services
iii. Villages
When many hamlets combine they form a village. The reason for such grouping
may be due to interdependencies of one hamlet on another, thus to form a self-
sufficient unit.
iv. Towns
A town is a larger entity which is more self-sufficient, has a stronger economic
base.
v. Cities
Where large concentration of people exists, multiple economic activities exist.
vi. Metropolis
A metropolis is a large city, with a population of at least one million living in its
urban agglomeration.
vii. Megalopolis
An extensive, metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas.

TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS

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There is a great variation in the settlement types due to geographical, cultural and economical
factors, settlements can be broadly classified into

• Urban settlements
• Rural settlements

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

1. The Content: Man, Society and Networks

2. The Container: Physical Settlement (Nature and Shell)

• Natural Elements
• Man-made (artificial) Elements

FOUR BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

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CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

EKISTICS UNITS

EKISTICS ELEMENTS

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UNIT II

FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

A settlement may be as small as a single house in a remote area or as large as a mega city.

A settlement may also be permanent or temporary (refugee camp). and a temporary

settlement may become permanent over time.

The piece of land upon a settlement is built is the settlement site.

There are many reasons why a site might be chosen for the development of a settlement and
some factors will be more important than others. Also, the importance of this factors may
vary over time.

Wet point sites: these have good water

supply. Example – a river.

Food and Water Dry point sites: these are away from risk of
supplies flooding.

Good source of food: settlers used to look

for sites were food was easy to gather or
hunt

Defensive sites: on higher ground so

enemies could be seen from distance.
Common site
factors Location
Trading centres: often settlements grew
where natural ways and rivers meet,
which helped the development o roads,
canals, etc.

Close to resources: important for industry.

Depending on weather conditions and the

Other factors relief settlers would look for: shelter
from cold prevailing winds and rain or
the sunny side of deep valleys.

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SETTLEMENT SITE AND SITUATION:

 The situation of a settlement is its position in relation to the surrounding and physical
features, many of which will have an impact on the settlement‟s type, size and
function.

 However, the importance of many of the factors explained before diminish over time
as technological advances enable people to overcome difficulties.

 For example, a modern settlement does not need to be close to a river because
drinking water is now piped to our homes and waterways are no longer important for
transport.

SETTLEMENT HIERARCHIES:

 Conurbation/metropolitan area – a supercity consisting of multiple cities and

 towns. The population is usually several million.
 Large City – a city with a large population and many services. The population is >1
 million people.
 City – a city would have abundant services, but not as many as a large city. The
 population of a city is over 100,000 people.
 Large town – a large town has a population of 20,000 to 100,000.
  Town – a town has a population of 1,000 to 20,000
 Village – a village generally does not have many services, possibly only a small
 corner shop or post office. A village has a population of 100 to 1,000.
 Hamlet – a hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services, and
 few buildings.
 Isolated dwelling – an isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or families
in it. It would have negligible services, if any.

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If we group and classify a number of settlements according to their size and shape the result
is settlement hierarchy.

As you move up the hierarchy, the size of the settlement and the distance between similar
sized settlements increases.

The number of services that a settlement provides increases with the settlement size.

TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT IN INDIA

It is a sparsely populated place, like a village, with few built-up areas where the inhabitants
are engaged in primary activities such as farming, fishing and mining. The type of rural
settlements in India is determined by the extent of built-up area and the inter-house
distance. They are of 4 types:

1. Compact, clustered & nucleated Settlements: -

1. Clustered Rural Settlements- a rural settlement where a number of families live in

close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and
farm buildings.

2. A clustered rural settlement typically includes homes, barns , tool sheds, and other
farm structures along with religious and school structures.

3. Each person that lives on a clustered rural settlement is allocated strips of land in the
surrounding fields. The strips of land are allocated differently, some people own or
rent the land. When the population of a settlement grows too large for the capacity of
the surrounding fields, new settlements are established nearby.

4. Homes, public buildings, and fields in a clustered rural settlement are arranged
according to local cultural and physical characteristics. Clustered rural settlements
are often arranged in one of two types of patterns: circular and linear.

Linear settlements: Grouping of houses along a line, Mostly along roads, railway
tracks, coast or river banks
Nucleated settlements: Grouping of many houses together around a centre area,
Favourable sites at road junctions, focal points of an area or confluences of rivers.

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2. Semi-clustered settlements: -

a. In this type of settlement the built-up area is less compact as compared to the clustered
settlement.
b. It may result from segregation or fragmentation of a large compact village.
c. Some sections of a village society choose or is forced to live a little away from the main
cluster or village.
d. The land-owning and dominant community occupies the central part of the main village,
whereas people of lower status of settle on the outer flanks of the village.

It is also called hamleted clustered or quasi-compact rural settlement. In this typebesides the
main human settlement, one or more satellite settlements (wadi, wasti) are found,which
linked with the footpath may be metalled or unmetlled road.

3. Hamleted settlement: -

a. When a large settlement gets fragmented into several smaller units physically separated
from each other but bears a common name it forms hamleted settlement. b. It occurs due to
social and ethnic factors.
c. These small units of settlements are known as panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani etc.
d. Such settlements are found in Ganga plains, lower valleys of Himalayas.

4. Dispersed settlement: -

a. When a settlement has a few isolated huts it is called dispersed settlement.

b. These types of settlements are found in remote jungles, small hills with a few farms and
pastures on the slope.
c. It results from extremely fragmented and small resource support.
d. They are found in Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala.

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RURAL SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS

  Scattered throughout India are approximately 500,000 villages.

 The Census of India regards most settlements of fewer than 5,000 as a village.
These settlements range from tiny hamlets of thatched huts to larger
 settlements of tile-roofed stone and brick houses.
 Most villages are small; nearly 80 percent have fewer than 1,000 inhabitants,
 according to the 1991 census.
 Most are nucleated settlements, while others are more dispersed.
 It is in villages that India's most basic business--agriculture--takes place.

Dominant Functions:
- mainly primary activities
( eg farming, mining and lumbering)

Amenities:
- few amenities, poor accessibility
- gets water from rivers and wells
- may not have schools and clinics
- travel long hours to get to nearest amenities in town or city
- footpaths, unpaved and narrow roads used to move around

Way of life:
In LDCs (least developed countries):
- simple way of life, slower pace of life
- less traffic, less pollution
- open interaction between people in the same community
( eg, children play in an open space in a rural settlement in china)
- family unit tend to be closely knit and community activities throughout the
year draw people together
In DCs ( Developed countries):
- higher standards of living
- greater access to amenities and services
( eg, healthcare, education)

TYPES OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA

Its is a densely populated area, like a town or city, where the inhabitants are engaged in
secondary industry such as manufacturing and tertiary industry such as tourism.

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As per Census of India 2001-Urban area adopted is as follows:
(a) All statutory places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town
area committee, etc.
(b) A place satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously:
  A minimum population of 5,000;
 At least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural
 pursuits;
 Density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile).

Urban population in NSS (National Sample Survey) consumption expenditure surveys have
been classified in three size-class of towns,

[Link] less than 50000 -small towns

[Link] between 50000 and one million –medium towns
[Link] above one million -large towns

CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN TOWNS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR EVOLUTION

Ancient towns: -
a. Towns which are more than 2000 years old and have long history of existence are
termed as ancient towns.
b. These towns developed as religious and cultural centres.
c. Important towns are –Varanasi, Ayodhya, Prayag, Pataliputra, Madurai, etc.

Medieval towns: -
a. Towns which emergedduring medieval period as headquarters of kingdoms are
termed as medieval towns.
b. Important towns are –Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra, etc.3.

Modern towns: -
a. Pre-independence towns: these towns were developed by the British and other
Europeans rulers. They were port towns such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Surat,
Goa, and Pondicherry. Later some hill stations and summer resorts were developed by
them such as Shimla, etc.

Post-independence towns: -
i. These towns were developed as administrative centres such as Chandigarh,
Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar.
ii. ii. Some developed as industrial towns such as Jamshedpur, Durgapur,
Bhilai, Sindri, Barauni.
iii. iii. Some old towns also developed as satellite towns around metropolitan
cities such as Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurgaon around Delhi.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL INDIA
 Population
  Land use-growth pattern –rural mostly organic and urban is planned
 Physical planning
  Infrastructure and services delivery-water supply and sanitation system
 Health care
 Education
 Environmental planning
  Housing design (kutchha –pucca houses) and construction technology
  Cultural heritage
  Administration
 Occupation in rural areas is agriculture (primary source of income)while in
 urban areas industrial sector and others(Secondary and tertiary sector)
 Living conditions
 Community facilities
 Socio-cultural facilities

Urban areas can include town and cities while rural areas include villages and hamlets.

Rural areas may develop randomly on the basis of natural vegetation and fauna available in a
region, urban settlements are proper, planned settlements built up according to a process
called urbanization.

Unlike rural areas, urban settlements are defined by their advanced civic amenities,
opportunities for education, facilities for transport, business and social interaction and overall
better standard of living. Socio-cultural statistics are usually based on an urban population.
While rural settlements are based more on natural resources and events, the urban population
receives the benefits of man‟s advancements in the areas of science and technology and is not
nature-dependent for its day to day functions.

Rural areas do not have pollution or traffic problems that beset regular urban areas.

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UNIT III

PLANNING CONCEPTS
– Sir Ebenezer Howard
– Patrick Geddes
– C A Perry
Chandigarh planning concepts - Le Corbusier

GARDEN CITY – SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

urban planning
urban and rural problems
ideas during 20th century

rden City‟ – an impressive diagram of THE THREE MAGNETS namely the town
magnet, country magnet with their advantages and disadvantages and the third magnet with
attractive features of both town and country life.
people preferred the third one namely Garden City.

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A Garden City is a holistically planned settlement which enhances the natural
environment and provides high-quality social housing and local jobs in a beautiful,
healthy place with diverse communities. The Garden Cities were among the first
manifestations of sustainable development by providing not only individual
opportunities for local food or energy production but also the fair distribution of
community assets. The Garden City principles are designed as an indivisible and
interlocking framework for the delivery of high quality places.

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Land value capture for the benefit of the community:

A distinguishing characteristic of the Garden City is the fair distribution to the community of
the profits that result from new development. Capturing rising land values created by the
development of the town can repay infrastructure costs and provide a portfolio of assets
which are proactively managed in perpetuity for the benefit of the Garden City community.
This requires the acquisition of land at, or near, current use value by a body with effective
planning and land assembly powers. Ideally, this requires a Development Corporation which
could be led by a local authority. Access to compulsory purchase powers is crucial as a power
of last resort for such bodies. The development of land is one major source of asset values
and income but the control of core utilities and, in particular, local energy companies,
provides significant opportunities for capturing values and securing genuinely localised and
resilient economies.

Strong vision, leadership and community engagement:

If Garden Cities are to be successful, they need strong political support and leadership, with a
clear vision and firm commitment. This commitment should be made as early as possible in
the planning process to provide reassurance and certainty for all parties. Both the designation
process and the development of the Garden City should demonstrate a real commitment to
community participation. Such participation must be set within the context of the needs of
people already living in the area and those in the wider community who need a home. New
Garden Cities require the very best of professional expertise. If a local authority decides to
pursue the development of a new Garden City or Suburb, it will need a dedicated planning
and delivery team with the right skills and expertise.

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The long-term stewardship of assets:

A suitable body will need to be established to manage the assets of the Garden City in the
long term. This management body can take a variety of forms, and the most suitable approach
should emerge through the design and delivery process. If the organisation that will manage
the community in perpetuity is different from the organisation that has delivered the
development, then at an appropriate time (no less than 25 years) the ownership of the Garden
City‟s land and assets should be endowed to the management organisation to manage it in the
long term, re-investing profits back into the Garden City. It is essential that a plan for
financing the maintenance and management of community assets is set out at an early stage
and appropriate finance endowed to the long-term stewardship organisation.

Mixed-tenure homes and housing types that are genuinely affordable for everyone;

The majority of homes in a new Garden City must be „affordable‟ for ordinary people (we
would recommend 60-70% minimum). At least 50% of the homes that are classified as
„affordable‟ must be for social rent. There are opportunities for the town developer (whether
a Development Corporation/Community Interest Company/Community Land Trust etc.) to
operate as a Housing Association, or to have a Housing Association as a subsidiary of the
organisation, as part of a broad portfolio of assets and enterprises.

A robust range of employment opportunities in the Garden City itself, with a variety of
jobs within easy commuting distance of homes:

New Garden Cities must provide a full range of employment opportunities, with the aim of no
less than one job per new household. While the changing nature of work means that the
achievement of perfect employment self-sufficiency is impossible, the aim should be to
reduce the need to travel to work as far as is practicable.

Beautifully and imaginatively designed homes with gardens, combining the very best of
town and country living to create healthy homes in vibrant communities:

Garden Cities are defined by quality and innovation in all aspects of design and technology.
Aesthetically this means aspiring to the very best domestic and commercial architecture with
sensitivity to local vernacular design and materials. The original Garden City designs
reflected a fusion of the best of the past while embracing new materials and the needs of
modern living. In building standards this requires innovation beyond zero carbon and in the
use of materials and construction techniques. It also means considering life-time homes and
the needs of particular social groups, such as the elderly. New Garden Cities should include
opportunities for people to build their own home (either alone or collectively), and set aside
land for future community needs. There is no single density requirement for Garden Cities
but strong emphasis should be placed on homes with gardens and on space for both
allotments and community gardens and orchards to provide for healthy local food.

Development which enhances the natural environment:

Garden Cities are places in which human development enhances and does not diminish the
natural environment. This net gain to biodiversity is secured through master plans which link
generous private and community gardens with wider public green and blue space and
ultimately with strategic networks of green infrastructure and habitat creation. This will mean

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a surrounding belt of countryside to prevent sprawl, well connected and biodiversity rich
public parks, and a mix of public and private networks of well-managed, high-quality
gardens, tree-lined streets and open spaces. Garden Cities offer the opportunity to be highly
climate resilient through extensive green and blue infrastructure. They must also demonstrate
the highest standards of technological innovation in zero carbon and energy positive
technology to reduce the impact of climate emissions.

Strong local cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighbourhoods:

Garden Cities are places of cultural diversity and vibrancy with design contributing to
sociable neighbourhoods. This means, for example, shaping design with the needs of
children‟s play, teenage interests and the aspirations of elderly in mind. Creating shared
spaces for social interaction and space for both formal and informal artistic activities, as well
as sport and leisure activities.

Integrated and accessible transport systems:

Walking, cycling and public transport should be the most attractive and prioritised forms of
transport in the garden city. This means ensuring a comprehensive and safe network of
footpaths and cycleways throughout the development, and public transport nodes within a
short walking distance of all homes. Where car travel is necessary, consideration should be
made of shared transport approaches such as car clubs. New Garden Cities should be located
only where there are existing rapid public transport links to major cities, or where real plans
are already in place for its provision.

A strategic approach:

Ebenezer Howard saw the development of Garden Cities as part of a wider strategic approach
to meeting the nation‟s housing needs. This was based on networks of new settlements well
connected by public transport. A national policy for a new generation of Garden Cities should
consider how these settlements contribute to the nation as whole; how they relate to
aspirations for a more balanced economy; to long term climate resilience, and to new
opportunities in industrial modernisation.

GEDDISAIN TRIAD – PATRICK GEDDES

Geddes drew on circular theory of geographical locations presenting environmental

limitations and opportunities that in turn determine the nature of work. His central argument
was that physical geography, market economics and anthropology were related, yielding a
“single chord of social life all three combined”. Thus the interdisciplinary subject of
sociology was developed into the science of “man‟s interaction with a natural environment:
the basic technique was the regional survey, and the improvement of town planning the chief
practical application of sociology".

Geddes writing demonstrates the influence of these ideas on his theories of the city. He saw
the city as a series of common interlocking patterns, "an inseparably interwoven structure",
akin to a flower. He criticised the tendency of modern scientific thinking to specialisation.

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"Each of the various specialists remains too closely concentrated upon his single specialism,
too little awake to those of the others. Each sees clearly and seizes firmly upon one petal of
the six-lobed flower of life and tears it apart from the whole."

These ideas can also be traced back to Geddes' abiding interest in Eastern philosophy which
he believed more readily conceived of "life as a whole": "as a result, civic beauty in India has
existed at all levels, from humble homes and simple shrines to palaces magnificent and
temples sublime."

Against a backdrop of
extraordinary development of
new technologies,
industrialisation and urbanism,
Geddes witnessed the substantial
social consequences of crime,
illness and poverty that
developed as a result of
modernisation. From Geddes'
perspective, the purpose of his
theory and understanding of
relationships among the units of
society was to find an
equilibrium among people and
the environment to improve such
conditions.

Key ideas
"Conservative surgery"
versus the gridiron plan

Geddes championed a mode of

planning that sought to consider
"primary human needs" in every
intervention, engaging in
"constructive and conservative
surgery" rather than the "heroic,
all of a piece schemes" popular
in the nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries. He
continued to use and advocate
for this approach throughout his career.

Very early on in his career Geddes demonstrated the practicality of his ideas and approach. In
1886 Geddes and his newly married wife purchased a row of slum tenements in James Court,
Edinburgh, making it into a single dwelling. In and around this area Geddes commenced
upon a project of "conservative surgery": "weeding out the worst of the houses that
surrounded them…widening the narrow closes into courtyards" and thus improving sunlight

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and airflow. The best of the houses were kept and restored. Geddes believed that this
approach was both more economical and more humane.
In this way Geddes consciously worked against the tradition of the "gridiron plan", resurgent
in colonial town design in the 19th century:

“The heritage of the gridiron plans goes back at least to the Roman camps. The basis for the
grid as an enduring and appealing urban form rests on five main characteristics: order and
regulatory, orientation in space and to elements, simplicity and ease of navigation, speed of
layout, and adaptability to circumstance.”
However, he wished this policy of "sweeping clearances" to be recognised for what he
believed it was: "one of the most disastrous and pernicious blunders in the chequered history
of sanitation".

Geddes criticised this tradition as much for its "dreary conventionality" as for its failure to
address in the long term the very problems it purport to solve. According to Geddes' analysis,
this approach was not only "unsparing to the old homes and to the neighbourhood life of the
area" but also, in "leaving fewer housing sites and these mostly narrower than before"
expelling a large population that would "again as usual, be driven to create worse congestion
in other quarters".

EVOLUTION AND CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT

The „neighborhood unit‟ as a planning concept evolved in response to the degenerated

environmental and social conditions fostered as a consequence of industrial revolution in the
early 1900s. One of the earliest authors to attempt a definition of the „neighborhood unit‟ in
fairly specific terms was Clarence Arthur Perry (1872-1944), a New York planner. Perry‟s
neighborhood unit concept began as a means of insulating the community from the ill-effects
of burgeoning sea of vehicular traffic. However, it evolved to serve a much broader purpose
of providing a discernible identity for the concept of the neighborhood, and of offering to
designers a framework for disseminating the city into smaller subareas. While the origin of
the concept of the neighborhood unit may be cited at an early date, it was the publication of
Clarence A. Perry‟s memorandum entitled „The Neighborhood Unit‟ in the 1929 „Regional
Plan of New York and Its Environs‟, which led to its promotion as a planning tool. Perry‟s
monograph offered in concrete terms a diagrammatic model of the ideal layout for a
neighborhood of a specified population size. This model provided specific guidelines for the
spatial distribution of residences, community services, streets and businesses.

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C.A. PERRY’S CONCEPTION OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
Perry described the neighborhood
unit as that populated area which
would require and support an
elementary school with an
enrolment of between 1,000 and
1,200 pupils. This would mean a
population of between 5,000 and
6,000 people. Developed as a low
density dwelling district with a
population of 10 families per acre,
the neighborhood unit would
occupy about 160 acres and have a
shape which would render it
unnecessary for any child to walk
a distance of more than one-
quarter mile to school. About 10
percent of the area would be
allocated to recreation, and
through traffic arteries would be
confined to the surrounding
streets, internal streets being
limited to service access for
residents of the neighborhood. The
unit would be served by shopping
facilities, churches, and a library,
and a community center, the latter
being located in conjunction with the school (Gallion, 1984). Perry outlined six basic
principles of good neighborhood design. As may be understood, these core principles were
organized around several institutional, social and physical design ideals.

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Basic principles :
 size : 5000 population ( 1 school), 160 acre (area for one unit neighborhood).
 Border : the function of main road around neighborhood unit is as a border .
 Free area : 10% provide as free area.
 Public facilities and institution : provide in the middle of neighborhood unit.
  Shops: to fulfill market purpose. the location is on the corner of four junction.
 Road network system: design as to prevent short road ( prevent from across
 neighborhood unit). Hierarchy of road width is 132 feet, 100 ft, 66ft, 50 ft, and 40 ft.
 Density: rough density for this system is about 5 unit house for every acre.

 Major arterials and through traffic routes should not pass through residential
neighborhoods. Instead these streets should provide boundaries of the neighborhood;

 Interior street patterns should be designed and constructed through use of cul-de-sacs,
curved layout and light duty surfacing so as to encourage a quiet, safe and low
volume traffic movement and preservation of the residential atmosphere;

 The population of the neighborhood should be that which is required to support its
elementary school;

 The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally located on a
common or green, along with other institutions that have service areas coincident with
the neighborhood boundaries;

 The radius of the neighborhood should be a maximum of one quarter mile thus
precluding a walk of more than that distance for any elementary school child;

 Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of neighborhoods preferably at major
street intersections.

CHANDIGARH PLANNING CONCEPTS - LE CORBUSIER

CHANDIGARH was the first planned city after independence from British rule in 1947. It is
the capital city of the states of Punjab and Haryana.
The city is located at the picturesque junction of foothills of the Himalayas Mountain range
and the Ganges plains.
It houses a population of 1,054,600 inhabitants (2001) and is one of the richest cities of the
nation.

American architects Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki were the first architects to be
appointed for the project. After the death of Novicki in 1950, Le Corbusier was
commissioned.

BASIC PLANNING CONCEPTS

The city plan was conceived as post war „Garden City‟ wherein vertical and high rise
buildings were ruled out, keeping in view the living habits of the people.

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Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as analogous to human body, with a
clearly defined
Head (the Capitol Complex, Sector 1),
Heart (the City Centre Sector-17),
Lungs (the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces and sector greens),
Intellect (the cultural and educational institutions),
Circulatory system (the network of roads, the 7Vs) and
Viscera (the Industrial Area).

The primary module of city‟s design is a Sector, a neighborhood unit of size 800 meters x
1200 meters.

Each SECTOR is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centers and places of
recreations and worship.

The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the sizes of plots
and the topography of the area.

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 Layout of a typical residential sector

The Leisure Valley is a green sprawling space extending North-East to South-West along a
seasonal riverlet gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the lungs of the city.
Apart from large Public Parks and special Botanical Gardens, it houses series of Fitness
Trails, amphitheatres and spaces for open-air exhibitions.

The Central Sector of the city, Sector 17, is the main Public Congregation area of the city.
It houses all major Shopping Complexes, Sports Facilities and Congregation Spaces.

The Basic Building Typology is observed as extremely Rectilinear with similar proportions.
the smaller individual Residential Units are arranged around central common Green Spaces,
although the shapes are different.

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UNIT IV

URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL

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UNIT V

ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN

PLANNING IN INDIA
Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment .
Urban renewal involves the relocation of businesses, the demolition of structures, the
relocation of people, and the use of eminent domain (government purchase of property for
public purpose) as a legal instrument to take private property for city-initiated development
projects.
Over time, it has evolved into a policy based less on destruction and more on renovation and
investment

The term Urban renewal means rebirth or regeneration of a city or a part of it which has
been plagued by the ills of urbanization

• The planning concept originated in England and America.

• Decayed parts of the city were demolished and rebuilt.
• These programs were thrust upon the city and its people and were criticized
and halted on opposition by organized community movements.
• The urban renewal programs taken up later, involved greater participation of
the communities
• Key aspects -sustainability and inclusiveness

INDIAN CONTEXT

• Indian cities have a history that dates back to centuries

• In the last century cities faced a major unprecedented force of urbanization which
ripped them
• They have grown exponentially
• Their administration has not been able cope up with rapid urbanization
• The age old infrastructure is weakened and decayed leading to degeneration of
the core areas in the city.
• Cities which have survived centuries are now at critical stage.
• Concept of Urban Renewal – To provide life to the dying city.

WHY URBAN RENEWAL?

  The triggers:-
 Effective functioning of Administrative towns
 o ( state HQ, District HQ)
 To accommodate an event of magnitude.
o (Asian games, Common Wealth Games in Delhi, Tri Centenary Celebrations
of consecration of the Guru Granth Sahib at Nanded)
 Necessity due to natural /man-made calamity
 (Earthquake in Bhuj, Plague in Surat)
 Obsolescence of land uses
 (Shifting of manufacturing industries )

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  Market driven change of land use
o (Commercialization of Girgaum,Parel areas of Mumbai)
 To conserve historic monuments/ environment.
 ( Areas around theTaj mahal precinct )

Urban renewal is required for

• Dilapidating, ageing parts of the city, not providing the city its full potential and
becoming a health hazard
• In built form it consists of old area of the city, congested area around transit
points, illegal settlements needing redevelopment
• In terms of infrastructure - measures for efficient and smooth movement of traffic,
improvement of transportation network, provision /improvement of utilities.

JNNURM
• In India the need to infuse vibrancy and rejuvenate cites was recognized in 2005 and
the Central Government launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission (JNNURM)
• Launched to encourage cities to initiate steps for bringing phased improvements in
their civic service levels
• Initiative to redevelop towns and cities by developing infrastructure, carrying out
municipal reforms and providing aid to the state governments and the urban local
bodies (ULBs)

EXISTING PROVISIONS AIMED AT URBAN RENEWAL

The Maharashtra Regional & Town Planning (M.R.&.T.P.) Act, 1966 has provisions to take
up urban renewal / redevelopment in an area of the city under the
  Comprehensive Area Development Scheme

 
Town Planning Schemes

  Slum Redevelopment & Rehabilitation (SRA) Act,

 
Special provisions for cluster development.


  REDEVELOPMENT ON FREE HOLD LAND IN MUMBAI

  
REDEVELOPMENT OF MHADA‟s HOUSING SCHEMES
  
CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
  
BULK LANDS
 
TOD – TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

DENSIFICATION VERSUS DECONGESTION

DENSIFICATION
Optimize high value land redevelopment, promote higher FSI and hence densification
DECONGESTION
A diametrically opposite view - decongesting the area.
• shifting the residents to other locations and re-designating land
• A change in use /zone will make this location most prime, resulting in land use
transformation
• Gentrification is part of natural process of city development

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 • A forced relocation is one alternative. In small parts and scale the same is achieved
through SRA

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF LAND USE

Thane experience
The city had an economic base in the industrial estate and industries along its periphery.
However with passing years there is a decline in the manufacturing sector and shift towards
service sector. Thus of industrial land was converted to residential
Mulund experience
A change of land use was witnessed in 90s along LBS Road in the area between Mulund
and Thane. Most of these industries shifted out and land was converted to residential. The
new development consists of shopping malls and high end residential apartments. [Link],
Chennai experience
The redevelopment project of the Tyagraj Nagar area covering 6.86 [Link]. was conceived by
the Chennai Corporation for development area into a world class shopping destination
Stakeholders questioned the same

PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS

Regional Planning

• NEDA – National Economic Development Authority

• NLUC – National Land Use Committee
• RDC – Regional Development Council
• PDC – Provincial Development Council
• PLUC – Provincial Land Use Committee
• Sanggunian Panlalawigan

Urban Planning

• HUDCC – Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council

• HLURB – Housing & Land Use Regulatory Board
• RLUC – Regional Land Use Committee
• M/CDC–Municipal/City Development Council
• BDC– Barangay Development Council
• Sanggunian Panglunsod/Bayan
• Barangay Council

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