© qqoune ano wvecnow ww ef ow nee In uch situations icin of chen Bave en ne, Rea development is compaction grouting which is relying not on iniling, but on deneificatio of suitable soils hy displacement, * " neiRention ong Soutngaloron pees of grote av wed diferent ground conditions have to be “satisfied and different functions have to be served, no generalization about groutin E © equipmont and méthods ean be made. = routing Insum, it may be stated that grouting today is an invaluable too! in eivil engineerin; practice and whose importance is constantly increasing. Sree Grouting and Injection 6.1, INTRODUCTION Groutingis a process of ground improvement attained by injecting fluid like material into subsurface soil or rock. ‘The technology of grouting is nob new, yet it is eonstantly developing with innovation of new materials and construetion techniques. The modern grouting was first started in mining works for arresting seepage and strengthening in civil engineering works. Grouting is particular valuable in foundation works before construction - (eg, to control water problem, to infill veids to control settlement, to increase soil bearing. capacity, etc), during construction (e.g, to control groundwater flow to stabilise loose sand against liquefaction, to provide adequate latetal support, ete), and after construction (eg., to reduce machine foundation vibrations, to eliminate now seepage, to apply in underpin ning work, ot), Grouting is usually limited to zones of relatively sinall volume and special problems. Grouting is adopted both for temporary and permanont works and the following applications have been in use (Harris, 1983) + (@ Sealing pockots and leaves of pormexble or unstable soil or rack prior te excavation of a tunel headinger alternatively grouting a stratum from ground level. Q (ii) Seating the base of structures (such aa cofferdams or caissons) founded on pervious round, ii) Fixing ground anchors for sheet pile walle, concrete pile walls, retaining walls, : stabilising rockeuttings, tunnels, ete, 6.2, ASPECTS OF GROUTING ‘The principle of grouting is to introduce a substance inte roék fissures or into a soil _ by pumping fluid (called a grout) down a small diameter tube in tho required location. It is essential that.a particular, grout should penetrate satisfactorily into the permeable inaterials or rock fissures arid seal all voids. Before implementing any grouting techni the field, the basic function it is intended to do should be realised. ‘The three basic functions involved in soil and rock grouting (Fig. 6.1) axe the following (Koerer, 1985) “r iv) Repairing @ ground underneath a formation or eracks and structural defects on building masonry or pavement and sunken slabs or damp proof course. (a) Permestion grouting (n) Compaction (e) Hydtotractucin ©) ‘the void between the lining and fosle face in tunnel works. Tpenetiaticn) grouting Leen. (uneantsiieg Sis (0: Forming a grout curtains in layers of permeable strata below a dam. Hale cape. placement} (oii) Fixing the tondons in prostreseed post tensioned conerate. Fig. 61. Various functions involved in sol and rock grouting (Adopted from Koorner, 1985). (viii) Sealing the gap between the surface of a conerete foundation and the base plate of stanchion. <7 @ Permeation ov penetration, In this situation the grout flows fresly with minimal ae (Gx) Producing mass conerete structures and piles. Soe into tho soil voids or rock seems All types of grouts are used, including cement, coment and sand, elay-cement, slag-coment, resin gypstim-coment, claye, asphalt, pulverised fuelash (PFA) and a largo number of colloidal and low viscosity chemicals. However, in most of the cases coment and ©, Water is th most widely tused group becauise of its relatively low cast: Although coment has; been and is widely ised in grouting, it has the disadvantage that it cannot penetrate soils 146 (ii) Compaction or controlled displacement, In thie case the grout remains more or 5 intact asa muss and exerts pressure on the soil or rock. Gii) Hydraulic fracturingor uncontrolled displacement. In this condition the grout idly penetrates into a fractured zone which isereated when the grotiting presse i greater sn the tensile strength ofthe soit or rok being groutbs; [GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHSOUES 6)2.L,.@ROUTABILITY ‘nolieln order to obtain a satisfactory performance of a grout, its grain-size distribution should be known because it shall show the relationship between the suspended particles ‘andthe void dimensions. Should the latter be larger than the particles, a phtig may form in finppening and ultimately block it. Grouts with conrsor particles in them, on the other hand, may also tend to build up ablock leading to a | low rate of flow. In such cases, treatment of drainage filters may be adopted. In order to prevent segregation of agglomeration and {6 increase stability fine grained particles like bentonite may be added. Soine preliminary work is needed un the location before tho aatstal injection af grout is taken up. Tritial washing of the surfaces openings is needed to make them clean and clay-reo such that grout may adhere. In fractured yeok, prior injection of dilute silieatecan make subsequent grout penetration easier. ‘Best results are obtained when the pumping pressure is not allowed to grow large ‘enough for the particles of soil to be disturbed-and ‘moved. ‘To prevent blowout during growing, the grouting pressure is generally limited to about 20 kN/m® unless grouting Under heavy stractures or in other situations where greater confinement exists, Further the quality of a grout must be sufficiently fluid to enter the soil quickly, but at the same time the movement should not be too fast. In dry ground, the absence of water facilitates the entry of grout, but, especialy in laze soils, the penetrating grout surface may actually disirtegvate before setting is accomplished. In such situation viscous: grouts could be used with advantage. The thee factors which decide the effect of rate of ‘injection of a grout are (i) viscosity of the grout, (i) permeability, and (iii) shear strength of the soil. ‘The desirable properties ofall grouts include suitable heological properties with low viscosity, correct setting time, maximum volume with minimal weight, strength, stability and durability. [Link] ial problem has to be properly ‘understood before deciding the typeof grout. Impropbibyad!of grout may either work adversely or may be costly. In general coarser and moderatalypernjoablesoils feqalré.bigh viscosity grouts whoreas low viscosity ‘grouts are quite suitible fr find’erained goj}s ob low periiigabill ‘The radial distaied rox: tbe Injectio such factors as speed ofzeantibiieconcentyationof [Link] yieeosity ofsolution land change in visobsi rans Jattonpressure, dnd UhEysatlern and sequence of injection points (Mitchell, 1998), 77°" ese [Link] net alyars expected to be permanent but it has to at long gpqugh fo fulfil : Mee ere pantie 1¢ televant life of'@ grok jaded entiisly on the Soctiteratint ofthe indbriduahjob: Honexninrle ateraeeursain gnsinneatomis-exppcted to be long last for 20 many decades whereas grout has tolashorilyfomafaveweeksifikiaaand fo temporatitysanneat a,nuieksand sondition IMPASSE» co soisongeav) Gi) 3 ‘A life of grout deponds! on théegestogicaluand hiydirogsulogieal: situatiokn 2Per ‘examplo,niviater-solublerchamioakigtivbtny net-hepwitahla hoon lecatinnsyparetiers is mnbvemenbofwater Brordeitte adcehtain the [Link] aharkne Tongtime check is essontial, For loipberm jolisfwhoveholeaihiaytypailledinthe grout! zone for observational purposes. In alluvial deposits grouting efficiency is checked using (GROUTING AND IWECTION sao orcholes and wator tects, Fesures in rocks which have been grouted can BUeHELKed by driving a gallory into it but eave has to'bo taken that no new fissures are ened thle to stress release because of the creation of the gallory. sdiw Pguonste, Newt ogi 6.2.2, GROUTING MATERIALS Broaara -rorie Grouting materials may be grouped under two basic types (BowenyOBV1 x07 ( Suspension routs. Those ara multi-phase systems capable of forming mubsystoms after boing subjected to natural sieving processes, with-chomieal [Link] site ainctlly svat #9 a to onsen that thay do not militate against [Link] ot setiing ana strength. Water in association with coment, lime, sil, ote,,conatisudsisuspsinsions. Tmalsion (asphalt ey bitumen) with wator is a two-phase system which ig alse,inshideg ander uspancion, Suspension grouts are also referred to as particulate grouts (Sitehell AQMD (ii) Solution grouts. These are -intimate one-phase system réliiiig-aibelginily designed chemical balance until completion of tha rolevant reactions. Sarultionl’ isi wuieh'the solute is present in the colloidal state are known as colloidal solutions. coneliielgpiuls RAN ite this cate vette) cudlidestaly bine ‘gory cole Mad saink edeanod 6.2.3, SUSPENSION GROUTS seniboragni 190 ‘When grouts (particularly suspensions) are ajected [Link]-sailoformation, the relationship between the grout partiele size and the soil void siza shauld breguaisanan iA sgroutability ratio (GR) has ben defined as a rough guide (Kravefay LHB)ed at ant Dy, (formation) 20 Das (grout) ™ article size at which 15% of the sol i finer (of thé WHERE ArOAEAD, article size at which 85% of the soil is finer (of cat glo nifeefod, his eviterion decides the limit for sueponsion grouting ¥74) "an Sewn) oul Grouting with Soil, Soil itself can be used to fill upfaomnifithe vaidssininemase- grained soils. Bven fine sands and silts may be used for ths'pximposerwthich [Link] Sat quite quickly after injection, The eoilto be used as a groudahould iniwwerséfirugieinied toil, Clay isa complex compound with partieles «0.002 mm wh irthntyscitable foringisetion into medium coarso sands and other soils with permeabiltgar thie gia@esbf 11920 Pini, Clay grout behaves like a Bingham Nuid ane gels when undi@tighad "nie typetar atest ill ‘xhibit low sheat strength and hence can be used to red use ot BAAS: Kail ht 'seililte used clays produce low viscosities and ara preforced af’ hier eteuts. HBHESte SAY a commonly used material wchose structure is such thaf, alge. tp,Nohitly gapntas on its Surface and enables reasonably to contxol the viscesityy afrenath N19 UANRESPRNES:n No flow of soil-grout occurs when the water-to-soilznfi ikbptvery tow. sBuéasutd io then exerted by tho grout against the soil mass from the grout hipsentsthgdensitication ‘and movement of adjacent areas, This technique hasihos navi [Link] ‘and quite often used to raise pavement élabs or to uniiexpiasshatlnyirhpilding foundations: Nowndays, iis also used to strongthen in-situ coil kyformning zompnastionslles.- ~ seit si bam eSirorg sea OR= vuole fcc s0 aban, fh ak150 GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES Grouting with Cement Mixes, A satisfactory coment based grout depends on the water-cement ratio, the rate of bleoding and subsequent ultimate strength of the. grout Although water may be giving mobility for a grout, ifin excess may eause separation of inguedionts of the grout leading to high bleeding, Low strength water-coment ratio with a proper proportion of admixtures or fillers allows a maximum physico-chemieal reaction, ving rise to good ultimate strength. ‘Cement grouts are usually formed from Ordinary Portland Cement (OPO) and water. ‘Tho water-cement ratio may be varied from about 0,51 to: 1 depending upon the ground conditions and required elrongth, ‘Pho OPC groute aro ouibable only in fissured rocks, gravels and coarse eands. Rapid hardening cement which is finer than OPC has a quick setting time and high early strangth and therefore may he preferred to OPCin ground with high flowing water. High alumina coment also has rapid strength gain and resists attack by selphates and dilute acids. Super-sulphated cement is very finer and therefore suitable [Link] finely fissured rocks. When selecting a particular cement grout for use, one would obviously like to know its final strength, flowrate, set time, shrinkage, permeability, and durability, Cement grouting hes been widely used, more often in seepage cutoff beneath dam, bit also in ground water eontro! in cortain eases, Othor ingredionts sometimes used in cement mixes are lay, fine sand, fly ash, fluid-zere, accelerators, and retarders or expansion additives. Clay is considered as a fillor incement grouts when used in amounts less than 8%by woight, [tean aleobe used tocontrol bleeding by holding the cement in suspension while it is setting. Sand is a true filler in coment grouts and is used to reduce the overall cost of the grout material. Pozzolans such as fly ash or ground slag are also sometimes used as filers, Additives or admixtures are meant to impart controlled features to the final composition of the grout. Soil in combination with a stabilising material, eg. cement would do batter than soil alone, Grouts may have different properties depending on the amount and type of soil (say clay, silt or sand), cement, and water they contain, Further the viseosity of grout depends onzolid-to-water ratios and different cement-to-2oil ratios. Insoil-cement aystems, volumes of soit hotween four and six times the loose volume of coment are common. The volume of mixing water varies from about three-fourth to twico tho volume of elay por bag of coment [Link] grouts, and from about one-third to one time the loose volume of sand per bag of cement in cement-sand grouts. Wator-cement ratios in the range of 0.5 : 1 to 5: 1 hhave been in use. The lower this ratio, the less likely [Link] cement segregation and filtering, but the more difficult will bo injection and the greater will be frietion losses in the pumping system, Bentonite clay-comont mixes have an interesting synorgistie propertios and has been widely used as a permeation grout. Lowewater-content soil-eement mixtures, Tike soil alone, can serve as displacomont grouting. The advantage of these oil cement mnixes over soil alone is permanence of tho grout and'their disadvantage is inereased cost ‘The ether factors, such as equipment, pressure, and pumping rates; however, are roughly the same for that of soil alone. Water-ineolublo and chemically active materials, natural possolans comprise vol- canic glass, opal, pumicite, clay minerals, zeolites and hydvated oxides of aluminium. The most useful from the grouting point of view is pulverised fuel ash or fly ash whieh is often 1st CGROUTING AND RUECTION i cali aggregate reactions and reduce smployed in conjuction with coment, PFA can retard alkali agerexet naan ede ‘het enertion tn chemical ntarction produced hy PPA with coments much mor tifective than that between sand and cement. Addition of fly ash markedly reduces the Consistency at a constant watoreoment-fly ach vatio, Fly ash with OPC provides lower Viscosity than special cements, It has been reported (Somanathan, 1968) that about 20 to 0% af iy ash veduce gelation time, afl time, bleeding and strength. Certain additives fare ated with tho eomont in ord to vary ite characterintos depending on the individ i i as. For example, calcium job, Some are wator-soluble, 2 fow are colloidal and somo produce g: “Mbneio nd oon elt roy con beled to reduce the witercent ‘ratio, expansion may be achieved using embeco, ete. Common additives to come tied te irepart specific properties to tho final produels are given in Table 6.1, ttle John, 1982). " ‘Table 6.1, Common Additives to Cement Grout Used to Dupart Specific Properties to the Final Preduct ee (after Little Jolin, 1982) Rentok iniare Sheek Opti dosage, Adnivcn Scement weight Tesaratar ale erie Tea ‘eset sot end hadi eau ato co aoc Felumaliminato OBS Tesi Runt Galo cateos “Now insouses ay amulet Hgwstphonato Tararioesid tates Siew aamos Fidler Gals oamoa Jignosulphonate Dawe aS” Tenaor_Vinwl ain aioe Up lotta oivined Tapnder — Aluninium power 0005 018 ‘Upto 18% peck xpanion Tatra in sae Upto Hk peceexpanaon oles catsOstinw COT) Bauvalnts Ob ofmiang ritiecd Caio gi Sionishom agate Up a0e Gar 8) ‘Baia ae